阳离子表面活性剂改性沸石对铬酸根的吸附机制

研究了由十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性制成的有机沸石对水体中铬酸根的吸附性能及吸附机制.结果表明,与沸石原矿相比有机沸石对铬酸根的吸附容量更高,而铬酸根在有机沸石表面的吸附量随着体系离子强度的增加而显著减小,说明铬酸根的吸附以静电作用为主.研究还发现沸石经有机改性后表面Zeta电位由负变正,说明表面活性剂在沸石表面的吸附改变了沸石表面的电荷性质,这也是有机沸石能够对铬酸根发生静电吸附的主要原因.铬酸根的吸附量及吸附的铬酸根的解吸量均随着体系pH值的升高而增加,分别约在pH=5.0和pH=6.0时达最大,随后铬酸根的吸附量和解吸量随着pH值的进一步增加逐渐减小.铬酸根的吸附量与解吸量之间的差值随pH升高而减小,说明在低pH条件下非静电吸附所占比例较高pH值条件下有所增加.     

低分子量有机酸影响可变电荷土壤吸附铜的机制

采用平衡实验法研究了水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸对砖红壤吸附铜的影响,并通过吸附铜的解吸实验探讨了有机酸对铜吸附的影响机制.结果表明,有机酸可以增加土壤对铜的吸附量,与对照相比,有机酸体系中吸附的铜的解吸量高.有机酸对铜吸附的影响随体系pH值的增加而增大,约在pH4.3(水杨酸体系)或pH4.5(邻苯二甲酸体系)达最大,然后逐渐减小.土壤对有机酸的吸附量越高,有机酸对铜吸附的影响程度越大.有机酸可以通过形成表面三元络合物和改变土壤的表面电荷2种机制影响土壤对铜的吸附.水杨酸体系中铜的解吸增量与吸附增量的百分比在76%～89%之间,说明水杨酸主要是通过增加土壤表面的净负电荷量来增加铜的静电吸附量.     

不同温度下烧制的秸秆炭对可变电荷土壤吸附 Pb(Ⅱ)的影响

研究了添加花生秸秆炭和稻草炭对2种可变电荷土壤的pH和吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响,结果表明,添加生物质炭使土壤pH提高了1.04～3.00个单位,且土壤pH增加幅度随生物质炭制备温度的升高而增加.等温吸附实验的结果表明,添加生物质炭增加了Pb(Ⅱ)在可变电荷土壤表面的吸附量,当Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度为2 mmol.L-1时,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高了12.6%～57.6%.土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随体系pH升高而增加.Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以很好地拟合添加生物质炭后2种土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,且Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,r值均在0.94以上.从Freundlich和Langmuir方程中表征吸附容量的k和Qm结果可以看出,花生秸秆炭促进Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的效果优于稻草炭,400℃下制备的生物质炭促进2种土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的效果优于300℃和500℃下制备的生物质炭.解吸实验结果表明,添加秸秆炭处理土壤表面吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸量高于对照处理,但解吸量远低于吸附量,说明生物质促进土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制涉及静电吸附和非静电吸附.     

去除氧化铁对Al在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

用连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)法研究了去除土壤中的氧化铁后Al的吸附-解吸特征的变化情况.结果表明,在pH值<4.5条件下,去除氧化铁可使土壤对Al的吸附量有所增加,这种变化在赤红壤中尤为明显;而此后随pH值的升高,原土和去铁土对Al的吸附量基本相等.造成该现象的原因可归纳为去除氧化铁能降低土壤的电荷零点(ZPC)和增加土壤表面负电荷的数量,从而增强了土壤表面与离子之间的静电引力.另一方面,去除氧化铁后Al的解吸量也增加.其原因是与原土相比,去铁土吸附Al的机理中包含有部分静电吸附,这从离子强度对去铁土吸附Al的影响实验能得到较好的验证,因为在pH值<4.5时,提高离子强度将降低Al的吸附量,用高岭石做参考材料时也发现了类似的现象.     

可变电荷与恒电荷土壤胶体对DNA吸附与解吸特征

采用平衡法研究了红壤胶体、砖红壤胶体、潮土胶体和褐土胶体在不同pH值条件下DNA吸附与解吸特征.结果表明,在NaCl和KCl电解质体系中,4种土壤胶体在吸附过DNA后,溶液pH值均有不同程度的增加,pH增加的幅度为红壤胶体>砖红壤胶体>潮土胶体>褐土胶体;NaCl电解质体系>KCl电解质体系.土壤胶体对DNA的吸附量均随着pH值的升高而降低,在pH为2~4,不同胶体对DNA的吸附量保持最大值,约为13.1~14.8μg.mg-1.当平衡溶液pH值从4.2开始上升至8.6,在NaCl体系中,砖红壤胶体和红壤胶体上DNA的吸附量下降幅度约5.5μg.mg-1,而在KCl体系中,DNA的吸附量下降幅度约2.1μg.mg-1.2种电解质体系,潮土胶体与褐土胶体上DNA的吸附量下降幅度约为8.3~12.2μg.mg-1.DNA吸附量下降幅度为恒电荷土壤(潮土和褐土)胶体>可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)胶体.用NaOAc和NaH2PO4对土壤胶体吸附DNA的解吸时,可变电荷土壤胶体与恒电荷土壤胶体解吸规律有明显差异.在3种溶液pH值为3、5和7时,可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)胶体上NaOAc解吸率约10%~24.5%,Na...     

粒级、pH和有机质对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响

为进一步揭示汞在松花江沉积物表面的环境行为,通过模拟实验,研究粒级、pH和溶解性有机质(DOM)对汞在松花江沉积物表面吸附-解吸量的影响.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物的吸附能力差别较大,本实验条件下,沉积物粒级越小,其吸附能力越强.在各种浓度的实验设计组中均有:pH由3.5升高至4.5时,吸附量增加,当pH4.5时,随pH的继续升高吸附量开始降低;沉积物中汞的解吸量随pH的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势变化,各体系的最小值均出现在pH5.柠檬酸对沉积物吸附汞的影响以抑制作用为主,其抑制作用强度与吸附体系中汞浓度有关;柠檬酸对解吸量的影响也比较明显,随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,对沉积物中汞解吸作用的影响表现为促进-抑制-稳定的变化趋势.因此,以上因素对汞在沉积物表面吸附-解吸的影响较大,在进行河流汞污染控制及突发污染事件处理时,有必要充分考虑以上因素的影响.     

草酸盐影响污染土壤中砷释放的研究

选取3种砷污染土壤,以草酸钾为提取剂在pH为5.5时解吸污染土壤中的砷,研究了草酸盐从0～10.0mmol·L-1浓度范围内对污染土壤中砷的释放和化学形态的影响.研究结果表明,土壤中砷的释放量随提取时间的增加而增加,在提取时间6h左右砷释放量最大.3价砷、5价砷的释放量随草酸盐浓度的增加而增大,5价砷释放量较3价砷大.同时发现土壤中Fe、Al的共同释放量与砷的释放量存在显著的线性关系.     

pH值对红壤和黄土中铊的吸附-解吸特征的影响

研究了不同pH条件下红壤和黄土对毒害重金属铊的等温吸附-解吸行为,结果表明,Tl+在红壤和黄土中的吸附量均受pH值影响明显。红壤中,在pH=2时吸附量最小,吸附率为3%,吸附量和吸附率随着pH的升高而增加,在pH=10时,吸附量为89.93 mg/kg,吸附率为61.3%;黄土中,pH从4增加到6时,吸附率增加明显,从14%骤升至71.2%,pH=10时,最大吸附量为139.67 mg/kg,吸附率最大为83.8%。红壤和黄土的吸附都符合Langmuir和Temkin方程。解吸过程中,pH=2时,红壤和黄土的解吸率最高,并且解吸率随着初始浓度的增加而增大,最大分别达到78.6%和85.2%,同等条件下,黄土的解吸率高于红壤;在pH=4～10,红壤的解吸有一定的滞后现象,而黄土解吸量随吸附量的增加近似线性增加,无明显滞后现象。     

环境材料对污染土壤中Pb、Cd和As的吸附解吸研究

通过模拟实验考察了环境材料沸石(FS)和蛇纹石(SS)在不同pH值下对土壤Pb、Cd、As的吸附与解吸结果,探索环境材料对土壤重金属的固化效果。结果表明:对于Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)污染土壤,土壤吸附量随pH升高而增加;在酸性条件下,SS促进土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附;在碱性条件下,FS促进土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附;同时SS与FS使土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量大幅度降低。SS促进土壤对AsO-2的吸附,但该吸附量与pH变化无关;SS对AsO-2的解吸量影响不大,且该解吸量随pH升高而升高。SEM分析可知,FS与SS吸附重金属后形态变化显著。可见所用的环境材料对重金属Pb、Cd、As有明显的固化作用。     

给水厂污泥颗粒制备及对铜离子的吸附行为

将给水厂污泥和粘土以质量比1：2制备了一种新型污泥颗粒,考察其对溶液中铜离子的吸附行为.结果发现,污泥颗粒对水中铜离子具有良好的吸附效果,对铜的吸附量随时间增加而增大,180min时可达最大吸附量的85%左右,吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学方程;Langmuir等温吸附方程式可较好拟合不同温度时的吸附数据,且温度越高,平衡吸附量越大.多种重金属离子共存时,污泥颗粒仍优先吸附铜离子.pH值可显著影响污泥颗粒对铜离子的吸附,pH<5时,污泥颗粒对铜离子的吸附去除率随pH值升高而增大,pH=5时吸附去除效果最好.采用扫描电镜、红外光谱等对吸附铜离子前后的污泥颗粒进行表征,发现污泥颗粒表面粗糙、孔隙发达,含丰富表面基团,能够通过静电吸引、羟基取代和表面络合吸附铜离子.     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As（Ⅲ） and As（Ⅴ） on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) and arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at different ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(Ⅲ) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(Ⅲ) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostatic attraction under the acidic condition. Moreover, intersects of As(Ⅴ) adsorption-pH curves at different ionic strengths (a characteristic pH) are obtained for both soils. It was noted that above this pH, the adsorption of As(Ⅴ) was increased with increasing ionic strength, whereas below it the reverse trend was true. Precisely the intersect pH was 3.6 for Haplic Acrisol and 4.5 for Rhodic Ferralsol, which was near the values of PZSE (soil point of zero salt effect) of these soils. The effects of ionic strength and pH on arsenate adsorption by these soils were interpreted by the adsorption model. The results of zeta potential suggested that the potential in adsorption plane becomes less negative with increasing ionic strength above soil PZSE and decreases with increasing ionic strength below soil PZSE. These results further supported the hypothesis of the adsorption model that the potential in the adsorption plane changes with ionic strength with an opposite trend to surface charge of the soils. Therefore, the change of the potential in the adsorption plane was mainly responsible for the change of arsenate adsorption induced by ionic strength on variable charge soils.     

Effect of ionic strength on adsorption of As(Ⅲ) and As(V) on variable charge soils

The study was to investigate the adsorption behavior of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) on two variable charge soils, i.e., Haplic Acrisol and Rhodic Ferralsol at dierent ionic strengths and pH with batch methods. Results indicated that the amount of As(III) adsorbed by these two soils increased with increasing solution pH, whereas it decreased with increasing ionic strength under the acidic condition. This suggested that As(III) was mainly adsorbed on soil positive charge sites through electrostati...     

北京土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附及影响因素分析

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对甲苯和萘吸附的影响.结果表明,尽管7种土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附能力差别较大,但其吸附等温线均很好的符合Freundlich吸附模式;同一土壤中,萘的吸附量大于甲苯的吸附量.温度升高不利于甲苯和萘在土壤中的吸附.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)均利于甲苯和萘在土壤表面的解吸,CTAB和SDBS对甲苯和萘的解吸率最高分别可达27.5%、12.1%和64.3%、48.8%,说明SDBS的解吸效果更好.甲苯     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu~(2+) on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment.Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region,and investigated the effects of phosphate(P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu~(2+) of soil aggregates,free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates,goethite,and kaolinite with batch adsorption method.The results showed that Cu~(2+) adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P,and promoted with high concentrations of P,showing a V-shaped change.Compared with the untreated aggregates,the adsorption capacity of Cu~(2+) was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260,220,130 and110 mg/kg for coarse,clay,silt and fine sand fractions,respectively.On the contrary,the adsorption capacity of Cu~(2+) was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values.However,the desorption of Cu~(2+) was enhanced at low levels of P,but suppressed at high levels of P,displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption.The Cu~(2+) adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation.Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite.However,such P effects on Cu~(2+)adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates.The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu~(2+) adsorption.     

施加牛粪熟肥对黄土吸附双酚A的影响

为研究施加腐熟牛粪对黄土吸附BPA（双酚A）的影响,采用批量平衡试验法,分析不同因素[如黄土粒径、体系温度、初始ρ （BPA）、离子强度、pH等]对BPA在黄土及施加牛粪熟肥黄土上吸附量的影响.结果表明:BPA在黄土中的吸附均符合先快后慢并最终达到平衡的吸附规律,准二级动力学模型能较好地描述其吸附动力学过程.BPA在黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土上的解吸量远小于其吸附量,说明吸附-解吸过程中存在解吸滞后性.黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的热力学吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,并且吸附等温线符合L-型吸附等温模式,BPA的吸附吉布斯自由能（ΔGθ） < 0,焓变（ΔHθ） < 0,熵变（ΔSθ） < 0,表明该吸附属于混乱程度减小、可自发放热的吸附过程.影响因素分析结果显示,黄土对BPA的吸附量随其粒径的减小而增大,而不论是否施加腐熟牛粪,其对BPA的吸附量均随体系温度升高而减少,且随初始ρ （BPA）的增加而升高.此外,加入的阳离子（Ca2+、Mg2+）会与BPA形成竞争吸附,不论是黄土还是施加腐熟牛粪黄土,其对BPA的吸附量均随加入阳离子浓度的升高而降低.当pH为3~7时,黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土对BPA的吸附量随着pH的升高而增加,而pH为7~10时对BPA的吸附量变化较小,表明该范围内pH变化对黄土与施加腐熟牛粪黄土吸附BPA的影响不明显.研究显示,施加牛粪等腐熟肥可能导致BPA的吸附行为发生改变.      

Cu2+存在下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响

为探究重金属与抗生素共存时不同条件下土壤有机组分对抗生素吸附解吸的影响,通过批量静态吸附试验方法,研究了不同污染物浓度、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶（sulfadiazine）和重金属Cu共存时吸附解吸行为及其交互作用,并做了显著性差异分析;采用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对试验数据进行拟合,对吸附前后的样品进行红外光谱扫描分析.结果表明:①不同w（Cu2+）对腐殖酸吸附磺胺嘧啶的状况不同,当w（Cu2+）为1、10、100 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起促进吸附的作用;当w（Cu2+）为300 mg/kg时,Cu2+的存在起抑制吸附的作用;随着初始pH的增大,吸附量变化不明显,但略有减小;高离子强度促进吸附,低离子强度抑制吸附;高价态阳离子的存在抑制腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附.②显著性差异分析显示,P均小于0.05,说明w（Cu2+）、pH、离子强度及阳离子类型对吸附量均有显著影响.③运用Freundlich、Langmuir等温吸附模型和线性等温吸附模型对不同条件下的吸附特征进行拟合,其拟合效果均较好,R2均大于0.952,其中线性等温吸附模型拟合效果最好;HI（滞后系数）在0.995~1.120之间,接近于1,表明腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附解吸过程中不存在滞后现象.△G（吉布斯自由能变化量）在18.921~20.412 kJ/mol之间,均小于40 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.④红外光谱分析表明,腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附机制主要是形成氢键或发生络合反应.研究显示,不同条件下腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶吸附解吸的影响不同,w（Cu2+）、初始pH、离子强度及阳离子类型的改变,均会导致腐殖酸对磺胺嘧啶的吸附情况有所差异.      

Competitive and cooperative adsorption of arsenate and citrate on goethite

The fate of arsenic in natural environments is influenced by adsorption onto metal (hydr)oxides. The extent of arsenic adsorption is strongly a ected by coexisting dissolved natural organic acids. Recently, some studies reported that there existed competitive adsorption between arsenate and citrate on goethite. Humic acid is known to interact strongly with arsenate by forming complexes in aqueous solution, hence it is necessary to undertake a comprehensive study of the adsorption of arsenate/citrate onto goethite in the presence of one another. The results showed that at the arsenate concentrations used in this study (0.006–0.27 mmol/L), citrate decreased arsenate adsorption at acidic pH but no e ect was observed at alkaline pH. In comparison, citrate adsorption was inhibited at acidic pH, but enhanced at alkaline pH by arsenate. This was probably due to the formation of complex between arsenate and citrate like the case of arsenate with humic acid. These results implied that the mechanism of the adsorption of arsenate and citrate onto goethite in the presence of one another involved not only competition for binding sites, but the cooperation between the two species at the watergoethite interface as well.     

Interaction of Cd and citric acid, EDTA in red soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣａｄｍｉｕｍ,ｅｘｉｓｔｅｄｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｓｏｉｌｏｒｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ,ｃｏｍｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｗｏｍａｉｎｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ.Ｃａｄｍｉｕｍｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｌａｔｔｅｒｏｎｅｍｏｓｔｌｙａｐｐｅａｒｅｄｏｎｓｏｉｌｓｕｒｆａｃｅｔｈｕｓｉｔｉｓａｇｒｅａｔｔｈｒｅａｔｔｏｈｕｍａｎｂｅｉｎｇｓ,ａｎｉｍａｌｓａｎｄｐｌａｎｔｓ(Ｎａｉｄｕ,1998;Ｐｕｌｓ,1991).…