天津市夏季PM2.5中碳组分时空变化特征及来源解析

为研究天津市夏季PM_2.5中碳组分的时空变化特征及来源,于2019年7—8月设立2个点位分昼夜采集天津市PM_2.5样品,并测定了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,城区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(53.4±20.8)μg·m^-3、(8.72±2.56)μg·m^-3和(1.67±0.90)μg·m^-3,郊区PM_2.5、OC和EC浓度日均值分别为(54.2±24.5)μg·m^-3、(7.54±2.50)μg·m^-3和(1.82±1.06)μg·m^-3;白天PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(47.3±16.1)μg·m^-3、(8.7±2.1)μg·m^-3和(1.5±0.6)μg·m^-3,夜间PM_2.5、OC、EC的平均浓度分别为(60.2±26.2)μg·m^-3、(7.5±2.9)μg·m^-3和(2.0±1.2)μg·m^-3。OC浓度表现为城区高于郊区,白天高于夜间;EC及PM_2.5浓度表现为郊区高于城区,夜间高于白天。OC/EC比值分析得,城区(6.04)高于郊区(5.08);白天(6.58)高于夜间(4.54)。城区OC与EC相关性弱于郊区,白天OC与EC相关性弱于夜间。采用EC示踪法与MRS模型对SOC含量进行估算,得到白天与夜间SOC浓度分别为(5.71±1.35)μg·m^-3和(3.81±1.20)μg·m^-3,白天SOC污染比夜间严重。丰度分析与主成分分析的结果表明,天津市夏季城郊区PM_2.5中碳组分均主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

高山风景区居民区碳质气溶胶污染特征及来源

碳质气溶胶是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分，具有很强的环境和气候效应，是气溶胶科学研究领域的热点.为探究庐山风景区居民区PM_2.5中碳质组分的污染特征及来源，于2019年12月2日—2020年10月31日在庐山风景区居民区进行PM_2.5样品采集，并对其碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)进行分析.结果表明，观测期间庐山风景区居民区PM_2.5的平均质量浓度为(46.45±18.64)μg·m^-3，其中OC和EC平均质量浓度分别是(4.08±1.61)μg·m^-3和(0.23±0.10)μg·m^-3，占PM_2.5总质量的8.78%和0.50%.且碳质颗粒的污染水平普遍低于城市地区，介于国内其他典型高山背景点之间.采用EC示踪法对PM_2.5中的二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算，发现采样期间SOC的平均浓度为(1.51±1.22)μg·m^-3，占OC的33.2%，表明SOC是PM_2.5...     

青藏高原东缘冬季PM2.5中碳组分特征和来源解析

于2017年冬季12月13—21日在青藏高原东缘理塘地区分昼夜采集PM_2.5样品,并用DRI2001A热光碳分析仪测定了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,研究青藏高原PM_2.5中碳组分的化学特征及主要来源,以期为理塘地区制定污染排放政策提供参考。结果表明,2017年冬季青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5平均质量浓度为44.34μg·m^?3,OC和EC的质量浓度为12.72μg·m^?3和3.85μg·m^?3,分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的29.61%和8.96%。通过经验公式,计算得到总碳气溶胶(TCA)质量浓度为24.20μg·m^?3,占PM_2.5的54.84%,说明碳质气溶胶对青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5有着十分重要的贡献。OC和EC在白天和夜间都有较高的相关性(相关系数分别为0.74和0.91),表明OC和EC的来源基本一致,受燃烧源影响较大。其中白天的相关系数低于夜间,说明青藏高原东缘理塘地区白天碳组分来源相对复杂。昼夜浓度对比显示,青藏高原东缘理塘地区PM_2.5白天和夜间的质量浓度分别为53.88μg·m^?3和33.44μg·m^?3,OC和EC浓度白天高于夜间,表明白天人为排放相对较高。冬季观测期间,PM_2.5中二次有机碳(SOC)昼夜浓度分别为1.11μg·m^?3和3.03μg·m^?3,分别占OC质量浓度的7.09%、26.59%,表明青藏高原东缘理塘城区白天碳组分主要为一次源。利用PMF 5.0软件对理塘城区碳组分进行进一步的解析,结果显示燃煤和生物质燃烧的混合源对总碳(TC)的贡献高达47.84%,占比最高;其次是汽车尾气和柴油车尾气源,贡献率分别为28.62%和23.54%。     

川南四座城市PM2.5化学组分污染特征及其源解析

为探究川南地区大气气溶胶中化学组分与来源特征,于2015年9月—2016年8月在四川盆地南部4个典型代表城市(泸州、内江、宜宾、自贡)采集了226个PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5的质量浓度和主要化学组分(水溶性离子和碳质组分)进行测定,并利用颗粒物源解析受体模型对PM_2.5来源进行解析.结果表明:川南地区PM_2.5日均浓度为46.4—68.0μg·m^-3,均高于国家环境空气质量标准年均PM_2.5限值(35.0μg·m^-3).OC、EC和水溶性二次离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃-和NH₄+)分别占PM_2.5质量的15.7%—22.8%、4.2%—6.4%和28.6%—55.8%.PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度有显著的季节变化,即冬季浓度显著高于其他季节,夏季浓度最低.泸州除夏季外,其他季节SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好;其他城市在冬季,SO₄2-、NO₃-同源性较好.NH₄+主要存在形式为NH₄NO₃、(NH₄)2SO₄、NH₄HSO₄.OC、EC来源复杂,主要为机动车源、煤燃烧源和生物质燃烧源.川南地区PM_2.5的来源主要受8种因子影响,按总体贡献排序依次为:二次硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业源、二次硝酸盐、机动车源、煤燃烧、道路尘埃和建筑尘埃.此外,相比较而言,机动车源贡献在泸州市较凸显,煤燃烧源贡献在宜宾市较凸显.     

保定市污染天气PM2.5中水溶性离子的特征和源解析

采集了2018年保定市污染天气的PM_2.5样品,采用离子色谱法测定了PM_2.5样品中的水溶性离子（WSIs）,分析了不同季节PM_2.5及其水溶性离子的分布特征,并采用PMF模型对PM_2.5进行了源解析.结果表明,采样期间保定市的PM_2.5浓度为18.4—258.0μg·m^-3,年均值为（91.5±62.5）μg·m^-3;季节规律是冬季(160.6μg·m^-3)>秋季(105.3μg·m^-3)>春季(57.6μg·m^-3)>夏季(53.2μg·m^-3).WSIs年均值为49.20μg·m^-3,占PM_2.5.的63.95%,WSIs的季节规律和PM_2.5的一致.二次离子占水溶性离子的77.12%.湿度和温度与SOR和NOR成正相关.春夏两季水溶性离子主要以Na_...     

嘉善冬季PM2.5化学组分特征及来源分析

为研究嘉兴地区嘉善冬季污染时段和清洁时段PM_2.5化学组分特征,结合气象数据对2019年1月嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站在线自动监测PM_2.5及化学组分数据、气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)进行了分析.结果表明,2019年1月嘉善善西超级站污染时段PM_2.5浓度(97.18μg·m^-3)为清洁时段(36.77μg·m^-3)的2.6倍.污染时段水溶性离子浓度(41.58μg·m^-3)较清洁时段(19.82μg·m^-3)高21.76μg·m^-3,但占比有所降低,含碳组分比例增加.OC;EC比值为3.93,可能受到燃煤及机动车排放的共同影响.低风速及高湿有利于NO₂和SO₂等气态污染物进行二次转化,污染时段硫转化率和氮转化率均比清洁时段高,分别增高7.93%和54.11%,说明NOx向硝酸盐二次转化较为明显,导致颗粒物浓度升高.聚类分析结果显示67.34%气流来自北方,且相应的气流轨迹上污染物浓度比周边高,说明污染物存在一定的长距离输送.结合风玫瑰图可以看出,污染主要为本地及其周边的输送,污染物的长距离输送在短时会使污染浓度突增.因此,在重点关注本地及周边污染的同时,偏北气流下的污染物区域输送不可忽视.     

广州大气PM_(2.5)中含碳组分的污染特征及来源解析

于2015年1月至11月在广州利用大流量大气颗粒物采样器采集细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,并利用热光反射法(TOR)测定大气颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度。结果表明,广州ρ(PM_(2.5))年均值为(69.5±35.6)μg·m~(-3),是GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度二级标准限值(35μg·m~(-3))的2.0倍,表明广州大气细颗粒物污染严重。OC、EC和总碳气溶胶(TCA)的年均质量浓度分别为(8.31±4.53)、(3.56±2.72)和(16.85±9.60)μg·m~(-3),分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的13.2%、5.9%和27.0%,表明含碳组分是PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分。OC和EC浓度季节变化规律存在差异性,OC浓度在冬季最高,而EC浓度在秋季最高。OC和EC的相关性弱和比值高的特征结果表明冬季二次有机碳(SOC)污染最严重,其平均质量浓度为6.9μg·m~(-3),占OC质量浓度的62.4%。主成分分析结果表明,冬季和春季广州PM_(2.5)中碳组分来源较复杂,主要包括机动车尾气、燃煤和生物质燃烧,夏季碳组分的主导污染来源是燃煤和机动车尾气,而秋季碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气。     

天津市2018—2020年春节PM2.5中水溶性无机离子特征及重污染过程分析

为阐明大气污染重点整治和新冠疫情影响下我国华北地区城市春节期间重污染过程PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子变化特征及其影响因素,本研究结合气态前体物浓度和气象要素,对天津市2018—2020年连续3年春节假期的2次重污染过程PM_2.5中主要水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)浓度进行对比分析.结果表明,2018年和2020年春节假期PM_2.5平均浓度(98.32μg·m^-3和137.7μg·m^-3)显著高于2019年(49.97μg·m^-3).PM_2.5平均浓度在污染期Ⅱ(2020年为206.5μg·m^-3)是污染期Ⅰ(2018年98.32μg·m^-3)的2.1倍;2次污染事件中NO₂浓度变化不大,而SO₂浓度在污染期Ⅱ(14.89μg·m^-3)是污染期Ⅰ(30.04μg·m^-3)的49.6%.SNA在WSIIs中占比超...     

太原市PM_(2.5)中含碳气溶胶特征分析

为研究太原市环境空气中含碳组分的时空分布变化规律,于2014年3月、5月、8月、12月采集了太原市3个点位春、夏、秋、冬等4个季节的PM_(2.5)样品,利用碳分析仪(DRI 2001A)测定了样品中OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、OPC共8种碳组分含量,计算了有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)二者浓度,分析了OC和EC的时空分布特征.结果显示,太原市PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的平均质量浓度分别是13.5±14μg·m~(-3)和6.5±6.1μg·m~(-3),其中OC浓度随季节变化顺序为冬季春季夏季秋季,EC浓度季节变化与OC一致.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节总含碳气溶胶(TCA)占PM_(2.5)比例分别为17.6%、9.5%、8.8%、42.3%,其中冬季最高,表明冬季含碳气溶胶污染较为严重.夏季中OC和EC相关性较弱(R~2=0.4054),而春季(R~2=0.7659)、秋季(R~2=0.8253)、冬季(R~2=0.8184)OC和EC相关性较强,表明夏季碳气溶胶来源不同.通过(OC/EC)min最小比值法估算二次有机碳(SOC)浓度,春、夏、秋、冬季SOC浓度分别为2.8±2.9μg·m~(-3)、1.0±0.8μg·m~(-3)、 0.5±0.4μg·m~(-3)、 3.6±3.5μg·m~(-3),冬季SOC浓度最高. 8种碳组分分析结果显示,不同季节一次排放源中生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放及煤炭燃烧对太原市含碳气溶胶贡献不同,其中,冬季燃煤和机动车排放使太原市含碳气溶胶污染严重,应加强燃煤和机动车排放源管控,来减轻碳组分污染.     

天津城区PM_(2.5)中碳组分污染特征分析

为探讨天津城区碳组分的季节污染特征,于2009年4月—2010年1月采集大气PM2.5样品,测定其碳组分浓度,分析有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的相互关系,并探讨气象条件对碳组分浓度的影响.结果表明,天津城区PM2.5质量浓度为141.47μg·m-3,OC和EC质量浓度年均值分别为18.81μg·m-3和6.86μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5质量浓度的13.3%和4.8%,碳组分系PM2.5的重要组成部分;季节分布特征显示,秋、冬季OC和EC污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)分别为45.74μg·m-3和46.75μg·m-3,占PM2.5质量浓度的30.1%和40.1%;采用改进的OC/EC最小比值法计算得到的二次有机碳(SOC)浓度显示,秋季和冬季SOC较高,为7.45μg·m-3和7.28μg·m-3.后向轨迹的聚类分析表明,局地气流或偏南气流控制下的PM2.5中碳组分浓度较高.     

城市森林大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子沉降特征

森林被誉为"地球之肺",在防霾治污方面有其独特不可替代的作用,不同树种沉降PM_2.5的功能有很大差别.本文选取代表性城市森林——奥林匹克森林公园为研究对象,设置垂直监测塔观测大气PM_2.5的浓度垂直分布,以考察不同季节城市森林对PM_2.5中各组分的影响.在冬季、春季和夏季各采集PM_2.5样品,分析并计算PM_2.5中Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg2⁺、Ca2⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等典型水溶性无机离子的浓度.结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子总浓度呈规律性变化特征:冬季((56.90±27.38)μg·m-3)>春季((46.69±12.24)μg·m^-3)>夏季((23.16±8.75)μg·m^-3).其中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度和占PM_2.5主要水溶性无机离子总浓度的50%以上.3个季节中,除冬季外,在春季和夏季,8种离子有明显的垂直方向上的沉降,夏季的沉降速率高于春季,但是春季由于大气颗粒物浓度高,沉降通量高于夏季.NO₃^-和SO₄^2-垂直方向的沉降量在所有可溶性无机离子中最高.植被密度、叶面积指数、气象条件等因素对于PM_2.5的沉降特征有明显影响.     

辽宁西南典型城市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

本研究于2018年12月3日-2019年1月1日在辽宁省西南典型城市葫芦岛市和朝阳市分别布设3个城区采样点,在区域传输点龙屯水库布设1个采样点,采集大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品(n=201).使用离子色谱检测样品中的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、NH4+、SO42-、F-、Cl-和NO3-的质量浓度.观测期间PM2....     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax^?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m^-3, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m^-3) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax^?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m^-3). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax^?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (~1 μg·m^-3), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (~1 g·m^-3).     

Relations between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and constituent concentrations

Factors impacting indoor-outdoor relations are introduced. Sulfate seems a fine tracer for other non-volatile species. Particulate nitrate and ammonium desorb during outdoor-to-indoor transport. OC load increases during the transport due to sorption of indoor SVOCs. Outdoor PM_2.5 influences both the concentration and composition of indoor PM_2.5. People spend over 80% of their time indoors. Therefore, to assess possible health effects of PM_2.5 it is important to accurately characterize indoor PM_2.5 concentrations and composition. Controlling indoor PM_2.5 concentration is presently more feasible and economic than decreasing outdoor PM_2.5 concentration. This study reviews modeling and measurements that address relationships between indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 and the corresponding constituent concentrations. The key factors in the models are indoor-outdoor air exchange rate, particle penetration, and deposition. We compiled studies that report I/O ratios of PM_2.5 and typical constituents (sulfate (SO₄^2-), nitrate (NO₃^-), ammonium (NH₄⁺), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)). From these studies we conclude that: 1) sulfate might be a reasonable tracer of non-volatile species (EC, Fe, Cu, and Mn) and PM_2.5 itself; 2) particulate nitrate and ammonium generally desorb to gaseous HNO₃ and NH₃ when they enter indoors, unless, as seldom happens, they have strong indoor sources; 3) indoor-originating semi-volatile organic compounds sorb on indoor PM_2.5, thereby increasing the PM_2.5 OC load. We suggest further studies on indoor-outdoor relationships of PM_2.5 and constituents so as to help develop standards for healthy buildings.     

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.