固定化耐低温混合菌对焦化土壤多环芳烃的降解研究

研究了固定化耐低温真菌-细菌混合菌在低温环境下,对焦化厂污染土壤中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)降解的动态变化,利用高通量测序技术分析了降解过程中微生物群落多样性变化。结果表明:在低温条件下固定化混合菌对土壤中Phe、BbF的去除率远高于游离混合菌与固定化单菌,在60d的降解周期下,固定化混合菌对土壤中Phe和BbF的降解率分别可达59.61%和45.24%。处理前,土壤中细菌与真菌初始Shannon多样性指数分别为2.79和0.33,细菌远高于真菌,土壤中土著微生物以细菌为主,高丰度的细菌抑制了真菌的生长代谢。处理后,细菌的Shannon多样性指数下降至1.33,真菌的Shannon多样性指数增加至1.01,Phe和BbF的降解与细菌多样性呈负相关,且细菌多样性的降低减少了其对真菌的抑制作用。对比分析了处理前后土壤中微生物群落组成的变化,结果表明:投加固定化混合菌后,固定化混合菌中的假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)SDR4和高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)JDR7在低温下生长代谢良好,并成为降解过程中的优势菌,其物种相对丰度分别提高至79.84%与58.63%。固定化混合菌对低温环境有良好的耐性,固定化混合菌的投加提高了菌株对多环芳烃(PAHs)的生物利用有效性,改变了土壤中微生物群落的结构和丰度,可应用于低温土壤PAHs的原位修复。     

低温下ZCS工艺和改进式ZCS工艺脱氮效率研究及微生物特性分析

考察冬季低温下沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺和改进式沸石联合生物吸附再生工艺对城市污水的脱氮效率,结果表明在HRT为3.5 h下,ZCS工艺出水氨氮为11.65 mg/L,总氮高于20 mg/L.而相同条件下MZCS工艺氨氮出水为5.45 mg/L,总氮去除率比原ZCS工艺提高了11%,均值为16.8 mg/L.通过聚合酶链式技术,变性梯度凝胶电泳和电镜扫描技术发现两工艺微生物多样性、丰度高于传统活性污泥法,兼具活性污泥法和生物膜法的微生物特性.     

场地地下水中氯代甲烷烃自然衰减机制

自然衰减监控技术在农药污染场地的实践应用较少,作用机制尚不明确.为此,以农药污染场地监控自然衰减实际工程案例为基础,对地下水中氯代甲烷烃的自然衰减能力、作用机制及降解时间进行了分析.Mann-Kendall趋势检验结果表明,作为污染源的MW1-17点位地下水中的四氯化碳和氯仿随时间呈现下降趋势,在4 a内降解率分别在95％和94％以上.经计算,四氯化碳和氯仿的降解速率常数分别为0.002 d-1和0.001 3 d-1.随着时间的延长,有充足的证据表明MW1-17点位存在微生物降解.四氯化碳与NO3-、DOC的相关性分析结果表明,MW1-17的四氯化碳在2016年8月-2018年12月期间以微生物共代谢降解为主,而在2018年12月以后以还原脱氯降解为主.微生物多样性的结果也表明,从2016年到2021年,地下水中微生物群落结构发生变化,逐渐向厌氧型转化,还原脱氯功能细菌丰度有所增加.     

环境样品中DNA提取方法的研究进展

利用微生物降解污染物是废水处理中的常用方法,研究废水处理工艺中微生物的多样性和动态性对于优化废水处理工艺的性能、提高其处理效率具有重要的指导意义.分子生物学方法是研究微生物多样性和动态性的有效方法.由于大多数分子生物学方法都是以提取研究对象的基因组DNA为前提,因此建立一种高效的环境样品DNA的提取方法具有重要作用.综述了从环境样品中提取DNA的主要方法及其研究进展,并提出了一种有效的从活性污泥中提取DNA的具体方法.     

生物栅系统净化效果及微生物ERIC—PCR指纹图谱分析

通过常规微生物学分析方法并结合ERIC—PCR指纹图谱技术，分析了生物栅系统中填料生物膜的微生物群落结构，探讨了生物栅系统微生物群落结构与污染物降解的作用关系。结果表明，生物栅集成系统中的微生物数量能维持较高的数量级，填料生物膜上的异养细菌在10^7～10^9数量级，硝酸细菌也在10^5数量级以上；系统对CODcr、NH3-N去除率比空白池分别约高35％、30％，且系统运行中功能细菌数量与污染物去除率呈现出显著的正相关性；ERIC—PCR指纹图谱分析表明，随着系统的运行，各反应池中微生物多样性指数不断增加，微生物种群趋于丰富，相似性指数增高，生物栅系统表现出良好的运行稳定性。     

氧化石墨烯强化铜绿假单胞菌降解污染土壤多环芳烃的效果及其机制研究

微生物修复技术具有经济绿色、环境友好等特征,已成为多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的主要修复手段之一。然而,针对经历长期老化的污染场地土壤,微生物修复效率偏低,生物强化技术亟待进一步提高。以PAHs高效降解菌铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PAE)为对象,研究了新型碳质纳米材料氧化石墨烯(GO)对PAE生长和PAHs降解的影响,探讨了GO强化PAE降解土壤PAHs的效果及其机制。结果显示：(1)50～100 mg/L GO可以显著促进PAE的生长和胞外聚合物(EPS)的分泌。(2)PAE及GO(100 mg/kg)的添加显著促进了老化土壤中PAHs的降解。(3)GO添加前期,土著微生物群落丰度下降,PAE丰度显著增加;处理后期,土壤细菌群落丰度恢复至对照组水平。适宜浓度GO的添加可以影响土壤微生物的多样性和丰度,促进PAHs的降解,然而,修复后期GO的影响力下降,土壤微生物群落呈现出“扰动—恢复”模式。研究结果有助于深入理解GO对环境微生物的效应,为PAHs污染土壤的微生物修复提供新思路。     

PCR-DGGE技术在水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的微生物研究中的应用

采用PCR-DGGE技术直接从水解酸化和缺氧反应器中的污泥样品提取DNA,测定部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列,通过NCBI基因库比对,初步确定不同生物反应器内优势菌种,并进行了多样性指数分析.结果表明,水解酸化反应器中的生物膜与缺氧反应器中悬浮污泥微生物种群结构存在较大的差异,显示了在不同环境条件下,微生物群落结构的连续动态变化过程.     

ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷微生物群落特征分析

为了揭示ABR-MBR组合工艺中反硝化除磷微生物种群演替规律,采用Miseq高通量测序技术考察了该工艺在不同运行阶段除磷功能区的微生物群落结构。结果表明,硝化液回流比逐步从150%提升至300%可促进反硝化除磷菌大量富集,促进系统的启动和稳定运行;系统在运行过程中始终保持较高的微生物多样性;优势微生物种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主,最大丰度分别为55.13%和7.76%,且变形菌门功能性微生物主要集中在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria);功能性除磷菌属主要为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);其中在逐步提升硝化液回流比过程中气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)被大量富集,其在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria)的相对丰度由5.30%上升至41.49%并在系统后续运行中维持主导地位。系统除磷效果与功能性除磷微生物相对丰度的变化密切相关。系统中微生物种群的多样性和功能微生物的结构稳定性为ABR-MBR工艺的稳定运行和高效处理提供了保证。     

环境微生态研究中的分子生物学新技术

随着分子生物学的发展,可用于环境微生态研究的新方法新手段不断出现.利用这些分子生物学技术,可直接对环境样品的总DNA进行分析,绕开菌株分离和培养瓶颈,可以最大限度地获得相关微生物的遗传信息,全面地分析环境中微生物的多样性.对目前广泛应用于环境微生态研究的分子生物学新技术,包括rDNA基因序列分析、变性梯度凝胶电泳、温度梯度凝胶电泳、单链构象多态性、限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性DNA、核酸杂交和DNA芯片等技术进行了综述.     

高原生境不同水力停留时间下A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物代谢机制研究

在高原生境下构建不同水力停留时间(HRT)运行工况的A²/O系统,结合水质分析及对好氧池活性污泥的16S rRNA基因测序,对微生物优势菌属功能和代谢途径进行研究。结果表明:高原生境下HRT为26.25 h时A²/O工艺处理效果总体最好,微生物优势菌属代谢功能以有机物降解、反硝化脱氮和聚磷菌除磷为主,代谢途径以碳氮磷代谢为主;在高原生境下,应对外界环境变化的细菌双组分调节功能(ko02020)丰度较大,该代谢途径在适应环境变化中有显著作用,是高原生境下的优势代谢途径;微生物细胞中rpoE基因丰度偏大,为微生物适应高原环境提供了保障。HRT为26.25 h时微生物功能基因总丰度最大,可见26.25 h是高原生境下A²/O工艺最佳HRT运行工况。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.