一种基于质心距脉动特征的火焰轮廓识别算法

火灾视觉特征的提取是火灾图像探测的关键问题。提出了一种描述火灾火焰轮廓脉动信息的火焰图像质心距脉动模型，即先用质心距来描述火焰的轮廓信息，再利用傅立叶描述子描述火焰轮廓变化的时空信息，采用距离来度量相邻两帧图像轮廓的变化幅度。实验结果表明，对于火灾火焰视频图像而言，其相邻两帧之间的脉动幅度、变化频率要明显高于受控燃烧、光源干扰等非火灾情况，可有效应用于火灾火焰的识别。研究表明，该方法能有效地探测火灾的发生，降低系统的误报率。     

横向风对浮力扩散火焰的振荡影响研究

火焰振荡频率是火灾科学研究领域的一个重要基本参数,对横向风下火焰振荡频率的研究可以为火灾图像探测的参数设置提供理论依据。针对浮力扩散火焰(0.6×10~(-5)弗洛德数Fr2×10~(-2),10~2理查德森数Ri10~5),本研究将横向风条件下火焰结构假设为倾斜的柱状,通过对燃烧产生的浮力和横向风产生的拖曳力进行动力学分析,得出横向风条件下火焰振荡频率表达公式。结合实验结果得出,火焰振荡频率的理论值和实验值均随拖曳系数的增大(即外界风速的增加)而增大,但实验值的上升趋势较理论值平缓.这是因为公式忽略了风速对火焰温度和系数K的影响。     

一种改进的帧差法实现火焰目标分割

针对传统船舶火灾报警系统采用的传感器在远离火灾源时很难探测到初期火灾的特性,提出了利用摄像头模式识别的方法来探测火源的构想,将顶置鱼眼摄像头作为图像传感器,在一个较大的范围内探测初期火灾,提出了一种基于火焰闪点位置的交叉性与聚合性的帧差算法,实现火焰目标分割识别.该方法是在实时视频流中,对连续两帧图像进行帧差,根据闪点位置的交叉性排除运动物体的干扰,再根据闪点的聚合程度排除一部分游离的干扰闪点,最后得到疑似火焰区域.对疑似火焰区域二值化、抽取轮廓、再由种子点位置确定火焰外形.此法能够高效地从视频图像中分割出火焰,从而为火灾的初期预防报警提供高效识别手段.     

基于人工神经网络的火灾图象探测方法

提出了一种新型的火灾探测方法,基于ＢＰ神经网络的火灾图象探测方法。该方法利用了早期火灾火焰的形体变化特性,用图象处理的方法提取特征信息,最后利用人工神经网络来进行火灾判,别。     

航空煤油小尺度池火燃烧规律及火焰结构研究

为分析油池火灾发展的一般规律,利用小尺度池火燃烧特性试验系统,对航空煤油池火的宏观和微观特性进行试验研究,重点分析质量燃烧速率、火焰涡流结构和火焰温度的变化规律。结果表明:燃烧速率方面,油品质量随时间近似呈线性变化,瞬时燃烧速率作为时间的函数分为5个阶段,火灾的有效防控必须放在初期;涡流结构方面,不同燃烧阶段火焰涡流结构的明显程度不同,与燃烧剧烈程度成反比关系,计算出涡流结构产生频率为4~5 Hz,其产生的原因是油品蒸发、燃烧流动与火焰浮力耦合作用的影响;火焰温度方面,就整个燃烧过程而言,竖直方向轴线上火焰下部温度明显高于上部,水平方向上火焰中心与火焰边缘未燃区之间温差随高度不同而差别较大。     

光声光谱火灾气体探测系统

气体是火灾中最早出现的燃烧产物,利用燃烧过程中产生的气体作为判据能在很大程度上提高火灾探测及预警的早期性。光声光谱技术由于其在气体检测领域的高灵敏度、宽检测范围等优点已成为火灾探测的一个重要的发展方向。介绍了光声光谱技术原理,设计了一套基于光声原理的火灾气体探测系统。对该系统的基本性能进行了测试,并对棉绳阴燃和聚氨酯泡沫明火实验中产生的气体浓度(CO)进行了测量,根据光声信号的变化并结合一定的算法反演得到了这两组实验中CO的浓度变化曲线。实验表明,该探测系统对火灾能够很好地响应,能够满足探测需求。     

3m直径煤油池火灾火焰特性的数值研究

为了预测油池火灾的火焰特性,采用CFD模拟技术开展静风状态下3 m直径煤油液池的火灾场景模拟,探讨火焰温度、火焰羽流速度、辐射热通量、燃烧产物质量分数等油池火焰特性参数随高度的变化关系;并结合火焰形态分布,提出一种4区域模型,即将湍流扩散火焰划分为油气混合燃烧区、燃烧火焰区、烟尘区和热烟气区来分析燃烧气流在不同高度的实际物理化学特性。此外,通过经验公式和CFD模拟2种方法分别计算出3 m直径煤油池火灾的火焰高度、火焰表面的辐射通量及热辐射破坏半径,并对计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明:2种方法可互相补充完善,有助于池火灾的热辐射危害性评估。     

基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统的研究

基于光声原理的火灾探测是一种新型非接触式、直接测量火灾参数的早期火灾探测技术。本文基于光声原理设计了早期火灾探测系统,利用两个光声腔对早期火灾产生的烟颗粒和一氧化碳进行了复合测量．实现了对早期火灾有效地探测；并设计和试制了基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统和相应报警算法。在实验燃烧室对其进行了测试,并根据实验结果得出了其实现早期火灾探测的关键参数。实验证明，基于光声原理的早期火灾探测系统能通过对烟颗粒和CO复合测量，达到实现火灾早期探测报警的目的。     

信息融合技术在火灾探测中的应用研究

为减少火灾探测中的误报警,基于信息融合技术对火灾传感器输出的信息进行处理。充分利用火灾探测系统的在线和离线数据,采用改进的主元分析法(PCA)、粗糙集(RS)理论、支持向量机(SVM)等3种方法的融合与互补,通过对系统的输入数据进行简化,消除原有信息的各分量之间的相关性,降低特征信息维数;实施最优最小约简,特征提取优化;构造自适应核函数,确定最优分类超平面,进行样本训练,获得火灾探测结果。从数据级、特征级、决策级3个层次上实现火灾信息融合。结果表明:该方法减少了融合过程中的信息损失,降低了计算的复杂性,有效地提高了火灾探测系统的可靠性和准确度。     

油罐内火焰快速探测系统研究

为填补目前油罐内火焰快速探测系统研究的空白,开发出一种基于紫外与红外的复合型储罐火焰探测器并研究探测器在罐顶的布置方式。首先,通过试验研究酒精和正庚烷的火焰传播特性;然后,根据试验中的火焰蔓延速度确定探测器的性能参数;最后,通过探测器的探测角度、探测距离和储罐的尺寸信息等设计探测器的布置方式。研究表明:常温常压下酒精和正庚烷的火焰蔓延速度分别为2.2～2.4 m/s和1.5～1.7 m/s,且不受油池尺度和液层厚度的影响;探测器的性能参数满足储罐火灾快速探测的要求;4种布置方式高效可靠。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.