饮用水中典型微生物消毒过程中消毒副产物的生成规律

以饮用水中典型微生物--大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）为试验对象,研究pH值、氯化时间、氯投量及细菌浓度对大肠杆菌在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物（DBPs）的影响,并分析何种氯化条件下,DBPs控制效果最佳.研究表明：随氯投量增加,二氯乙腈（DCAN）呈先上升后下降趋势;随氯化时间延长,三氯丙酮（1,1,1-TCP）和DCAN先增加后减少;在pH值从5升高到9时,1,1,1-DCP、三氯硝基甲烷（TCNM）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA）持续降低;细菌污染水源事件在近年常有报道,当水源水中细菌浓度增加时,饮用水中三氯甲烷（TCM）、TCNM、DCAA和TCAA浓度增加,但DCAN、三氯乙腈（TCAN）、二氯丙酮（1,1-DCP）和1,1,1-TCP不一定增加.为了达到低毒性的目的,氯投量浓度不宜太高,同时控制氯化时间为6h和pH>8.     

高锰酸钾预氧化对剑水蚤DBPsFP的去除特征研究

以剑水蚤为试验对象,研究在不同条件下,高锰酸钾预氧化对剑水蚤代谢产物在氯化消毒过程中消毒副产物前体物的去除特征.研究表明:随高锰酸钾投加量的增加,水合氯醛(CH)、1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、三氯甲烷(TCM)总体呈上升趋势,二氯乙酸(DCAA)逐渐减少,而三氯硝基甲(TCNM)、1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、二氯乙腈(DCAN)和三氯乙酸(TCAA)先上升后下降,在本试验高锰酸钾投量范围内,高锰酸钾浓度为5mg/L时 CH、TCNM、DCAN、TCAN、DCAA、TCAA和1,1-DCP的去除效果最佳,去除率最高可达72.2%;延长预氧化时间,DCAN、DCAA、TCAA浓度逐渐降低,TCM、CH浓度逐渐升高,TCNM、TCAN、1,1,1-TCP浓度先升高后降低,而1,1-DCP浓度先迅速下降后逐渐升高,预氧化时间宜控制在20min;pH<7可有效抑制TCM的生成.pH=7时TCAA达到最小值,而1,1-DCP含量最高,pH>7有助于1,1-DCP的减少,CH、DCAA、DCAN、TCAN、TCNM和1,1,1-TCP随pH的增加而减少.在pH=9时生成量均最小, 最高去除率为80%;最佳温度为30℃,随着温度的升高,DCAA、TCAA和TCM浓度有所增加,1,1-DCP、DCAN和1,1,1-TCP生成量减少,在20℃时,CH的浓度最小,而TCAN的浓度最大.     

高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化对摇蚊幼虫DBPsFP的去除控制研究

以花翅摇蚊幼虫为试验对象,研究高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化对摇蚊幼虫代谢产物在氯化消毒过程中消毒副产物前体物的去除控制.研究表明:在p H由5升高到9时,三氯乙酸(TCAA)与二氯乙酸(DCAA)的浓度呈逐渐减少趋势;p H由5升高到7时,三氯甲烷(TCM)和三氯乙腈(TCAN)的浓度减幅最大,1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)和1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)则在p H为8时浓度达到最低值;随着药剂投加量的增加,TCM呈现出持续稳定增长趋势,DCAA呈总体下降趋势,而TCAN、1,1-DCP、1,1,1-TCP和TCAA则先增加后减少,高锰酸盐的投加量为3mg·L-1时,消毒副产物去除效果显著;延长预反应时间,TCM呈总体上升趋势,1,1-DCP、DCAA、TCAA呈下降趋势,TCAN、1,1,1-TCP呈先增加后减少的趋势,综合考虑最佳预氧化时间为30 min;投加混凝剂能够有效控制消毒副产物前体物的生成,随着混凝剂的不断增加,TCM、1,1,1-TCP呈先增加后减少的趋势,TCAN、1,1-DCP、DCAA、TCAA浓度则逐渐降低,在投量为40 mg·L-1时,达到最低值.     

模拟泳池水中氯化消毒副产物的生成规律

以模拟泳池水为研究对象,研究不同的氯化时间、氯投加量、pH值、反应温度条件对泳池水在氯化消毒过程中生成消毒副产物（DBPs）的影响.研究结果表明：延长氯化反应时间,二氯乙酸（DCAA）、三氯乙酸（TCAA）和三氯甲烷（TCM）的浓度不断升高,二氯乙腈（DCAN）、三氯硝基甲烷（TCNM）和1,1,1-三氯丙酮（1,1,1-TCP）的浓度则先升高再降低.DBPs浓度在氯化反应的前24h增幅较大,48h后趋于平缓;随着氯投加量的增加,DCAA、TCAA、TCM、TCNM和1,1,1-TCP浓度一直呈上升趋势,而DCAN浓度则先升高再降低.在氯投加量为2mg/L时,DBPs的浓度较低;在pH值从6升高到8的过程中,DCAA、TCAA、DCAN和1,1,1-TCP浓度先升高再降低,TCM和TCNM浓度则一直升高.pH值在6~7范围内可有效控制DBPs的形成;随着反应温度的升高,DCAA、TCAA、TCM和TCNM浓度持续升高,DCAN和1,1,1-TCP则逐渐降低.综上所述,应合理调节泳池水的氯化消毒条件,在保证舒适度的同时有效控制DBPs的生成.     

高藻水臭氧预氧化过程有机物转化及消毒副产物生成势

研究了高藻水预氧化处理过程中,不同臭氧氧化程度及不同pH值条件下,藻类有机物释放与转化规律以及氯化消毒副产物(DBPs)的生成特性.结果表明,臭氧投加量为28.92 mg·L-1时藻去除率达36%.随着臭氧投加量的增加,藻的去除率进一步增加,类腐殖酸先增加后持续减少,溶解性微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类芳香蛋白物质持续减少;低投加量的臭氧对二氯乙腈(DCAN)、三氯乙腈(TCAN)生成势有明显的控制作用,但会增加三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)以及1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)前体物,随臭氧投加量增大,DBPs生成势显著增大.酸性条件下臭氧对藻的去除效果最好,UV254以及总有机碳(DOC)均随pH的增大有所上升,但变化较小;臭氧氧化可降解溶解性微生物代谢产物,降解效果受pH影响较小,类腐殖酸有机物随pH值增大而减少;DCAN、TCAN生成势随pH增大有所降低,TCNM生成势在pH=10条件下最高,1,1,1-TCP生成势在pH=7条件下最高.     

南水北调丹江口水库水氯(胺)化消毒副产物产生特性与消毒工艺对比

系统研究了南水北调中线工程水源——丹江口水库水在氯(胺)化消毒条件下,常规消毒副产物的产生特性,考察了消毒方式、消毒剂投加量、接触时间、p H和溴离子浓度等因素的影响,并对消毒工艺参数进行了优化.结果发现,丹江口水库水经氯化消毒可产生三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷等常规含碳和较低浓度二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等含氮消毒副产物,而氯胺化消毒仅产生三氯甲烷和三氯硝基甲烷等消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs).自由氯消毒过程产生的各类型DBPs浓度约为氯胺消毒的7.5倍,短时自由氯转氯胺方式DBPs产生量介于两者之间;随着自由氯投加量增加,各类型消毒副产物均呈现增加趋势,投加量大于2 mg·L-1后DBPs增加量较少.随氯胺投加量增加,三氯甲烷生成量变化不大,投加量大于2mg·L-1后可产生三氯硝基甲烷等副产物.随反应时间延长,自由氯的衰减速率明显大于氯胺,同时消毒副产物增长量明显快于氯胺消毒.随着p H升高,自由氯消毒后三卤甲烷含量呈现增加趋势,而氯胺消毒后变化不明显.随溴离子浓度的增加,自由氯和氯胺消毒后副产物类型均向溴代DBPs转变,同时总生成量明显增加,自由氯消毒DBPs增长量明显大于氯胺消毒过程.丹江口水库水采用氯胺化消毒可以降低消毒副产物的生成风险,如采用自由氯消毒方式,水厂需根据实际常规处理工艺重点控制自由氯的投加量等参数.     

南水北调中线工程总干渠河南段原水中消毒副产物前体物变化规律

以取自南水北调中线总干渠河南段沿线10个分水口门的原水为研究对象,探究了原水中有机物的相对分子质量分布和亲疏水性分布规律;并且研究了原水在氯化和氯胺化条件下消毒副产物生成潜能的变化规律.分离实验结果表明,南水北调沿程原水中的有机物以小分子和强疏水性为主,1×103区间的溶解性有机碳(DOC)所占的比例最大,质量分数约为57%,强疏水性组分的DOC含量最高,占到总量的50%左右;氯化及氯胺化消毒副产物生成潜能分析实验结果表明,氯化及氯胺化后主要生成了两种含碳消毒副产物(三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷)和两种含氮消毒副产物(二氯乙腈和三氯硝基甲烷).氯化三氯甲烷生成潜能约为120μg·L-1,与氯化生成潜能相比,氯胺化三氯甲烷生成潜能减少了90%左右,一溴二氯甲烷减少了84.9%左右,生成的两种含氮消毒副产物增加了,其中二氯乙腈的生成量增加了约2.3倍,但总含氮消毒副产物生成潜能仍旧较低,均小于6μg·L-1.本研究成果可为南水北调中线工程河南段沿线城市的水厂工艺选择和优化提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

高锰酸钾预氧化对大肠杆菌DBPsFP的去除

以大肠杆菌为试验对象,采用高锰酸钾（KMnO₄）预氧化法,研究了不同的高锰酸钾浓度、氯化时间、pH值、预氧化时间及反应温度在氯化消毒过程中对大肠杆菌消毒副产物生成潜能（DBPsFP）的去除影响.研究表明：随着KMnO₄浓度的增加,二氯乙腈（DCAN）、三氯乙腈（TCAN）、1,1,1-三氯丙酮（1,1,1-TCP）及三氯乙醛（CH）浓度先降低,后升高,1,1-二氯丙酮（1,1-DCP）浓度先升高,后降低;三氯甲烷（TCM）浓度逐渐降低.在KMnO₄浓度2mg/L时,DCAN、TCAN、1,1,1-TCP浓度降至最低,对大肠杆菌DBPsFP的氧化去除效果最好;延长氯化时间,TCAN,1,1-DCP浓度逐渐升高,而DCAN,CH和1,1,1-TCP浓度先升高后降低.TCM浓度先升高后趋于稳定;pH值由5升高到9时,1,1,1-TCP、TCAN浓度不断地降低;DCAN浓度先降低,再升高;而1,1-DCP、CH浓度先升高,再降低;延长预氧化时间,TCAN、DCAN、TCM的浓度逐渐降低;1,1-DCP、1,1,1-TCP的浓度先升高,再降低;CH的浓度先升高,之后趋于稳定;随着反应温度的升高,1,1-DCP、DCAN的浓度逐渐升高;1,1,1-TCP浓度则逐渐降低;TCAN、TCM的浓度先升高再降低,而CH浓度则先降低再升高.综上,在KMnO₄浓度2mg/L,氯化时间48h,碱性条件（pH > 8）,预氧化时间30min时最有利于大肠杆菌DBPsFP的去除.     

亚硫酸氢根活化高锰酸根氧化富里酸对消毒副产物生成势的影响

考察了高锰酸钾/亚硫酸氢钠(PM/BS)氧化体系对天然有机物(NOM)组分富里酸(FA)的结构变化及消毒副产物(DBPs)生成势的影响.通过紫外-可见光谱、总有机碳(TOC)、三维荧光光谱对FA结构变化进行了表征.结果发现,经PM/BS预氧化之后,PM的光谱特征峰及FA的荧光强度峰均消失.三氯甲烷(TCM)及二氯乙腈(DCAN)分别是FA生成的主要的含碳及含氮类DBPs.在PM单独氧化中,TCM与DCAN的浓度随PM投加量的增大都呈现先略微上升后下降的趋势;而在PM/BS体系中,随着PM/BS投加量的增大,TCM的浓度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而DCAN的浓度则显著上升.反应pH也显著影响FA的DBPs生成势,在PM体系中,除TCM和DCAN外其他DBPs(1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)、三氯乙腈(TCAN)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM))浓度总体随pH的增大而下降.在PM/BS体系中,随着pH的升高,C-DBPs及N-DBPs总浓度总体呈现先降低后升高再降低的趋势,pH 7.5时达到最大值.在pH 7.5时,无预氧化的条件下生成的TCM浓度约为100.7μg·L~(-1),DCAN浓度约为7.5μg·L~(-1);在PM预氧化条件下二者浓度分别为127.5μg·L~(-1)和9.7μg·L~(-1);而在PM/BS预氧化条件下生成的TCM高达217.1μg·L~(-1),DCAN为9.3μg·L~(-1).PM/BS氧化工艺在加速降解微量有机物的同时,亦将改变NOM结构,进而有可能提升NOM的DBPs生成势,在实际工程应用中应予以关注.     

苯酚在氨氮体系中的氧化降解研究

研究了氨氮存在下次氯酸钠处理苯酚模拟废水的氧化特性,探讨了苯酚在氨氮体系中的反应途径。实验结果表明:在含氨氮的苯酚废水中加入次氯酸钠,氨氮将与苯酚发生竞争反应。折点加氯曲线表现为当氯与氨氮质量比由5.35上升到27.67时,氨氮去除率的变化趋势滞后;而余氯量则不断减小,没有折点出现。随着氨氮浓度增加,苯酚的氧化降解受到抑制:一方面,苯酚的去除率不断下降;另一方面,体系中检测到一系列氯酚中间产物,其生成量和种类先增加后减少。HPLC分析结果显示体系中生成的氯酚中间产物至少有2种(2-氯酚和4-氯酚),至多有5种(2-氯酚、4-氯酚、2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚)。其中,2-氯酚和4-氯酚是导致三卤甲烷产生的最有效前体物质,而2,6-二氯酚、2,4-二氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚则是生成卤乙酸的高活性物质。实验结果对次氯酸钠处理含氨氮的难生化或有毒有机废水具有一定的参考价值。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.