银川都市圈大气挥发性有机物的污染特征及臭氧生成潜势初步分析

2019年6月和8月在宁夏回族自治区银川市及周边6个点位进行了环境空气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测研究.利用苏码罐采样-三级冷阱预浓缩-GC-MS/FID技术测定环境空气样品中56种挥发性有机物组分;分析该地区环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征和来源,计算各组分臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的生成潜势.结果表明,工业区、商业/交...     

GCMS双柱系统测定水质中的VOCs及SVOCs含量

本文利用岛津公司独有的GCMS双柱系统分析水质中的VOCs及SVOCs含量.结果表明,使用双柱系统分析VOCs和SVOCs在仪器表现上与单柱系统并无明显差异,而采用采用双柱系统,可无需更换色谱柱,即可在分析VOCs和SVOCs项目之间切换,使仪器的使用更加简便和高效.     

贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的初步分析

本文对贵阳市大气挥发性有机物进行了初步分析研究.采用罐采样方法在贵阳市采集了环境空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/Dean-switch/FID/FID技术,分析了59种大气光化学活性挥发性有机物,并计算了各组分的臭氧生成潜势及羟基自由基消耗速率.结果表明,贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的平均体积分数为(23.06±17. 85)×10~(-9),其中丙烷的体积分数最大.贵阳市不同类别大气挥发性有机物的占比为:烷烃(58.77%)苯系物(16.41%)人为源烯烃(10.84%)炔烃(8.86%)植物源排放VOCs(BVOC)(5.12%),不同功能区大气VOCs的组成特征存在一定差异.贵阳市大气挥发性有机物的总臭氧生成潜势为91.51×10-9(体积分数),其中苯系物对总臭氧生成潜势的贡献最大(约占38%);贵阳市大气挥发性有机物总的羟基自由基消耗速率为6.15 s-1,烯烃类对总的羟基自由基消耗速率的贡献最大.     

粮食与饲料中七种单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素的测定

本文提出了一种同时检测粮食和饲料中七种主要单端孢霉烯族真菌毒素的电子捕获气相色谱分析方法.粮食样品经醋酸乙酯、氯仿、乙醇提取后,减压浓缩.浓缩液用活性炭-中性氧化铝(2:1,W/W)柱净化,84％乙腈水溶液洗脱.洗脱液减压浓缩至于,残渣用N-七氟正丁酰咪唑衍生化.电子捕获气相色谱的分析结果表明,活性炭-中性氧化铝柱能有效地除去粮食中的干扰物,有很好的分离效果.T-2毒素、HT-2毒素、二乙酰藨草镰刀菌烯醇、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、镰刀菌烯酮-X等七种毒素在小麦、大麦、玉米及大米中的回收率在浓度范围为50ng/g—500ng/g的范围内均为80％以上.     

GC-FID/MS中心切割法全在线监测环境空气中108种污染物

本文建立了一种全在线监测环境空气中108种污染物的方法.使用双冷阱热解析仪进行样品采样,确保空气样品不间断的采集,结合岛津中心切割技术:将轻烃切割至Plot柱在FID检测器进行分析,其他组分在聚硅氧烷柱分离后进入MS检测器分析;结果显示:所有化合物在1 ng·mL~(-1)的浓度下,峰面积RSD%均小于10.72%,在1—20 ng·mL~(-1)的浓度范围内线性相关系数均大于0.9950.本方案重现性好,分析时间短,可连续在线监测环境空气中VOCs变化情况.     

厦门市隧道中挥发性有机物污染研究

选择厦门市典型的7个隧道,采用三段预浓缩和气相色谱-质谱联用方法,对隧道口和隧道内空气中的VOCs进行了分析研究。结果表明：隧道内VOCs污染一般比隧道口严重,而当隧道口受到周围VOCs污染的影响时,将导致隧道口VOCs污染比隧道内严重;甲苯、乙醇、对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯为本研究主要的活性组分,甲苯对隧道空气的光化学活性贡献最大;BTEX分析显示,除汽车尾气外,其它源也会对隧道内苯系物的污染有较大的影响;对隧道内和隧道口VOCs相关性分析发现,1,3-丁二烯、丙烯醛、二氯甲烷、正己烷、1,1-二氯乙烷、4-乙基甲苯、氟利昂-12、一氯甲烷的相关性较好,表明在隧道内和隧道口这些物质具有相同的来源。     

使用Agilent J&W DB-35ms超高惰性色谱柱和DB-XLB色谱柱在GC/μECD上进行水中卤乙酸的测定

使用安捷伦Bond Elut SAX固相萃取吸附剂提取和浓缩水样中卤乙酸(HAAs)后,使用双色谱柱GC/μECD方法对其进行分析.安捷伦JW DB-35ms超高惰性色谱柱和DB-XLB色谱柱,提供对衍生的HAAs进行一致和灵敏的分析.结果表明,对大多数的HAAs的检测限是0.05—5 ng·m L~(-1).在3个强化水平(0.2—2、1—10、4—40 ng·m L~(-1))的回收率为82.5%到116.5%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)小于3.5%.     

制药企业密集区空气中VOCs污染特性及健康风险评价

为研究制药企业密集区产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对环境和人群健康的影响,在制药企业密集区周边8个点位采集168个样品,采用预浓缩-GC-MS法测定VOCs的含量,并通过美国环境保护署(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型,对制药企业密集区挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染进行评价.结果表明,制药企业密集区共检测出32种物质,总挥发性有机物(TVOC)浓度为2.04 mg·m-3,芳香烃类和酮类所占比例较高,分别占总VOCs浓度的43%和28%;大部分VOCs浓度是背景值的十倍或百倍.检测到的19种存在健康危害的VOCs不会对人体产生明显的非致癌健康危害;但1,3-丁二烯、氯仿、四氯化碳、苯和1,1,2-三氯乙烷等5种VOCs对人体有致癌健康危害.密集区总VOCs的累积致癌风险指数远超可接受数量级,说明制药企业密集区排放的VOCs对人体以致癌健康危害为主.     

长沙市大气挥发性有机物的组成与来源

在长沙市一个国家空气质量监测站附近采用罐采样方法采集环境全空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/Dean-switch/FID/FID技术分析59种非甲烷碳氢化合物,同步采用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)-高效液相色谱法测定醛酮类化合物,研究非甲烷碳氢化合物及醛酮类化合物的组成与来源.结果表明,大气非甲烷碳氢化合物的总平均体积分数为(43.31±33.86)×10~(-9),其中异戊烷的体积分数最大;醛酮类化合物总浓度为(9.17±3.16)μg·m~(-3),主要为丙酮、甲醛和乙醛且其贡献了总浓度的90%以上.结合主成分分析法分析非甲烷碳氢化合物的来源,结果表明,汽油挥发、尾气排放及溶剂使用是大气非甲烷碳氢化合物的主要来源,分别对总浓度贡献了16.65%、16.61%、22.65%;进一步利用比值分析法表明苯系物的主要来源是汽车排放,醛酮类化合物符合城区的比值特征.     

地下停车场内挥发性有机物变化特征、来源及人体健康风险评估:以北京市某一地下停车场为例

采集北京市某一地下停车场内环境空气样品，利用气相色谱-质谱/氢火焰离子化检测器(GCMSD/FID)测定了挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成，分析其浓度特征、组分特征和影响因素，运用特征物种比值法和正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)解析VOCs来源，采用健康风险评估模型定量评估部分VOCs的健康风险.结果表明，地下停车场内VOCs平均浓度为514.16μg·m^-3，其中烷烃占比最大(43.76%)，其次是芳香烃(28.89%)、烯烃(10.97%).影响停车场内VOCs浓度的主要因素包括机动车运行工况、机动车进出车次及扩散条件.冷启动工况、较多的出入车次和不利的扩散条件会导致VOCs浓度显著上升.苯/乙苯和苯/甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的均值分别为1.5和0.8，表明机动车尾气和汽油挥发是地下停车场内VOCs的主要来源. PMF解析结果表明地下停车场内VOCs的首要来源为机动车尾气源(44.58%)，汽油挥发源和汽车内饰挥发源分别贡献24.56%和9.18%.其中，汽油挥发源在08:00—10:00时段贡献最大，机动车尾气源在16:00—18:00时段贡献最大.健康风险评估...     

中国典型沿海城市冬季PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征及来源解析

为研究中国典型沿海城市冬季PM_2.5中碳组分的污染特征及来源,于2018年12月5日—2019年1月30日分别在天津(TJ)、上海(SH)和青岛(QD)同步采集PM_2.5样品。结果表明,天津、上海和青岛PM_2.5的平均浓度分别为(116.96±66.93)、(31.21±25.62)、(74.93±54.60)μg·m^-3,OC和EC的空间分布均为天津(18.69±7.95)μg·m^-3和(4.98±2.08)μg·m^-3>青岛(16.45±8.94)μg·m^-3和(2.01±1.04)μg·m^-3>上海(7.28±3.11)μg·m^-3和(1.05±1.25)μg·m^-3。3个站点的OC和EC均呈现较好的相关性,表明OC和EC具有相似的来源;OC/EC比值范围在2.37—7.53、5.47—46.41和4.77—13.36之间,证明各采样点均存在二次有机碳(SOC)的生成;采用最小R²法(MRS)估算SOC浓度,得到3个采样点SOC的平均质量浓度为(5.09±4.68)、(3.90±1.65)、(4.21±4.31)μg·m^-3,分别占OC总量的27.2%、55.8%和19.5%,其中上海的SOC在OC中的占比最大,说明上海二次有机碳污染较为严重,这主要归因于冬季严重污染源排放和有利的二次转化气象条件,而天津和青岛的碳组分主要来自污染源的直接排放。主成分分析(PCA)结果发现,天津PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源于道路尘、生物质燃烧和机动车尾气,上海PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源于生物质燃烧、道路扬尘和机动车尾气。青岛PM_2.5中碳组分主要来源于道路扬尘、机动车尾气。后向轨迹聚类分析表明,来自西北方向的气团对天津的影响较大,PM_2.5和碳组分的浓度值最大;而对上海而言,主要受北方气溶胶经过海面又传输回上海的气团的影响;青岛站点主要受华北地区污染物和本地排放源的影响。     

Indoor carbonyl compounds in an academic building in Beijing, China: concentrations and influencing factors

Carbonyl compounds in indoor air are of great concern for their adverse health effects. Between February and May, 2009, concentrations of 13 carbonyl compounds were measured in an academic building in Beijing, China. Total concentration of the detected carbonyls ranged from 20.7 to 189.1 μg·m^-3, and among them acetone and formaldehyde were the most abundant, with mean concentrations of 26.4 and 22.6 μg·m^-3, respectively. Average indoor concentrations of other carbonyls were below 10 μg·m^-3. Principal component analysis identified a combined effect of common indoor carbonyl sources and ventilation on indoor carbonyl levels. Diurnal variations of the carbonyl compounds were investigated in one office room, and carbonyl concentrations tended to be lower in the daytime than at night, due to enhanced ventilation. Average concentrations of carbonyl compounds in the office room were generally higher in early May than in late February, indicating the influence of temperature. Carbonyl source emission rates from both the room and human occupants were estimated during two lectures, based on one-compartment mass balance model. The influence of human occupants on indoor carbonyl concentrations varies with environmental conditions, and may become significant in the case of a large human occupancy.     

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d^-1 as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d^-1 and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed^-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanol-type fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS^-1·d^-1. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

Selective recovery of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from wastewater using bioelectrochemical system

As the bioelectrochemical system, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) and the microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) were developed to selectively recover Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions from wastewater. The wastewater was treated in the cathode chambers of the system, in which Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions were removed by using the MFC and the MEC, respectively. At an initial Cu²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, removal efficiencies of Cu²⁺ increased from 97.0%±1.8% to 99.0%±0.3% with the initial Ni²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.1±0.5 to 5.4±0.6 W·m^-3. The Ni²⁺ removal mass in the MEC increased from 6.8±0.2 to 20.5±1.5 mg with the increase of Ni²⁺ concentrations. At an initial Ni²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L^-1, Cu²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 99.1%±0.3% to 74.2%±3.8% with the initial Cu²⁺ concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg·L^-1, and maximum power densities increased from 3.0±0.1 to 6.3±1.2 W·m^-3. Subsequently, the Ni²⁺ removal efficiencies decreased from 96.9%±3.1% to 73.3%±5.4%. The results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of selective recovery of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ from the wastewater using the bioelectrochemical system.     

天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分时空变化特征及来源解析

为研究天津市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM_2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m^-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m^-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m^-3,郊区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m^-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m^-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m^-3;白天PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m^-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m^-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m^-3,夜间PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m^-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m^-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m^-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM_2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m^-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m^-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM_2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

嘉善冬季PM2.5化学组分特征及来源分析

为研究嘉兴地区嘉善冬季污染时段和清洁时段PM_2.5化学组分特征,结合气象数据对2019年1月嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站在线自动监测PM_2.5及化学组分数据、气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)进行了分析.结果表明,2019年1月嘉善善西超级站污染时段PM_2.5浓度(97.18μg·m^-3)为清洁时段(36.77μg·m^-3)的2.6倍.污染时段水溶性离子浓度(41.58μg·m^-3)较清洁时段(19.82μg·m^-3)高21.76μg·m^-3,但占比有所降低,含碳组分比例增加.OC;EC比值为3.93,可能受到燃煤及机动车排放的共同影响.低风速及高湿有利于NO₂和SO₂等气态污染物进行二次转化,污染时段硫转化率和氮转化率均比清洁时段高,分别增高7.93%和54.11%,说明NOx向硝酸盐二次转化较为明显,导致颗粒物浓度升高.聚类分析结果显示67.34%气流来自北方,且相应的气流轨迹上污染物浓度比周边高,说明污染物存在一定的长距离输送.结合风玫瑰图可以看出,污染主要为本地及其周边的输送,污染物的长距离输送在短时会使污染浓度突增.因此,在重点关注本地及周边污染的同时,偏北气流下的污染物区域输送不可忽视.     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax^?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m^-3, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m^-3) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax^?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m^-3). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax^?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (~1 μg·m^-3), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (~1 g·m^-3).     

美缝剂TVOC释放量与释放规律的测试与分析

提出了环境舱法测试美缝剂总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)释放量的方法,对市场常见的美缝剂产品的TVOC进行了测试,并研究了美缝剂的TVOC释放规律和主要污染物.同时对美缝剂的甲醛释放量进行了测试.通过对16种环氧树脂美缝剂产品的数据分析显示,美缝剂产品的甲醛释放量风险较低;75%的产品在第7天的TVOC释放量可达到500μg·m^-3以下.但个别产品在28 d时仍有明显的VOC释放,显示其具有长期缓慢释放的特点.美缝剂释放的主要污染物为苯甲醛与苯甲醇,个别产品检出有甲苯和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质.     

基于氮掺杂碳量子点的制备及其对Hg2+的响应

以乙二胺和抗坏血酸为原料,通过一步水热法制备了水溶性的氮掺杂碳量子点(N-CQDs).研究了N-CQDs的形貌特征、光学性能和应用分析.表征结果说明,N-CQDs形态为均匀分散的球形,有明显的晶格条纹,抗光漂白性能良好,表面富有含氧官能团,具有良好的水溶性.此外发现N-CQDs还具有优良的荧光性能和荧光稳定性,量子产率可以高达12.29%.分析得出,Hg²⁺对N-CQDs在1.0—120μmol·L^-1范围内有一定的猝灭效应,可作为Hg²⁺的荧光探针,检出限达230 nmol·L^-1.     

Using crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane as a separator in the microbial fuel cell

Separator between anode and cathode is an essential part of the microbial fuel cell （MFC） and its property could significantly influence the system perfor- mance. In this study we used polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） polymer membrane crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid （SSA） as a new separator for the MFC. The highest power density of 7594-4 mW-m-2 was obtained when MFC using the PVA membrane crosslinked with 15% of SSA due to its desirable proton conductivity （5.16 x 10-2 S.cml）. The power density significantly increased to 11064- 30 mW.m-2 with a separator-electrode-assembly config- uration, which was comparable with glass fiber （11704- 46 mW.m-2）. The coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs with crosslinked PVA membranes ranged from 36.3% to 45.7% at a fix external resistance of lO00f2. The crosslinked PVA membrane could be a promising alter- native to separator materials for constructing practical MFC system.