Fenton 试剂液相氧化法净化含H2S 的气体

利用Fenton 试剂液相氧化法净化含H2S 的气体,研究了初始pH 值、温度、H₂S 浓度、H₂O₂ 浓度、气体流量、[H₂O₂]/[ Fe²⁺]比值、金属离子等因素对H₂S 去除率的影响.结果表明,当pH<2.52 时,pH 值升高,去除率逐渐提高;当pH>2.52 时,去除率下降;pH=2.52 时,去除效率最高.去除率随H₂O₂ 浓度增加而提高;H₂O₂ 浓度一定时,去除率随[H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺]比值的增加而升高;[H₂O₂]/[Fe²⁺]接近于1 时达到最大.温度提高,去除率提高.实验条件下,去除率随气体流量的增加而下降.入口H2S 浓度越低去除率越高.Fe3+对Fenton 反应有促进作用,添加金属离子的Fenton 试剂氧化H2S 能力顺序为Fe²⁺+Fe³⁺>Fe²⁺>Fe³⁺.     

两级滴滤去除硫化氢和甲硫醇混合恶臭气体

把氧化硫硫杆菌(T. thiooxidans)、排硫硫杆菌(T. thioparus)组成的自养菌群和黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas)为主的异养菌群分别接种在两个生物滴滤反应器中,将其依次串联净化处理硫化氢(H₂S)、甲硫醇(MT)混合臭气.一级反应器(A^#)的复合自养菌在酸性环境下对负荷为7～8g/(m³h)的H₂S平均去除率可达94%,且不受混合气体中MT含量的影响.二级反应器(B^#)适于中性环境,对负荷为4～5g/(m^{3h)的MT平均去除率为83%.若H₂S在混合气体中浓度过高,经A#处理后的浓度仍高于50mg/m3,可导致后反应器酸化,使MT脱臭效率显著下降.}     

冶金粉尘硫容量的实验研究

在25-650温度范围内测定了由Fe 、Ca、 Zn 、Mn等氧化物组成的高炉冶金粉尘脱除H₂S的硫容量,结果表明,反应温度驵成对高炉冶金粉尘硫容量有较大影响,在25-650范围内,硫容量增加：当温度低于350时,CA,Zn,Mn氧化物对冶金粉尘硫容量起主要作用 ,且碳的存在于提高治金粉尘对H₂2S的吸附能力,可适度提高冶金粉尘硫容量;温度大于350时,氧化物对冶金粉尘硫容是起主要作用,碳含量对冶金粉尘硫容量的影响较小,高炉 冶金粉尘脱流主要受Fe氧化物脱硫反应及H₂2S氧化物脱硫反应及H₂2S在冶金粉中的扩散影响.     

烟气中水、氧含量对羟基资源化脱硫效率的影响

采用强电场电离放电方法,将烟气中H₂O、O₂通过电离、分解和超激发,形成羟基和水合电子等自由基.在无吸收剂、催化剂条件下,自由基直接氧化SO₂生成H₂SO₄微滴,再用电收雾器加以回收.结果表明,烟气中H₂O含量对硫脱除率的影响率比O₂的影响率高出1倍,H₂O、O₂含量对SO₂脱除率影响比值与理论计算值的偏离度为4.3%.烟气中H₂O、O₂的含量可满足强电离放电羟基自由基脱硫过程的需要.     

磷钼杂多化合物脱硫体系脱硫特性与再生规律

以液相氧化脱硫工艺开发为目的,采用尾气H₂S浓度动态监测法研究了磷钼杂多化合物脱硫体系的脱硫特性;采用氧化还原电位监测法研究了该体系的再生规律结果表明,磷钼酸钠（NaHPA）体系的脱硫性能随温度升高而有所降低,随进气H₂S浓度的提高而相应降低,随吸收剂浓度的提高而显著增强．几种主要因素对磷钼酸钠脱硫体系再生过程的影响规律为吸收剂浓度提高再生时间缩短;温度升高再生时间缩短温度超过 50℃冉生时间缩短幅度趋缓;增大空气流最冉生时间缩短,空气流量超过1.650Lmmin冉生时间趋于恒定：进气 H₂S浓度提高冉生时间延长．NaHPA复配体系的再生性能较单一的NaHPA为优,偏钒酸钠对体系的再生有催化作用     

广州市大气中过氧化物的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)荧光法于1998年7月和10月测定了广州市大气中的5种过氧化 物:过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、羟甲基过氧化氢(HMHP)、甲基过氧化氢(MHP)、1-羟乙基过氧化氢(1-H EHP)及乙基过氧化氢(EHP).其中主要过氧化物是H₂O₂、HMHP和MHP,其最高浓度分别为1.6(10 ^-9、0.67(10^-9和0.54(10^-9(V/V).在光照强,相对湿度低的情况下,H₂O₂和MHP呈现明显的日 变化规律,早晚浓度低,最大值多出现在14:00～16:00.同时测定了大气温度,湿度和紫外辐射U VB及大气中O₃, NO_X和SO₂,发现H₂O₂和MHP与O₃、温度和UVB具有一定的正相关关系,而与NO_X, SO₂ 和相对湿度具有一定的负相关关系.     

内电解-Fenton 氧化-膜生物反应器处理腈纶废水

采用内电解-Fenton 氧化-序批式膜生物反应器组合工艺处理腈纶废水.结果表明,在进水Ph 值为3、内电解反应时间2h、H₂O₂ 浓度1500 mg/L、Fe²⁺浓度600mg/L、Fenton 反应时间2h 的条件下,内电解-Fenton 组合工艺对COD 的去除率为72%,进水COD 从1328mg/L下降到369mg/L,废水BOD₅/COD 从0.14 上升到0.33,CN-从8.6mg/L 下降到0.215mg/L,提高了废水可生化性,为后续的生物处理创造了良好的条件.出水采用序批式膜生物反应器处理,在停留时间20h、缺氧搅拌90min、好氧120min 条件下,COD 去除率为80%,NH₄₊-N 去除率95%,BOD₅ 去除率92.6%,CN-去除率90.7%.最终出水COD、BOD5、NH4+-N、CN-、SS 分别为61,9.3,2.55,0.02,13mg/L     

VUV/TiO2/H2O2法去除水中微量硝基苯

研究了过氧化氢(H₂O₂)强化的真空紫外光催化(VUV/TiO₂/H₂O₂)方法对水中微量硝基苯(NB)的去除效果,同时考察了H₂O₂ 投加量、NB 初始浓度、重碳酸盐和腐殖酸对NB 降解的影响.采用负载在钛片上的二氧化钛(TiO₂)薄膜为光催化剂,以能发射185nm 真空紫外线(VUV)的紫外灯为光源.结果表明,去离子水中50µg/L 的NB 反应60s 后去除率即达到97.9%.随H₂O₂ 投加量的增加, VUV/TiO2/H₂O₂ 对NB的降解速率先增后减;初始浓度低于170µg/L 时,初始浓度对NB 降解影响不大;重碳酸盐和腐殖酸对硝基苯降解有显著的抑制作用.VUV/TiO₂/H₂O₂能快速有效地去除地表水(含碳酸盐和天然有机物)中的微量NB,5min 内初始浓度为90µg/L的NB去除率达到94.1%, UV₂₅₄在4min 内也降低了53.3%.     

硫酸盐还原菌颗粒污泥形成条件研究

在生物反应器中培养出高活性的生物相是使其稳定、高效运行的关键．在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器中,对硫酸盐还原菌颗粒污泥形成过程及形成条件进行了研究,结果表明,在中温（35 ±1 ℃） 条件下,当进水SO^2-₄ 小于1600mg/L、COD/SO^2-₄大于3 时,控制反应器污泥负荷大于0.3kgsO^2-₄/kg Vss·d 、水力负荷为0.2m³/m²·h 有利于颗粒污泥的形成和生长．     

流化床光催化氧化处理印染废水中试研究

设计了1种流化床光催化氧化中试处理系统,制备了一种负载型TiO₂光催化剂.以高压汞灯为光源,选用难降解偶氮染料4BS和高分子化学浆料CMC配制的模拟印染废水为处理对象,考察了初始pH值、初始浓度以及光助催化剂H₂O₂浓度、Fe₃₊浓度对光催化降解效果的影响,并对有关的光催化反应动力学规律进行了探讨.结果表明,本工艺系统对配制的印染废水有较好的处理效果,光照74min色度去除率可超过80%,光照150min COD去除率可超过70%,BOD₅/COD可提高至0.4以上.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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