好氧加速降解技术在非正规垃圾填埋场治理中的应用

以天津滨海新区某非正规填埋场治理工程为例,通过有机质、气体成分等参数,分析了好氧加速降解技术在北方海滨地区填埋场中的应用效果。结果表明,好氧加速降解运行24个月,堆体中有机质降解率为27.6%,有机质平均含量从22.1%降低至16.0%;堆体沉降率为6.62%,平均沉降量为53 cm;地下水和周围地表水体水质稳定。该治理修复案例可为同类非正规垃圾场好氧治理提供参考。     

生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的形态及其磷素活化

采用修正的Hedley磷素分级方法研究了生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的形态分布,同时研究了鸡粪(含磷较高)和稻草(含磷较低)两种典型有机物料对矿化垃圾中不同形态磷的活化效应.结果表明,生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中,不同形态磷的含量表现出相似的趋势,仅树脂交换态磷和浓盐酸磷的含量存在明显差异;以氢氧化钠磷和磷灰石型磷构成的中度活性磷均为生活垃圾堆放场和填埋场矿化垃圾中磷的主要赋存形态,分别占各自总磷的78%和74.9%,表明矿化垃圾中磷素具有高效利用的潜能.鸡粪和稻草均能显著活化矿化垃圾中的磷,而且鸡粪的磷活化效果优于稻草;氢氧化钠磷、磷灰石型磷和浓盐酸磷是矿化垃圾中活化磷的主要来源.     

垃圾填埋场植被恢复及其环境影响因子的研究

对中山市一个关闭了5a左右的垃圾卫生填埋场进行植被恢复、土壤、填埋气和植物自然定居与植被恢复等方面的调查研究。结果表明：垃圾填埋场的土壤偏碱性，场内土壤的盐分、含水量、有机质和重金属等含量远远高于场外的对照土壤。填埋场的植被自然恢复得很好，总盖度达到98％，以草本植物为主，灌木为辅，另外还有少量的藤本植物和乔本存在。本次调查共记录高等植物74种，隶属63属30科。优势种为狗牙根，亚优势种包括苦楝、胜红蓟、蟛蜞菊、加拿大飞蓬、小牵牛、鸭跖草、少花龙葵、鸡矢藤、红斑一品红、牛筋草、类芦和田菁等12种植物。其中类芦、加拿大飞蓬和胜红蓟是本垃圾填埋场植被恢复先锋植物。场内的填埋气含量显著地高于对照样方，但与其它垃圾填埋场相比，其填埋气的含量较低，因此填埋气对植被恢复的限制作用也相对较小。影响本填埋场植被恢复的环境因子主要是土壤的营养成分、重金属和填埋气。最后，提出了对垃圾填埋场进行植被恢复时应采取的关键措施。图1表5参19。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定垃圾渗滤液中的多种金属元素

本文参考GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》和HJ 564—2010《生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程技术规范(试行)》,采用ICP-AES内标法测定了欧洲标准物质LGC-6177垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的10种金属元素的含量.实验结果表明,该方法线性相关系数良好r>0.99995,方法检出限低,精密度高,RSD小于2.0%,测定结果与标准值吻合,可同时测定垃圾渗滤液中的多种金属元素.     

垃圾填埋场空气微生物污染及评价

用撞击法采集某垃圾填埋场不同区域空气微生物样品,通过微生物浓度评价不同区域污染状况,并对优势菌落PCR产物经同源性比对分析了空气微生物的优势菌群。结果表明,填埋场的主要污染区域为裸露的填埋区和垃圾运输路段,达到轻微污染程度,其它区域均达到较清洁以上程度。风沙、扬尘大的春季微生物总浓度明显高于夏季。填埋场的空气微生物污染主要为细菌的超标,污染区域空气中的细菌总量比清洁区高13.5倍,空气微生物总浓度相差10.7倍,而霉菌的数量变化相对较小。垃圾填埋场空气中优势细菌以芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和微球菌属（Micrococcus）为主,其中以枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）,短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus）和黄金节杆菌（Arthrobacter aurescens）出现的频率较高;优势真菌菌群为青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）等。     

城市垃圾填埋场的沉降研究

通过对位于上海老港填埋场的3000 m2试验场(垃圾填埋高度4 m,填入垃圾10800 t)历时880 d的沉降监测,根据垃圾在填埋场中的降解机理,建立了反映填埋场沉降规律的数学模型,证明了模型的可靠性。研究表明,填埋场的第二阶段沉降(由于垃圾的生物降解而产生的)与填埋时间的指数呈线性关系。根据沉降规律,上海老港填埋场完成大约79%的第二阶段沉降,才能处于高稳定化状态。     

垃圾卫生填埋技术

介绍我国第一座现代化城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场－深圳市下坪固体废弃物填埋场的卫生填埋技术设施,如防渗设施、垃圾渗沥液导流设施、场外排水设施和场内清污分流设施等;垃圾卫生填埋工艺技术及作业方法,如分区分层填埋法、单元作业法和高效作业法;垃圾填埋场的环境监测项目及监测成果。     

垃圾填埋场的甲烷减排及覆盖层甲烷氧化研究进展

温室效应导致的全球变暖是备受瞩目的环境问题之一,其中垃圾填埋场产生填埋气是全球温室气体的重要来源。文章从垃圾填埋场的CH4产生、CH4减排技术和覆盖层CH4氧化行为及其影响因素等方面对国内外研究现状进行总结,为全面认识垃圾填埋场的CH4减排提供参考。目前,填埋场CH4减排技术包括填埋层原位减排、资源化利用和末端控制技术等,其中准好氧填埋技术和生物覆盖层甲烷氧化技术是适合我国现阶段大量中小型填埋场CH4减排要求的技术。填埋场覆盖层的特性如温度、含水率、有机质含量、pH值、孔隙率、CH4/O2比、植被和无机氮等都会影响其甲烷氧化能力,是填埋场覆盖层甲烷氧化能力研究和调控的主要参数。     

光照法处理垃圾渗滤液试验研究

采用直接光照处理青山垃圾填埋场和流芳垃圾填埋场的渗滤液,结果表明,直接光照处理4h,COD去除率分别为31%和18%,其主要原因在于青山垃圾填埋场中含有较多Fe和Cu等光催化物质及自身的光降解.直接光照对NH3-N和总-N的处理效果不佳.     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋气中汞的分布特征

利用Tekran 2537A和Lumex RA-915汞分析仪分别对生活垃圾填埋场排气筒、填埋场内部的气态总汞变化规律进行了分析,结果表明,填埋场排气筒中气态总汞含量呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天高于夜间,并于午间达到峰值。气象条件对汞的释放过程有重要影响,光照强度与排气筒中气态总汞含量的相关性明显。受填埋场内部物理、化学、生物作用的影响,填埋场内部填埋气的汞浓度明显高于排气筒中填埋气的汞浓度。填埋场内部气态总汞变化规律为:植被覆盖区域明显低于无植被覆盖区域,表明有效的绿化措施对于控制填埋场汞污染具有重要意义。     

Characterization of humic substances in bio-treated municipal solid waste landfill leachate

Considerable organic matter remains in municipal solid waste landfill leachate after biological treatments. Humic substances (HSs) dominate the organic matter in bio-treated landfill leachate. In this study, the HSs from landfill leachate treated by membrane bioreactor (MBR-HSs) were analyzed via elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and charge polarized magic-angle spinning-¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The characteristic absorption in the UV wavelength range indicated the presence of high C=C and C=O double bonds within the MBR-HSs. Compared with commercial HSs, MBR-HSs had lower carbon content [48.14% for fulvic acids (FA) and 49.52% for humic acids (HA)], higher nitrogen content (4.31% for FA and 6.16% for HA), lower aromatic structure content, and higher carbohydrate and carboxylic atoms of carbon content. FA predominantly had an aliphatic structure, and HA had less condensed or substituted aromatic ring structures than natural HA. The aromatic carbon content of MBR-HSs was lower than that of humus-derived HSs but higher than that of waste-derived HSs, indicating that MBR-HSs appeared to be more similar to humus-derived HSs than waste-derived HA.     

Estimation of municipal solid waste generation and landfill area in Asian developing countries

In developing Asian countries, the municipal cooperations are unable to handle the increasing amount of municipal solid waste, which into the uncollected waste being spread on roads and in other public areas leading to tremendous pollution and destruction of land and negative impact on human health. Generation of municipal solid waste increases with the rapid urbanization and accelerated economic development with in the rapidly growing advanced technological societies. The nature of municipal solid waste is a term usually applied to a heterogeneous collection group of waste produced in urban areas, the nature of which varies from region to region. The common problem faced by all developing Asian countries, is the disposal of municipal solid waste and availability of land fill site area. Present study explains the correlation analysis of among different factors of municipal solid waste and the objective is to assess the future municipal solid waste stream in Asian developing countries. The other goal of this study was to calculate the future land area that would be required for landfill site disposal in Asian developing countries.     

生活垃圾堆填区周边土壤的性状变化及其污染状况

对北京西郊某垃圾堆放场周边土壤的污染状况进行了分析研究。结果表明，受垃圾渗滤液的浸蚀影响，垃圾区周围土壤酸性增大，养分含量增高；垃圾区土壤的重金属含量明显高于对照区土壤，表明垃圾区周围土壤已受到渗滤液的重金属污染，土壤性状发生明显变化。     

硝酸改性活性炭对渗滤液中小分子有机物的吸附性能

以硝酸为改性剂,分别采用浸渍和浸渍-高温热处理方法对活性炭进行了改性.低温氮吸附结果表明,活性炭表面积和微孔体积在浸渍后都变小,再经过高温热处理后则都变大.酸碱滴定显示,改性后活性炭表面酸性都增大,其中浸渍的酸性最大.对填埋场渗滤液中小分子有机物进行了等温线和动力学吸附实验,结果发现改性后活性炭对有机物的吸附量增加;硝酸浸渍活性炭吸附速率降低,而浸渍-高温热处理则使吸附速率明显加快.针对渗滤液中小分子有机物,硝酸浸渍-高温热处理的活性炭吸附效果最好,吸附量最大,吸附速率最快.     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

Fungal diversity and its mechanism of community shaping in the milieu of sanitary landfill

• Ascomycota was the predominant phylum in sanitary landfill fungal communities. • Saprophytic fungi may be of special importance in landfill ecology. • Both richness and diversity of fungal community were lower in leachate than refuse. • Physical habitat partly contributed to the geographic variance of fungal community. • NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant abiotic factor shaping fungal community. Land filling is the main method to dispose municipal solid waste in China. During the decomposition of organic waste in landfills, fungi play an important role in organic carbon degradation and nitrogen cycling. However, fungal composition and potential functions in landfill have not yet been characterized. In this study, refuse and leachate samples with different areas and depths were taken from a large sanitary landfill in Beijing to identify fungal communities in landfills. In high-throughput sequencing of ITS region, 474 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from landfill samples with a cutoff level of 3% and a sequencing depth of 19962. The results indicates that Ascomycota, with the average relative abundance of 84.9%, was the predominant phylum in landfill fungal communities. At the genus level, Family Hypocreaceae unclassified (15.7%), Fusarium (9.9%) and Aspergillus (8.3%) were the most abundant fungi found in the landfill and most of them are of saprotrophic lifestyle, which plays a big role in nutrient cycling in ecosystem. Fungi existed both in landfilled refuse and leachate while both the richness and evenness of fungal communities were higher in the former. In addition, fungal communities in landfilled refuse presented geographic variances, which could be partly attributed to physical habitat properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon, volatile solid, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻), while NO₃⁻ was considered the most significant factor (p<0.05) in shaping fungal community.     

垃圾渗滤液对土壤铁锰有效性及地下水质的影响

受垃圾渗滤液影响,垃圾场周边土壤有机物含量增加。试验结果显示,随着土壤有机物含量的增加,土壤中有效态铁锰含量增大。垃圾场周边土壤中渗滤液有机物和金属铁锰共存时,大量的有机物质能活化土壤中的铁锰,增加其有效性,增强其在土壤中的迁移能力。从而造成垃圾场地下水较严重的铁锰污染。     

Prediction of particulate air pollution from a landfill site using CFD and LIDAR techniques

Landfill sites have been the most common way of eliminating solid urban waste, as well as that of public and mining wastes. Landfill sites are a constant source of environmental pollution and wind is the most important contributing factor to air pollution, due to the erosion which it produces over the landfill site surfaces, transporting dust away from the source point. This causes serious risks for human health and general dirt in the surrounding areas of the landfill site. The result of dust air pollution produced in a landfill site is analysed through CFD3D (Computational Fluid Dynamics) by joining the LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technique and Ansys CFX 10.0 software. The CFD simulations determine the wind velocity distribution on the landfill site surface and the different particle threshold friction velocities which determine the dust emission in multiphase simulations (air-particles). These simulations are validated from field data obtained in three measurement programmes for each type of landfill site surface treatment which has been studied. It was determined that the superficial landfill site treatment with the lowest air pollution is tall grass and bushes. The methodology used can be applied to the dust emission calculation in the design or evaluation of other landfill sites.     

Biochar from municipal solid waste for resource recovery and pollution remediation

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Open dumping of municipal solid waste is a common method of waste disposal in developing countries, thus leading to pollution by gaseous emissions and landfill...