Testicular damage after chronic exposure to carbendazim in male goats

The present investigation was aimed to determine the effect of chronic exposure of carbendazim on cellular changes in testes of male goats. The goats were randomly divided into two groups, control and treatment (N?=?7 each). The treatment group was exposed to carbendazim at the dose rate of 50?mg?kg^?1 body weight per day orally, once daily for 180 consecutive days. Testes were removed from control and experimental animals surgically on the 90th, 120th, and 180th day. On the 180th day of the treatment, a maximum number of seminiferous tubules became atrophic, and vacuolization of germinal epithelium, and sloughing of the germinal epithelium and sertoli cells was more marked as compared to days 90 and 120. Some of the seminiferous tubules were devoid of germinal cells. These pathological findings were supported by ultrathin and electron microscopic examination. On the basis of the present investigation it could be concluded that chronic exposure of carbendazim in male goats did not allow proper maturation of testis.     

Demonstration of sperm head shape abnormality and clastogenic potential of cypermethrin

Adult male Swiss albino mice were administered ip. suspension solution of cypermethrin in 0.15% DMSO at the doses of 30 mg, 60 mg and 90 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 5 days. Another group of animals was injected cyclophosphamide ip. (60 mg/kg b. wt.) in similar manner which served as positive control. Effect of cypermethrin on body and testes weight and sperm head morphology was studied. Clastogenic potential of cypermethrin was studied by using modified Allium test. The cytological changes were studied in the root tip cells of Allium cepa after 3 days treatment with three different concentration of cypermethrin (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 microg/ml). The results revealed that body weight gain was considerably reduced in higher dose groups, but the testicular weight did not change significantly in any of the cypermethrin treated groups. However, a significant elevation in the number of abnormal shape of sperm head was noticed in higher dose groups as compared to control. It was observed that the abnormality in the shape of sperm head was dose-dependent. The cytological changes in the root tip cells of Allium cepa indicated that cypermethrin is having toxic effects on the root tip cells in the form of stickiness of chromosomes and also affect the mitotic activity. This study suggest that cypermethrin may have the potential to induce adverse effects on sperm head shape morphology of mouse as well as clastogenic effects on root tip cells of Allium cepa.     

氧化乐果和毒死蜱混剂对大鼠雄性生殖功能的联合毒性

为探讨有机磷农药混合物对生物生殖毒性的影响,以模式动物Sprague- Dawley (SD)大鼠为实验材料,采用亚慢性染毒动物实验,利用3×3析因实验设计方法研究了常见有机磷农药——氧化乐果和毒死蜱的联合雄性生殖毒性效应及机理。结果表明：氧化乐果和毒死蜱联合染毒60 d后,附睾系数增加,精子数量和精子活力降低,联合作用呈现协同效应(p<0.05);混配农药能降低睾丸标志酶乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)的活力,对LDH、ACP、γ-GT的联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05);混配农药能增加睾丸中促卵泡生成激素(FSH)含量,降低睾酮(T)含量,联合作用表现为协同作用(p<0.05)。通过组织病理学观察,氧化乐果和毒死蜱混合物能引起曲细精管的萎缩、畸形精子增多、生精细胞坏死、胞浆溶解和线粒体空泡化;支持细胞数量减少,出现坏死,精子从支持细胞上脱落,基底膜脱落等损伤。氧化乐果和毒死蜱对大鼠的联合生殖毒性为协同效应,混合后有明显的增毒作用;对睾丸标志酶(LDH、ACP、γ-GT)活力及睾丸性激素水平(FSH、T)的协同影响,是产生联合生殖毒性的机理之一。以上结果提示,对氧化乐果和毒死蜱进行环境健康风险评价时应考虑这种协同作用。     

白眉蝮蛇（Agkistrodon halys ussuriensis）蛇毒精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的生殖毒性及F1子代的影响

研究了白眉蝮蛇蛇毒中分离的纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠的一般生殖毒性及对F1代小鼠的影响 .0 .36U/kg剂量使雄性F0 小鼠体重增长缓慢 ,并使睾丸系数增大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但病理学检验睾丸和附睾正常 ;该剂量处理孕鼠 ,减轻了胎鼠和新生F1代小鼠的体重 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但对F0 雌性小鼠的生殖功能及F1代小鼠的一般体征、中枢神经系统发育及生殖机能均无影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) .纯精氨酸酯酶对小鼠生殖无毒剂量为 0 .18U/kg .表 2参 9     

水源水中有机提取物生殖毒性评价和敏感检测指标的筛选（Reproductive Toxicity of Drinking Source Water and Selection of Sensitive Bioassays）

以原代培养的大鼠睾丸细胞为体外毒性试验靶细胞,采用支持细胞、生精细胞、间质细胞的形态、细胞活力、胞外乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞早期凋亡坏死率和间质细胞睾酮分泌量5种检测指标评价了X市和L市水源水中有机提取物的生殖毒性,并筛选了对痕量有机污染物敏感的生殖毒性指标.研究结果表明,两市水源水中有机提取物皆可引起支持细胞、间质细胞和生精细胞形态的变化,相比较而言,对生精细胞的影响更严重.X市水源水有机提取物对3种生殖细胞胞外LDH活力没有显著影响(p>0.05);而在L市水源水中有机提取物的暴露下,支持细胞和间质细胞胞外LDH活力显著增强(p<0.01).X市水源水中有机提取物可使间质细胞睾酮分泌量显著减少(p<0.01);而L市水源水有机提取物对间质细胞睾酮分泌量无明显影响(p>0.05).两市水源水有机提取物均能不同程度地诱发大鼠睾丸细胞损伤,生精细胞对环境毒物是比较敏感的细胞,细胞形态、活力、LDH活力、凋亡坏死率、睾酮分泌量等生殖毒理学检测指标可用于饮用水源地水质的评价.     

DNA damage in mouse organs and in human sperm cells by bisphenol A

Abstract

The in vivo genotoxic potential of bisphenol A using the comet assay in mice and in human sperm cells in vitro without metabolizing enzymes was studied. Male mice were exposed by oral gavage to the following doses of bisphenol A (0 125, 250 and 500?mg/kg body weight). DNA damage was investigated in liver, kidney, testes, urinary bladder, colon and lungs cells. In testicular cells, a significant increase in DNA strand breaks was observed in the lowest, but not in the medium or highest dose groups. Histopathological investigation of the testicular samples did not show any treatment dose-related effects. No DNA strand breaks were observed in any of the other investigated tissues. In human sperm cells in vitro, bisphenol A did not induce DNA strand breaks.     

除草剂乙草胺对非洲爪蟾性腺发育的影响

使用性腺发育对内分泌干扰作用敏感的两栖动物非洲爪蟾作为模型动物,通过考察性别比、性腺整体形态和组织学形态来揭示乙草胺对其性腺发育的影响,从而确定乙草胺是否具有内分泌干扰活性.46/47期蝌蚪经不同浓度(5μg·L-1、10μg·L-1、20μg·L-1)的乙草胺暴露处理至变态后1个月,在变态结束后3个月时,解剖性腺、鉴别雌雄并固定性腺做组织切片.实验中对照组所有性腺都为典型的卵巢或睾丸,雌性百分率为48.78%(20/41).而乙草胺暴露组却出现了明显的异常睾丸,其总体上是睾丸,但又带有部分卵巢的特征,在统计性别时将具有异常睾丸的爪蟾归为雄性.5μg·L-1、10μg·L-1、20μg·L-1暴露组的雌性百分率分别为:57.14%(24/42)、66.67%(22/36)、55.26%(21/38).虽经统计分析无显著性差异,但乙草胺暴露组中雌性多于雄性的趋势和出现带有雌性特征的雄性的现象,一定程度上却暗示了乙草胺可能对非洲爪蟾的性腺发育有雌性化作用.正常睾丸的组织学结构应有发育成熟的生精小管,其内有各个时期的精子囊和生精细胞及精子.但经乙草胺处理的爪蟾睾丸却表现出几种明显的异常:没有生精小管,相反却像发育早期的睾丸一样,充满大量的精原细胞,完全没有生精细胞和精子;有生精小管结构,但其内精子囊结构不明显,生精细胞少并且排列混乱,其间有很大的空隙;睾丸出现腔隙,并有大量体细胞存在,这种结构与57期的卵巢相似;睾丸中出现异常的生精细胞,与58期卵巢的卵细胞相似;睾丸组织中有明显的卵细胞散布.组织学研究发现的乙草胺导致的睾丸结构证明了乙草胺对非洲爪蟾的睾丸发育有抑制雄性化作用和雌性化作用,即乙草胺对非洲爪蟾的性腺发育有内分泌干扰作用.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE 209)孕哺期及出生后暴露对子代小鼠血液系统影响初探

本研究旨在探讨BDE 209长期暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠血液系统的影响。将75只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、低剂量组(1.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)和高剂量组(225 mg·kg-1·d-1)。BDE 209暴露10 d后,将雌鼠与雄鼠合笼。选取怀孕时间相近(相差不过2 d)的10只孕鼠持续染毒直至自然分娩。出生后子鼠在哺乳期通过母乳染毒,断乳后则按照与母鼠相同的方式进行染毒,并在不同时间点进行外周血常规、外周血形态学、骨髓细胞形态学、骨髓细胞染色体组型和数目分析。血常规结果显示,低、高剂量BDE 209暴露对出生后不同发育阶段子鼠的白细胞计数没有影响,即白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及单核细胞的数量均无显著变化(P0.05);红细胞系统检查显示一定性别差异,即低剂量和高剂量BDE 209染毒的雄性小鼠在PND30出现红细胞(RBC)(P0.05)、血红蛋白(Hb)(P0.05或P0.01)及红细胞压积(P0.05或P0.01)的显著降低;而雌性小鼠只在PND 30出现红细胞压积的降低(P0.05);在PND 30,高剂量暴露组的雌性及雄性小鼠,低剂量暴露组的雌性小鼠均出现血小板计数的显著降低(P0.05或P0.01);而PND 60、PND 90的实验组血小板均未观察到显著改变(P0.05)。外周血形态学检查表明,低剂量组在PND 30、PND 60,及高剂量组在PND 90检测到典型异常结果多表现为白细胞数的增多。而低剂量组在PND 90检测到的典型异常结果多表现为异型深染淋巴细胞(P0.05)。骨髓形态学检测表明,低剂量组子代雄性及雌性小鼠在PND 60、PND 90骨髓涂片可检测到骨髓细胞的异常结果,表现为骨髓增生活跃,高剂量组雄性小鼠在PND 90观察到3例异常涂片,表现为骨髓增生异常(P0.05)。研究结果表明,BDE 209长期暴露可能导致出生子代外周血和骨髓的毒性,提示具有血液系统发育毒性。     

Time-dependent effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers on gonadal hormone and genital system histology in male rats

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) on gonadal hormone levels and histology in male rats. Rats in treatment groups were orally gavaged with PBDE-99 at a dose of 120 mg?kg^?1 for 5, 15, 30, or 45 days, while controls received equal volume of corn oil. In the treated groups, changes were not found on day 5. On day 15, testicular weight increased, serum levels of estradiol (E₂) decreased, proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive expression was reduced, and sperms within the seminiferous tubules were damaged. On day 30, testicular weight was further increased, serum levels of testosterone (T) and E₂ decreased, PCNA positive expression was further reduced, some primary spermatocytes cells did not express, and seminiferous epithelium was degenerated. At 45 days, testicular weight decreased, levels of T, E₂ concentrations were lower, histopathologic examination revealed severe degeneration of seminiferous epithelium, and only a part of spermatogonial cells were expressed. The earliest alterations occurred at 15 days. PBDE-99 produced time-dependent reduction of gonadal hormone levels and degeneration of gonadal system histology.     

Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the expression of apoptotic markers in mouse blastocysts

Oocyte maturation, embryo development and expression of apoptotic-specific genes were evaluated in blastocysts of mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Female mice received 0, 50 or 100?mg/kg/day titanium dioxide intraperitoneally for five consecutive days. After the last injection, pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and, 48?h later, human chorionic gonadotropin were administered intraperitoneally for induction of ovulation. After 14?h, mice were sacrificed and oocytes were collected. The number of mature oocytes was evaluated and then fertilization was carried out in vitro and the numbers of fertilized and cleaved oocytes and of blastocysts and the expression of Bax, caspase 3, and Bcl-xL genes in blastocysts were evaluated. The number of mature, fertilized and cleaved oocytes and of blastocyst embryos in the experimental groups were not different from control. The expression of Bax and caspase 3 genes was significantly elevated in the experimental groups compared to control, while expression of the Bcl-xL gene was significantly lower in the high dose group. Uptake of titanium dioxide nanoparticles at daily doses of 50?mg/kg and more may affect embryo development by alteration of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression.     

Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on blood components,tumor markers,and oxidative status in mice

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in mice. Hemogram, tumor markers, oxidative status, and B(a)P residues in liver tissue were evaluated. Sixty albino Swiss mice were randomly distributed equally into three groups; the control was given 0.1?mL corn oil once a week for 8 weeks. The other two groups were given 20 and 40?mg B(a)P per kg body weight once a week orally for the same period. B(a)P-treated mice suffered from depression and ascites, and macrocytic normochromic anemia was recorded at the 16th and 30th week. There was marked leukocytosis with lymphocytosis at the early stage of the experiment, followed by leukopenia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia at the end of the experiment. Monocytes and arginase activity were elevated throughout the experiment. Alpha feto-protein was detected only in the experimental groups in the 30th week of the experiment. A marked increase in lipid peroxides associated with a decrease in reduced glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in liver homogenate of the B(a)P-exposed animals. Residues of B(a)P were detected in liver tissue with a concentration parallel to the B(a)P dose level. In conclusion, B(a)P caused abnormal changes in the hemogram, evidence of tumor formation through B(a)P-induced oxidative stress, and it was accumulated in the liver tissue of mice.     

Lead induced spermatoxicity in mouse and MPG treatment

Protective efficacy of MPG (2-mercaptopropionyl glycine) was studied against the toxic effects of lead acetate in Swiss albino mice. The animals were treated with single dose of lead acetate @ 180, 200 and 250 mg/kg b.wt. in presence and absence of MPG. The results indicated that the body weight was slightly higher in MPG treated groups on day 10 as compared to only respective lead treated groups in all the three dose level. However, significantly lower body weight was observed in both lead treated and lead along with MPG treated groups as compared to control. Patten of mortality is similar in both lead treated and lead plus MPG treated groups. Conspicuous degenerative changes in testicular tissues and elevation in sperm head shape abnormality were observed in both lead treated and lead along with MPG treated groups but the sperm head shape abnormality and damage were more in lead treated groups as compared to lead plus MPG treated groups. But this difference was non-significant between the two groups. These observations suggest that MPG may not be significantly effective against lead induced damage in testicular tissues at cellular level. However, MPG is able to maintain slightly lower level of sperm abnormality in all the three dose level as compared to their respective lead treated groups. Further, studies are needed to find out the optimum dose of MPG for protection against the lower doses of lead induced lethality as MPG is not significantly effective against the higher doses of lead.     

Accumulation of cadmium and bioenergetics in the mussel Mytilus edulis

Accumulation rates of cadmium, the amount of food ingested and assimilated, the amount of oxygen consumed and changes in dry flesh weight have been measured in Mytilus edulis L. exposed to 0, 10 and 100 ppb cadmium for 17 d in aquaria with seawater flowing continously and at constant algal concentration. The accumulation rates were linear at 10 and 100 ppb, amounting to 0.58 and 8.89 ppm d^-1, respectively. Body loads up to 150 ppm caused no effects on either clearance, ingestion, assimilation, respiration, or growth. High net growth efficiencies between 55–59% were obtained, indicating near optimal experimental conditions. It is suggested that the setup and experimental procedure provide an excellent tool in the study of accumulation and sublethal effects of environmental pollutants in suspension feeding bivalves.     

彗星实验检测新农药呋喃虫酰肼对小鼠细胞DNA的损伤(Damaging Effects of Pesticide JS-118 on DNA of Mice Cells Measured by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay)

应用彗星实验检测了新农药呋喃虫酰肼(JS-118)对小鼠脾细胞和睾丸细胞的DNA损伤,并比较了这两种细胞对呋喃虫酰肼的敏感性.体外染毒1.5h后,进行单细胞凝胶电泳,然后EB染色并用CASP分析图像.结果表明,呋喃虫酰肼在各个剂量浓度(100、200、500、1000mg·L-1)都会引起睾丸细胞DNA损伤(与对照组均具有显着性差异,p<0.05),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系;而呋喃虫酰肼在较高剂量浓度(200、500、1000mg·L-1)可引起脾细胞DNA损伤(与对照组均具有显着性差异,p<0.05),且存在明显的剂量-效应关系.与脾细胞相比,睾丸细胞对呋喃虫酰肼更为敏感.     

硫化镉量子点与常规硫化镉对小鼠遗传毒性的比较研究

为比较硫化镉量子点(CdS quantum dots,CdSQDs)与常规硫化镉(CdS)对小鼠的遗传毒性作用,将30只昆明种健康雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、CdSQDs组和常规CdS组,通过经口灌胃法进行染毒,其中CdSQDs组和常规CdS组染毒剂量为100mg·kg-1,对照组为等体积的生理盐水.染毒35d后将小鼠处死,通过单细胞凝胶电泳观察外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤情况,取小鼠一侧附睾观察精子畸形率,并取双侧肾脏做组织病理学检验.结果表明,与对照组小鼠比较,CdSQDs组和常规CdS组小鼠DNA损伤和精子畸形率均显著升高(p<0.05);CdSQDs组小鼠DNA损伤程度及精子畸形率均显著低于常规CdS组(p<0.05);组织病理切片观察显示,两种材料均可引起小鼠肾脏病变,但CdSQDs组小鼠病变程度明显轻于常规CdS组.以上结果提示,CdSQDs和常规CdS均会对小鼠产生一定程度的遗传毒性作用,但CdSQDs毒性低于相同剂量的常规CdS.     

Benzene-induced histopathological changes and germ cell population dynamics in testes of Sprague Dawley rats

Benzene has been considered as an occupational hematotoxin and leukemogen. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration of benzene on reproductive organs and testicular spermatogenesis in rats. Adult rats were divided into three weight matched groups (Gr. I-III) containing 6 each. Gr. I rats received vehicle only and served as control. Rats in Gr. II and III were fed orally with 0.5 and 1 ml kg(-1) dose of benzene for 14 and 9 days, respectively and autopsy was done on 15th and 10th day. Food and water intake and gross behavioral changes were recorded daily during the entire treatment. Results showed no significant change in reproductive organ weights viz. testis, epididymis and ventral prostate in benzene-treated (0.5 or 1 ml kg(-1)) rats than that in controls. But, caused a significant decrease (p < 0.005) in weights of seminal vesicles in rats treated with both 0.5 and 1 ml kg(-1) doses compared to control. In contrast, at higher dose (1 ml kg(-1)) of benzene, significant (p < 0.001) decline in body weight and 100% mortality was observed on day 10 of autopsy. In treated rats, testicular cytotoxicity was marked by multinucleated giant cells formation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, pyknosis of nuclei, chromatolysis, desquamation and dissolution of germ cells in tubular lumen. The quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in number ofA-spermatogonia (in 1 ml kg(-1) dose only), primary spermatocytes (non-pachytene and pachytene) and spermatids (round and elongated) in treated as compared to control rats. The diameters of testicular tubules and Leydig cells nuclei were also significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in treated rats. A steady loss in food and water intake recorded and signs of ill health were observed in treated (0.5 or 1 ml kg(-1)) rats. Results of the study indicated antitesticular lantispermatogenic effects of benzene at 0.5 and 1 ml kg(-1) dose in rats.     

毒死蜱对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的影响

为研究毒死蜱对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的影响,利用不同浓度毒死蜱染毒小鼠.以昆明小鼠为受试动物,毒死蜱按3、6和12mg·kg-13个剂量水平,灌胃染毒小鼠7d.以睾丸组织匀浆测定活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量;以睾丸细胞测定DNA-蛋白...     

Mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of cadmium†

There is limited evidence to suggest that certain compounds of cadmium may be mildly mutagenic. Some compounds of cadmium have given rise to fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection in the rat and also to interstitial cell tumours of the testis as a sequel to cellular damage and testicular atrophy. Cadmium chloride aerosol inhalation has induced a high incidence of dose‐related lung cancer in the rat. Epidemiological observations suggest that mortality from prostatic and possibly from lung cancer has been increased in cadmium workers who had experienced the very high levels of cadmium, mainly as oxide dust or fume, which existed in the past. The more recent epidemiological studies have not added further evidence in support of the carcinogenic role of cadmium.     

铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用

在恒温和充气条件下,研究了重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用及对虾体胆碱酯酶的影响.结果表明:南美白对虾幼虾在各浓度重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)试液中经过60d的亚急性中毒试验,除铜在低浓度促进生长外,其他各组体长、体重及蜕皮次数均小于对照组,且随毒物浓度的增加而逐渐降低;有机磷农药对南美白对虾体内胆碱酯酶具有显著影响,虾体内胆碱酯酶含量随水体中有机磷农药浓度的升高而显著降低;重金属对胆碱酯酶也有一定影响,胆碱酯酶随重金属离子浓度升高也有逐渐降低的趋势,但重金属对胆碱酯酶的影响效果没有有机磷农药显著.     

栀子中京尼平甙对CCl4急性小鼠肝损伤保护作用的生化机理研究

预先给小鼠灌胃不同剂量的京尼平甙后,以四氯化碳造模,通过测定小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天氡氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以及肝脏内GSH的含量并制作组织病理切片,研究了京尼平甙对四氯化碳肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,结果表明,京尼平甙能抑制四氯化碳肝中毒小鼠血清中ALT和AST的活性以及增加肝脏内GSH的含量.然后研究了京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内细胞色素P4502E1和细胞色素P4503A活性的影响以及肝脏内谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统的影响,表明京尼平甙对正常小鼠肝微粒体内CYP4502E1具有明显的抑制作用,并能增强肝脏内谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)以及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性.以上3个酶与自由基形成以及清除有关.图1表3参16