自养反硝化脱氮耦合沼气同步脱硫效能研究

污水深度脱氮问题日益突出,在实现污水深度脱氮的过程中尽可能降低运行成本更是符合目前我国的发展目标,因此,开发经济绿色的污水脱氮技术对可持续发展具有重大意义.本试验提出自养反硝化脱氮耦合沼气同步脱硫工艺,具有成本低,资源利用率高等优势.以沼气中的硫化氢作为电子供体,实现了污水中同步脱氮及沼气脱硫净化的耦合,并探究了上升流速、硫氮比对该工艺运行效能的影响.实验结果显示,以硫化氢代替硫化物作为电子供体参与反硝化,对工艺脱氮效能无明显影响,在低硝酸盐负荷条件下运行时,污水脱氮效能不受气体上升流速及硫氮比的影响,均能达到100%.而本工艺的脱硫效能受上升流速影响较小,受硫氮比影响较大.在不同上升流速下,硫化氢去除率均为100%.在硫氮比为5∶8时,硫化氢100%转化为硫酸盐;硫氮比为5∶5时,硫化氢去除率为99.1%,单质硫产率约为30%;硫氮比为5∶2,回流比为1∶1时,硫化氢去除率最高可达91%,单质硫产率为77%.本试验可为后续自养反硝脱氮同步沼气脱硫工艺参数优化及应用的拓展提供理论依据和参考.     

脱氮硫杆菌氧化硫化氢过程中的生物氧化和化学氧化

在好氧反应器中研究了不同条件下H2S生物氧化和化学氧化之间的关系.结果表明,在pH为6～8、温度为25～35℃和溶解氧浓度为10.5 mg·L-1时,当硫化氢进气摩尔流速稳定在2.1 mmok·L-1·h-1时,脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)氧化硫化氢的生物氧化速率可达到1.9 mmol·L-1·h-1以上,此时硫化物在液相的累积摩尔速率和H2S出口摩尔流速均很低;化学氧化速率随pH、温度和溶解氧浓度的增加而增大,可达到0.33 mmol·L-1·h-1～0.45 mmol·L-1·h-1;化学氧化速率在最佳菌体生长条件范围内占总氧化速率的比值较小,为8.6～19.1%,而随着pH值、温度的降低这一比值上升至29%～43.7%.     

脱硫增效剂在石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫系统中的应用

为了以较低的投资和运行成本实现SO_2的超净排放,在石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫系统中投加脱硫增效剂。结果表明:在进气SO_2浓度为2 800～3 000 mg/Nm~3、脱硫增效剂投加量为450 mg/L的条件下,净烟气SO_2≤30 mg/Nm~3,可停用1台循环泵并节约电耗720 kWh;投加脱硫增效剂对脱硫装置浆液pH值、石膏、亚硫酸钙、碳酸钙、氨氮以及COD等参数无显著影响,石膏品性以及脱硫废水的处置难度未受影响。     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺实验研究

在工业规模装置上对双碱法烟气脱硫工艺进行了系统实验研究了,主要考察了Na OH和Ca(OH)2浓度、烟气含尘量、钙硫比(脱硫剂中钙的摩尔数与煤中硫的摩尔数之比)、液气比(脱硫剂流量L与烟气流量G之比)、烟气温度、烟气与脱硫剂接触时间以及加氧量对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:烟气脱硫率随Na OH浓度在5%~30%范围内的增加逐渐增加,Na OH浓度高于30%对脱硫率影响不大,Ca(OH)2浓度为10%~12%时脱硫率最高;烟气含尘量由1 600 mg/m3降低到400 mg/m3,脱硫率从95%线性降低到84%;钙硫比为1.1时脱硫效果最好;脱硫率随液气比的增加逐渐升高,当液气比高于15.5 L/m3,脱硫率变化不大;较低的烟气进口温度利于SO2的吸收,脱硫率越高;烟气与脱硫剂接触时间越长,脱硫率越高;氧气的通入将亚硫酸盐氧化为硫酸盐,提高了脱硫率,同时可避免结垢。     

基于硫循环的烟气生化脱硫及硫磺回收的过程机理

以元素硫的地球化学循环为指导,系统研究硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）生化代谢产物还原性硫化物与亚硫酸根的反应过程机理及产物形态.结果表明,在生化烟气脱硫及硫回收反应体系中,pH=（4.04±0.10）、ORP=（-134±17mV）时硫磺产量最大,硫磺产率大于40%;SO₂（aq）-S^2-（aq）体系证明pH=（3.99±0.21）、ORP=（-159±40）mV、SO₃^2-/ΣS^2-物质的量比约1：1时为产硫磺最佳条件区间;S₂O₃^2-与S^2-的产硫磺反应为副反应,有利于硫磺的产生;近中性条件下硫磺的消耗归因于产多硫化物和连多硫酸盐反应的进行;SO₂（aq）-S^2-（aq）体系和生化体系的固体产物表征分析为球状高纯斜方硫,生化体系产生的硫磺被胞外多聚物粘附裹挟.     

兼养同步脱硫反硝化工艺及影响因素

 应用厌氧附着生长反应器,采用兼养同步脱硫反硝化工艺,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐作为电子受体,处理含有硫化物和有机物的模拟废水.结果表明,进水硫化物与有机物浓度分别为200,20mg/L 时,其去除率分别可达99.9%和80.5%.同时,引入的电子受体硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为83.0%和94.5%.利于兼养脱硫反硝化的葡萄糖负荷与醋酸钠负荷分别为50, 25mg/(L·d),葡萄糖对兼养状态下自养脱硫反硝化的抑制作用小于醋酸钠.     

二苯并噻吩脱硫微生物菌种的筛选与活性

从被石油污染的土壤中筛选出1株能对二苯并噻吩(DBT)进行高效脱硫的微生物菌种,初步鉴定为红串红球菌USTB-03(RhodococcuserythropolisUSTB-03).该菌种可以按特异性脱硫途径(简称4S途径)将DBT转化为2-羟基联苯(2HBP)和亚硫酸作为最终脱硫产物.在葡萄糖、甘油和乙醇分别作为微生物生长的唯一碳源时,葡萄糖是支持该菌生长和提高其脱硫比活性的较好碳源,使培养出的微生物对DBT的脱硫比活性达到了68.63mmol2HBP/(kg·h).该菌株还可以对4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(4,6-DMDBT)进行脱硫.     

节能型湍流管栅脱硫装置中试研究

针对现有石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫技术难以满足日趋严格的煤电行业脱硫超低排放的要求,提出了一种节能型湍流管栅高效脱硫技术的工艺。技术开发基于石灰石-石膏湿法烟气脱硫技术,旨在提高空塔脱硫效率,降低能耗。文章阐述了该装置安装在烟气量10 000 m~3/h的中试装置上进行高效脱硫中试研究。通过不同SO_2浓度、不同液气比、不同流速、不同工况条件等的对脱硫效率影响的试验,说明节能型湍流管栅高效脱硫技术中试研究具有脱硫效率高、能耗降低的技术特点,结果表明,当SO_2入口浓度为6 050 mg/m~3,脱硫效率由空塔时的96.98%提高到99.45%,提升了2.47个百分点;湍流管栅提效装置不仅适用于低SO_2入口浓度的工况,对于中高硫分的工况同样适用;加湍流管栅提效装置后,在相同有效液气比条件下,脱硫效率与空塔相比提高1%～2%,标志着该技术已具备工程化示范的条件。     

无机添加剂改性对赤泥脱硫的影响

近年来国家对相关行业SO_2排放政策、标准日趋严格,要求污染物超低排放。碱性固废赤泥脱除烟气中的SO_2是以废治废、经济可行的方法,同时,加入添加剂可以提高烟气脱硫的效果,降低烟气脱硫成本。该研究以赤泥浆液为吸收剂脱除石油焦煅烧烟气中的SO_2,添加无机添加剂改性赤泥浆液,提高脱硫效果。结果表明:赤泥浆液添加二氧化锰改性后脱硫效果最好,碘化钾次之,硫酸镁和硝酸铁脱硫效果较差。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液脱硫的优化反应条件为:二氧化锰添加量为15 mmol/L,反应温度为60℃,烟气SO_2浓度为1 000 mg/m~3,烟气氧含量为20%。二氧化锰改性赤泥浆液提高脱硫效率机理为:二氧化锰可与SO_2直接发生氧化还原反应,溶出的锰离子对SO_2具有催化氧化作用,并且赤泥溶出的铁离子和锰离子具有协同催化氧化作用,从而提高赤泥浆液的脱硫效率。因此,二氧化锰改性赤泥脱硫是切实有效的方法,可为改性赤泥脱硫的推广应用提供参考。     

高径比对猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联反应器的影响

采用填料鼓泡塔反应器研究其高径比对猪场废水脱氮与沼气脱硫耦联过程的影响,比较了3种不同高径比(8∶1、3∶1、2∶1)反应器的废水脱氮与沼气脱硫效能.在温度30～32℃、空塔停留时间6.70 min、水力停留时间3.35 d、沼气中H2 S浓度1 414～1 838 mg.m-3、进水NO x--N浓度114～243 mg.L-1的条件下,高径比2∶1反应器的运行较稳定,且处理效果较好,硫化氢去除率平均值为96.7%,NO x--N去除率平均值达到88.7%;而高径比8∶1和3∶1反应器的运行不太稳定,硫化氢去除率的平均值分别为68.0%、80.4%,NO x--N的去除率平均值分别为89.7%、90.2%.主要是因为高径比2∶1反应器的实际气速(3.12×10-2 m.s-1)比高径比3∶1、8∶1反应器的实际气速(分别为3.62×10-2 m.s-1和6.64×10-2 m.s-1)更慢,其气液传质系数(1.79×10-5 s-1)比高径比3∶1、8∶1反应器的气液传质系数(分别为1.64×10-5 s-1和1.55×10-5 s-1)更大,传质效果更好.处理效能试验结果以及反应器流体力学特征参数均表明,高径比2∶1反应器为最适合的反应器.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.