脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥料研究

对脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥的研究意义、反应原理、生产流程、环境安全性能以及施肥方法等进行了介绍和评估,并对其应用前景进行了展望。研究结果表明:利用脱硫灰与钾矿石复合生产钾钙硅镁硫肥在理论上可行;生产出的产品中硫酸钾的含量达10.34%～12.0%,枸溶氧化钙19.06%～32.28%,枸溶二氧化硅10.98%～14.46%,枸溶氧化镁1.46%～1.82%。产品的pH值从原脱硫灰的10.65下降到9.60。重金属含量低于农用粉煤灰国家标准,生产过程中不会产生SO2等有害气体污染。肥料的生产成本低于350元/t,该肥料不但可以增加土壤中钾、钙、硅、镁和硫等中微量元素的含量,而且可以提高或改善农作物的产量和品质。达到变废为宝,促进循环经济发展之目的。     

生物有机肥在土壤改良和重金属污染修复中的研究进展

生物有机肥兼具有机肥料和微生物肥料的性质,可以培肥土壤、调控土壤微生态平衡、改善农产品品质、控制土壤中重金属的有效性,也是农业废弃物资源化利用的重要手段。综述了生物有机肥的主要特征、生物有机肥在土壤重金属污染中的修复作用,重点介绍了生物有机肥在改良土壤性质和修复重金属方面的优越性能,指出生物有机肥领域当前存在的问题,并提出未来在肥源监管、标准修订和品种研发等方面进行改进,为保障农产品的质量安全、有机肥料的资源化利用提供参考。     

镇江市农田施肥的环境污染及其控制对策

镇江市局部地区农田施肥与环境污染之间的矛盾日趋明显，对土壤，水体，生物等环境要素产生影响，通过食物链危及人类身健康，诱发多种疾病，科学决策，合理施肥，注重提高施肥效率，保护农业生态环境是是保证农业生态是可持续发展的重要条件。     

一种减少化肥污染的土壤微生物增肥剂的使用技术

进行了澳大利亚ＳＣ２７土壤微生物增肥剂在番茄、黄瓜、青椒等蔬菜上的田间小区和大田试验,结果表明,ＳＣ２７施用后可改善作物根系生长环境,调控土壤养分供应,改良作物品质,产量提高８％－２０％,减少化肥用量１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,并有减轻土传病害和生理障碍的作用。     

农药污染与土壤微生物

随着工业的发展,“三废”、农药、化肥、塑料制品对农田的污染越来越严重了。污染物进入土壤后既污染了环境,又使土壤生态系统结构发生变化。土壤微生物是土壤生态系统中的主要分解者,其活动是衡量生态系统中各种功能是否正常的一个重要方面。因为微生物在转化有机质的过程中对重金属的迁移转化、有机毒物的分解能起到积极的作用,因而能减少污染物的毒性。但是,高浓度的环境污染物却能使微生物的生长发育受到抑制。本文仅就有机污染物对土壤微生物的影响和微生物对污染物的转化或解毒作用作一简要综述。     

农田氮素淋溶损失影响因素及防治对策研究

农田氮素损失是造成农业非点源污染的主要原因之一,其中由于大量施用氮肥引起的土壤氮素淋溶损失又是农田氮素损失的重要途径.因此,农田氮素损失研究已成为国际土壤化学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题之一.根据近年来国内外在农田氮素运移领域的研究成果,从降雨和灌溉、施肥状况、土壤性质、耕作方式、作物种类和种植方式等方面分析了影响农田氮素淋溶损失的主要因素,提出了改进施肥方式、优化氮肥管理、推广缓释氮肥以及改善土地利用方式等提高氮肥利用率、减小氮素淋溶损失的防治对策.     

施用污泥堆肥对草莓生长及土壤重金属的影响

通过施用污泥堆肥盆栽种植草莓,研究施用不同比例(0%、5%、10%和20%)的城市污泥堆肥对土壤及草莓果实重金属含量的影响以及土壤重金属生物有效态的变化,为污泥堆肥在农业利用方面提供相关理论支撑。实验结果表明:不同污泥堆肥施用比例处理草莓产量大小顺序为:5%0%(CK)10%20%(死亡),污泥堆肥施用比例为5%时,草莓果实的产量(鲜重)达最大值每株5.34 g,高出CK处理32.32%。施肥土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr和Cd等含量均随污泥施用比例的增加而呈差异显著水平增加。对比2015年1月27日和3月24日2次采摘的草莓果实重金属含量,第二次采摘的果实Cu、Zn含量比第一次采摘的果实含量有不同程度的增加,而Pb、Cd和Ni含量有不同程度的降低。在污泥堆肥施用比例为5%时,施肥土壤以及草莓果实中的重金属含量均未超过国家相关标准。种植植物后施肥土壤中重金属Cu和Zn的生物有效态增加,重金属Pb、Ni的生物有效态降低。因此,适量施用污泥堆肥能有效增加草莓产量,5%的施用比为草莓种植的最佳施肥比例。     

沛沿河流域土壤肥料释放的降雨模拟研究

为有效控制农业面源污染,改善沛沿河流域水质状况,通过对水稻田、杨树林和果园的土壤分别施用不同类型化肥后,模拟研究了土壤在受雨水短期浸泡及连续降雨情况下氮、磷的释放特征。研究结果表明,稻田土壤对氮磷的保肥能力最佳,施肥时应以基肥为主;果园土壤及林地土壤的保肥能力均劣于稻田土壤,应采用少量多次追肥的方法。尿素与碳铵宜做基肥使用,而氯化铵与硫酸铵宜做追肥使用。     

沛沿河流域土壤施肥后氮、磷释放规律的模拟研究

为有效控制农业面源污染,改善沛沿河流域水质状况,通过对稻田、林地、果园的土壤分别施用不同化肥后,模拟研究了土壤在受雨水短期浸泡及连续降雨情况下氮、磷的释放规律.结果表明,稻田土壤对氮、磷的释放能力最差,施肥时应以基肥为主;林地、果园土壤的保肥能力均劣于稻田土壤,应采用“少量多次追肥”的方法.尿素与碳铵宜作为基肥施用,而...     

农业管理实践对除草剂环境行为的影响

除草剂的土壤环境行为与受人为控制的农业管理实践有密切的关系。本文通过文献调研综合分析了农田灌溉、耕作制度、施肥、作物秸秆还田和除草剂施用量等农业管理实践对除草剂土壤环境行为的影响 ,并据此提出了减轻除草剂污染地下水的若干思路。     

Ecological impacts of the N-viro biosolids land-application for wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) production in Nova Scotia

Land application of biosolids from processed sewage sludge may deteriorate soil, water, and plants. We investigated the impact of the N-Viro biosolids land-application on the quality of the soil water that moved through Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols soil of Nova Scotia (NS) at the Wild Blueberry Research Institute, Debert, NS Canada. In addition, the response of major soilproperties and crop yield was also studied. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in 2008 and 2009. Four experimental treatments including (i) NI: N-Viro irrigated, (ii) NR: N-Viro rainfed, (iii) FI: inorganic fertilizer irrigated, and (iv) FR: inorganic fertilizer rainfed (control) were replicated 4 times under randomized complete block design. Soil samples were collected at the end of each year and analyzed for changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and pH.Soil water samples were collected four times during the study period from the suction cup lysimeters installed within and below crop root zone at 20 and 40 cm depths, respectively. The samples were analyzed for a range of water quality parameters including conductance, hardness, pH, macro- and micronutrients, and the infectious pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. Berries were harvested for fruit yield estimates. Irrigation significantly increased CEC during 2008 and the soil pH decreased from 4.93 (2008) to 4.79 (2009). There were significant influences of irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction, in some cases, on most of the soil water quality parameters except on the infectious bacteria. No presence of E. coli or salmonella were observed in soil and water samples, reflecting the absence of these bacteria in biosolids used in this experiment. Nutrient concentration in the soil water samples collected from the four treatments were higher in the sequence NI > NR > FI > FR. The irrigation treatment had significant effect on the unripe fruit yield. We conclude that the comparable performance of N-Viro biosolids and the increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers would compel farmers to use economically available N-Viro biosolids that, coupled with the supplemental irrigation, did not deteriorate the studied soil properties, soil water quality, and the wild blueberry yield during this experiment.     

The influence of organic amendment and nickel pollution on tomato fruit yield and quality

The effects of organic fertilization (sludge application) and/or different levels of Ni pollution on tomato fruit yield, quality, nutrition, and Ni accumulation were investigated. The mass loading of sewage sludge solids used in this study for the amendment of a calcareous soil with low organic matter content was 2% (w/w). A control with no sewage sludge amendment was also included (S). Nickel was added to the sludge amended soil at 0, 60, 120 and 240 mg kg-1 concentrations. Sewage sludge addition to the calcareous soil significantly increased fruit yield but did not adversely affect the quality and nutritional status of the tomato fruit. The results demonstrated that sewage sludge could be successfully used as a horticultural fertilizer. Only the highest addition rate of Ni (240 mg kg-1) to an organic amended calcareous soil had negative effects on fruit yield and quality, and caused a Ni accumulation in fruit that could be considered as a hazard for human health. Thus, no toxic problems will be encountered in tomato fruit due to Ni pollution provided the total Ni (soil Ni plus Ni incorporated with sludge amendment) concentration is kept below the maximum concentration of Ni allowed for agricultural alkaline soils in Spain (112 mg Ni kg-1).     

Ecological impacts of the N-viro biosolids land-application for wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) production in Nova Scotia

Land application of biosolids from processed sewage sludge may deteriorate soil, water, and plants. We investigated the impact of the N-Viro biosolids land-application on the quality of the soil water that moved through Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols soil of Nova Scotia (NS) at the Wild Blueberry Research Institute, Debert, NS Canada. In addition, the response of major soilproperties and crop yield was also studied. Wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium. Ait) was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions in 2008 and 2009. Four experimental treatments including (i) NI: N-Viro irrigated, (ii) NR: N-Viro rainfed, (iii) FI: inorganic fertilizer irrigated, and (iv) FR: inorganic fertilizer rainfed (control) were replicated 4 times under randomized complete block design. Soil samples were collected at the end of each year and analyzed for changes in cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and pH.Soil water samples were collected four times during the study period from the suction cup lysimeters installed within and below crop root zone at 20 and 40 cm depths, respectively. The samples were analyzed for a range of water quality parameters including conductance, hardness, pH, macro- and micronutrients, and the infectious pathogens Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. Berries were harvested for fruit yield estimates. Irrigation significantly increased CEC during 2008 and the soil pH decreased from 4.93 (2008) to 4.79 (2009). There were significant influences of irrigation, fertilizer, and their interaction, in some cases, on most of the soil water quality parameters except on the infectious bacteria. No presence of E. coli or salmonella were observed in soil and water samples, reflecting the absence of these bacteria in biosolids used in this experiment. Nutrient concentration in the soil water samples collected from the four treatments were higher in the sequence NI > NR > FI > FR. The irrigation treatment had significant effect on the unripe fruit yield. We conclude that the comparable performance of N-Viro biosolids and the increasing prices of inorganic fertilizers would compel farmers to use economically available N-Viro biosolids that, coupled with the supplemental irrigation, did not deteriorate the studied soil properties, soil water quality, and the wild blueberry yield during this experiment.     

Re-evaluation of the yield response to phosphorus fertilization based on meta-analyses of long-term field experiments

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations in most European countries are based on plant-available soil P contents and long-term field experiments. Site-specific conditions are often neglected, resulting in excessive P fertilizer applications. P fertilization experiments including relevant site and soil parameters were evaluated in order to analyze the yield response. The database comprises about 2000 datasets from 30 field experiments from Germany and Austria. Statistical evaluations using a classification and regression tree approach, and multiple linear regression analysis indicate that besides plant-available soil P content, soil texture and soil organic matter content have a large influence on the effectiveness of P fertilization. This study methodology can be a basis for modification and specification of existing P fertilization recommendations and thus contribute to mitigate environmental impacts of P fertilization.     

Interaction of soil pH and phosphorus efficacy: Long-term effects of P fertilizer and lime applications on wheat,barley, and sugar beet

Phosphorus (P), a plant macronutrient, must be adequately supplied for crop growth. In Germany, many soils are high in plant-available P; specifically in arable farming, P fertilizer application has been reduced or even omitted in the last decade. Therefore, it is important to understand how long these soils can support sustainable crop production, and what concentrations of soil P are required for it. We analyzed a 36-year long-term field experiment regarding the effects of different P application and liming rates on plant growth and soil P concentrations with a crop rotation of sugar beet, wheat, and barley. Sugar beet reacted to low soil P and low soil pH levels more sensitively than wheat, which was not significantly affected by the long-term omitted P application. All three crop species showed adequate growth at soil P levels lower than the currently recommended levels, if low soil pH was optimized by liming. The increase in efficacy of soil and fertilizer P by reduced P application rates therefore requires the adaptation of the soil pH to a soil type-specific optimal level.     

Integrated waste management in a zone of northern Italy: compost production and use, and analytical control of compost, soil, and crop

Agricultural soils of two Italian maize farms were treated for five years with an industrially produced high-quality compost. Cattle manure and the usual mineral fertilizer were used for comparison purposes. The effects of the organic and mineral fertilizer treatments were studied by analyzing the compost and manure, cultured soils, and harvested material. The grain yield was also determined. Organic fertilization improved soil pH, CEC, content of organic matter and NPK. Soil respiration and N mineralization were found to be higher than in the purely mineral-treated soil. Plant K take-up was improved, whereas grain yield was not affected. It was confirmed that organic fertilization, particularly compost use, maintained and increased soil fertility. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in loco analytical facilities to follow the entire recycling process-from waste to compost production-and the use of the final product in the field.     

Speciation of rare earth elements in soil and accumulation by wheat with rare earth fertilizer application

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of rare earth elements (REEs), La, Ce, Pr and Nd, in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and the speciation of these elements in soil following the application of REE-based fertilizers. Improved crop yield was confirmed by the experiment. The accumulation behavior of La, Ce, Pr and Nd in wheat varied depending on the concentration of REE fertilizer application, i.e. increased with increasing REE concentration at low fertilization application, constant over the medium REE range, and decreased with increasing REE concentration at high fertilizer application. Significant negative correlation was obtained between REE contents in roots and soil pH (r = -0.5787 to -0.8442 for La). REEs in both the fertilized and unfertilized soils were fractionated by a three-stage sequential extraction procedure into three chemically distinct fractions: water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1), Fe-Mn oxide bound (B2), and organic and sulfide bound (B3). REEs in fertilized soils were found mainly in the B2 and B3 fractions, with only a small amount in the B1 fraction. REEs in B1 and B2 fractions were negatively correlated with soil pH (r = -0.6892 to -0.8927 and -0.7462 to -0.9482). Significant correlation was obtained between REEs in B1 fraction and REE contents in root. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.6159 to 0.7410 when fertilizer application was lower than 20.0 mg/kg soil. No acceptable relationship was observed between REE contents in shoot and any of the extractable fractions in soils.     

Integrated Waste Management in a Zone of Northern Italy: Compost Production and Use,and Analytical Control of Compost,Soil, and Crop

Agricultural soils of two Italian maize farms were treated for five years with an industrially produced high-quality compost. Cattle manure and the usual mineral fertilizer were used for comparison purposes. The effects of the organic and mineral fertilizer treatments were studied by analyzing the compost and manure, cultured soils, and harvested material. The grain yield was also determined. Organic fertilization improved soil pH, CEC, content of organic matter and NPK. Soil respiration and N mineralization were found to be higher than in the purely mineral-treated soil. Plant K take-up was improved, whereas grain yield was not affected. It was confirmed that organic fertilization, particularly compost use, maintained and increased soil fertility. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using in loco analytical facilities to follow the entire recycling process—from waste to compost production—and the use of the final product in the field.     

The influence of long-term fertilization on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil and its uptake by crops

Continuous application of organic and inorganic fertilizers can affect soil and food quality with respect to heavy metal concentrations. The risk of cadmium (Cd) contamination in a long-term (over 20 years) experimental field in North China with an annual crop rotation of winter wheat and summer maize was investigated. The long-term experiment had a complete randomized block design with seven fertilizer treatments and four replications. The seven fertilizer treatments were (1) organic compost (OM), (2) half organic compost plus half chemical fertilizer (OM?+?NPK), (3) NPK fertilizer (NPK), (4–6) chemical fertilizers without one of the major nutrients (NP, PK, and NK), and (7) an unamended control (CK). Soil samples from 0 to 20 cm were collected in 1989, 1999, and 2009 to characterize Cd and other soil properties. During the past 20 years, various extents of Cd accumulation were observed in the soil, and the accumulation was mainly affected by atmospheric dry and wet deposition and fertilization. In 2009, the average Cd concentration in the soil was 148?±?15 μg kg^?1 and decreased in the order of NPK?≈?OM?+?NKP?≈?PK?>?NP?≈?NK?>?OM?≈?CK. Sequential extraction of Cd showed that the acid-soluble fraction (F1, 32?±?7 %) and the residual fraction (F4, 31?±?5 %) were the dominant fractions of Cd in the soil, followed by the reducible fraction (F2, 22?±?5 %) and oxidizable fraction (F3, 15?±?6 %). The acid-soluble Cd fraction in the soil and Cd accumulation in the crops increased with soil plant available K. Fraction F3 was increased by soil organic C (SOC) and crop yields, but SOC reduced the uptake of soil Cd by crops. The long-term P fertilization resulted in more Cd buildup in the soil than other treatments, but the uptake of Cd by crops was inhibited by the precipitation of Cd with phosphate in the soil. Although soil Cd was slightly increased over the 20 years of intensive crop production, both soil and grain/kernel Cd concentrations were still below the national standards for environmental and food safety.