上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘组分特征及来源解析

分析了上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的化学组分,并采用化学质量平衡模型进行了道路扬尘的源解析。结果表明,上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的主要化学组分为Si(18.285 0%(质量分数,下同))、Ca(5.772 2%)、Al(2.460 6%)、Fe(2.345 8%)、Mg(0.889 3%)、K(0.846 4%)、Na(0.785 6%)等地壳元素;源解析结果表明,道路扬尘的首要污染来源是建筑尘(贡献率为34.4%),其次是土壤风沙尘(贡献率为32.6%)、渣土尘(贡献率为20.8%)、机动车尾气尘(贡献率为0.8%)。土壤风沙尘、建筑尘和渣土尘是道路扬尘主要的供应者(贡献率合计超过80%)。     

长春市净月区和朝阳区采暖期与非采暖期大气颗粒物的分布特征及来源分析

分别在采暖期和非采暖期采集了长春市净月区与朝阳区的大气颗粒物,研究其污染特征的差异,并进行了形貌分析。结果表明:(1)净月区采暖期与非采暖期PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为144.86、87.10μg/m~3,PM_(10)平均质量浓度分别为149.07、138.72μg/m~3;朝阳区采暖期与非采暖期PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为234.48、110.01μg/m~3,PM_(10)平均质量浓度分别为275.07、147.50μg/m~3。整体上,非采暖期大气颗粒物浓度低于采暖期。(2)无论是采暖期还是非采暖期,净月区PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度均明显低于朝阳区。(3)净月区采暖期大气颗粒物来源主要是柴油尾气、燃煤源与生物质燃烧;非采暖期,机动车尾气、建筑扬尘、土壤扬尘与某些工业排放对大气颗粒物贡献较大。朝阳区大气颗粒物来源较净月区复杂,这与两个区不同的地理位置和不同功能有直接的联系,建筑扬尘对于朝阳区大气颗粒物的含量有较大的影响。     

采矿扬尘源成分谱化学组分特征研究

扬尘是颗粒物的一种重要污染源类,主要包括土壤扬尘、道路扬尘、建筑扬尘、采矿扬尘等,但是针对采矿扬尘源成分谱的分析较少见。以采矿扬尘为研究对象,进行源样品采集和化学组分分析,构建相应的源成分谱,同时还与其他典型的污染源类(土壤扬尘、建筑扬尘、煤烟尘)进行比较。结果表明:(1)采矿扬尘中主量成分为Si、Al、Ca、有机碳(OC)和Fe,其质量浓度分别为(0.13±0.01)、(0.07±0.01)、(0.07±0.02)、(0.03±0)、(0.02±0)g/g。(2)采矿扬尘中Al/Si、Al/Ca、Si/Ca与其他源中对应的比值较相似,无明显的特征,说明采矿扬尘源成分谱与其他源具有较强的相似性。(3)采矿扬尘与土壤扬尘、建筑扬尘、煤烟尘源成分谱的分歧系数分别为0.49、0.36、0.39,表明采矿扬尘与其他3类源成分谱之间可能相似。     

北京道路降尘排放特征研究

道路扬尘是城市大气颗粒物主要来源之一,本研究采用降尘法监测北京道路扬尘并分析降尘排放特征。对北京不同类型道路共40条,每条道路布置2个降尘监测点,并对背景降尘值进行了监测,道路降尘(DFr)与背景降尘(DFb)的差值作为道路自身降尘(ΔDF)。结果显示,快速路、主干道、次干道和支路的ΔDF分别为18.9、13.9、9.9和9.7 t/(km2.30 d),降尘值比例为100∶74∶52∶51,单辆车引起的降尘比例为1.00∶2.55∶5.20∶5.67;夏季道路降尘量最大,其次为冬季。以一年为周期,道路月均降尘为ΔDF,则1~4月份交通降尘量为0.72~0.94ΔDF,5~8月份降尘量为1.10~1.30ΔDF,9~12月份月降尘量为0.96~0.99ΔDF;不同类型道路ΔDF数据均呈偏态分布,道路降尘不同季节也均为偏态分布。道路降尘量与车流量呈正线性相关。     

西安市各功能区7月大气降尘中多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价

为了解西安市7月大气降尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征,在对西安市各功能区7月大气降尘样品采集的基础上,测定分析了样品中PAHs的含量、组成、来源、生态健康风险及其与总有机碳(TOC)的关系。结果表明:(1)西安市7月大气降尘中PAHs为0.92～20.60μg/g,平均值为8.10μg/g,其中荧蒽、菲、芘、和苯并[a]芘含量相对较大。各功能区大气降尘中PAHs主要以4环为主。(2)PAHs与TOC之间存在显著相关性,而各单体PAHs与TOC呈现不同程度的相关性。(3)西安市7月大气降尘中PAHs主要来源于机动车排放、燃煤和低温燃烧。(4)依据终生癌症风险增量(ILCR)模型,大气降尘中PAHs对不同暴露人群的风险值均为10~(-6)～10~(-4),存在人体可耐受致癌风险。生态风险评价显示,大气降尘中PAHs污染存在潜在生态风险。     

南昌市秋季大气PM_(2.5)浓度及化学组分特征分析

2013年秋季在南昌市6个空气自动站点连续采集了10d的大气PM2.5样品,对采集的样品进行无机元素、有机碳、元素碳和水溶性离子等组分的分析。结果表明,监测期间南昌市PM2.5均值都低于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值(75μg/m3)。南昌市大气PM2.5主要组成元素为S、Si、Ca、Al、Fe、Na和Mg,说明城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和燃煤尘等源类贡献率高;SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4是最主要的水溶性离子,NO-3与SO2-4浓度比为0.63,说明相比于固定源,以机动车排放为代表的流动源对南昌市大气PM2.5浓度影响更大;有机碳/元素碳(质量比)为2.9,说明南昌市有显著的二次有机碳生成。     

宁波城市扬尘化学组成特征及其来源解析

为有效制定城市扬尘的防治措施,系统研究宁波城市扬尘污染的化学组成特征和来源,选取宁波为研究区域,采集了城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、煤烟尘和机动车尾气尘4种源类样品,进行了元素、离子和碳3大类分析,并与其他城市进行了比较。结果表明:(1)宁波城市扬尘的主量成分包括Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K、总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)和SO2-4,质量分数总和为44.14%,其中Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K等地壳元素含量较高。宁波城市扬尘化学组成与其他典型城市相差较大,其中Si、Al和Mg含量明显低于其他城市,而Na、K、Ni等元素含量总体较高。(2)分歧系数计算结果为0.471,说明城市扬尘与土壤风沙尘的化学组成相似度不高,受人为来源类的影响较大。(3)宁波的城市扬尘中Zn富集因子最大,达23.10,其次为Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As,且这些重金属元素的富集因子均在5之上,表明Zn、Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As显著富集,受人类活动影响较大。(4)土壤风沙尘对城市扬尘的贡献最大(分担率达34.88%),其次为建筑水泥尘(分担率达25.01%)、煤烟尘(分担率达20.19%)。说明城市扬尘中大部分化学组分来自土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和煤烟尘。     

乌鲁木齐市不同区域大气降尘中重金属污染及来源分析

为进一步了解城市不同区域间大气降尘中重金属含量及其差异性,沿城市走向梯度布设降尘采样点采集样品。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)仪测定样品中Cu、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和As等重金属含量,并计算富集因子来判断不同区域间的污染源类型,通过因子分析方法探讨污染的来源。结果显示,所测重金属元素中除Mn外,均受到人为源的影响,且十分严重。从贡献率来看,不同区域间第一因子的贡献率虽有差异,但均为来自土壤的风沙扬尘造成;第二因子的贡献率也不尽相同,主要是燃煤产生的污染;第三因子出现了差异,市南区和市北区主要是受金属冶炼的影响,而市中区的影响可能来自垃圾焚烧;市南区未出现第四因子,而市中区和市北区的污染源也不相同。分析表明,城市大气降尘污染依然严重,做好防控风沙和建筑扬尘,减少煤炭消耗,调整能源结构和产业布局是整体减少大气降尘的关键。     

天津市大气PM_(10)与降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及相关性分析

采集天津市4个采样点的大气 PM_(10)与降尘样品,利用CH_2Cl_2和超声对样品中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)进行提取分离,采用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)定量分析。结果表明,4个采样点大气 PM_(10)样品中6种PAEs总质量浓度为2.371~24.201ng/m3,降尘样品中6种PAEs总质量浓度为222.310~1 184.503ng/g。对于6种PAEs,夏季浓度均高于冬季浓度,且DBP与DEHP是大气 PM_(10)与降尘样品中的主要污染物。6种PAEs总浓度、DBP浓度、DEHP浓度在大气 PM_(10)与降尘样品中存在相关关系,斯皮尔曼相关系数分别为0.929、0.881、0.905(双尾检验,在显著性水平0.01下)。回归分析表明,大气 PM_(10)与降尘样品中6种PAEs总浓度、DBP浓度、DEHP浓度具有一定的共变趋势。     

南京市紫金山土壤中6种重金属的污染特征和污染水平评价

为探究人类活动对南京市紫金山国家森林公园土壤重金属污染的影响,研究了紫金山土壤中6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Mn)的污染特征,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法进行了污染水平评价。结果表明:Cu的质量浓度范围为4.21~249.75mg/kg,平均值为64.08mg/kg;Zn的质量浓度范围为155.26~418.75mg/kg,平均值为212.34mg/kg;Pb的质量浓度范围为112.19~608.91mg/kg,平均值为319.57mg/kg;Cr的质量浓度范围为29.54~201.25mg/kg,平均值为127.36mg/kg;Ni的质量浓度范围为46.64~142.48mg/kg,平均值为76.16mg/kg;Mn的质量浓度范围为182.59~1 634.48mg/kg,平均值为1 008.93mg/kg。总体而言,上层样(0~20cm)的重金属浓度高于下层样(20~40cm),高海拔的重金属浓度低于低海拔的。内梅罗综合指数表明,所有采样点均处于重度污染状态。分析6种重金属的单因子指数发现,主要是因为Pb的单因子指数较大。     

Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil

Organic pollutants (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)) strongly sorb to carbonaceous sorbents such as black carbon and activated carbon (BC and AC, respectively). For a creosote-contaminated soil (Sigma15PAH 5500 mg kg(dry weight(dw))(-1)) and an urban soil with moderate PAH content (Sigma15PAH 38 mg kg(dw)(-1)), total organic carbon-water distribution coefficients (K(TOC)) were up to a factor of 100 above values for amorphous (humic) organic carbon obtained by a frequently used Linear-Free-Energy Relationship. This increase could be explained by inclusion of BC (urban soil) or oil (creosote-contaminated soil) into the sorption model. AC is a manufactured sorbent for organic pollutants with similar strong sorption properties as the combustion by-product BC. AC has the potential to be used for in situ remediation of contaminated soils and sediments. The addition of small amounts of powdered AC (2%) to the moderately contaminated urban soil reduced the freely dissolved aqueous concentration of native PAH in soil/water suspensions up to 99%. For granulated AC amended to the urban soil, the reduction in freely dissolved concentrations was not as strong (median 64%), especially for the heavier PAH. This is probably due to blockage of the pore system of granulated AC resulting in AC deactivation by soil components. For powdered and granulated AC amended to the heavily contaminated creosote soil, median reductions were 63% and 4%, respectively, probably due to saturation of AC sorption sites by the high PAH concentrations and/or blockage of sorption sites and pores by oil.     

全球低碳发展评估及中国低碳发展的实现路径

低碳发展日益成为国际关注的热点问题,中国正处在快速工业化和城镇化进程当中,通过低碳发展实现经济社会转型尤为迫切。在全球大背景下正确判断中国的低碳发展水平,汲取各国有益的低碳发展经验,寻求适合中国的低碳发展路径尤为重要。从低碳发展特征指标变动出发,通过统计分析,得出全球低碳发展历史和现状水平,以及中国所处的位置。研究表明,近20年来全球碳生产力水平不断提高,近年来中国的碳生产力水平飞速提升,但是中国的碳生产力仍然远远低于全球平均水平,离先进国家的差距更大,不足法国的1/10,人均二氧化碳排放增速位居世界前列,减排压力巨大。因此,结合国内外实践经验,总结了中国低碳发展的5个实现路径,分别是调整能源结构、发展低碳产业、倡导低碳消费、建设低碳城市和加强碳汇建设。     

An evaluation of measurement methods for organic, elemental and black carbon in ambient air monitoring sites

The carbonaceous components of Particulate Matter samples form a substantial fraction of their total mass, but their quantification depends strongly on the instruments and methods used. United Kingdom monitoring networks have provided many relevant data sets that are already in the public domain. Specifically, hourly organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were determined at four sites between 2003 and 2007 using Rupprecht and Pattashnik (R & P) 5400 automatic instruments. Since 2007, daily OC/EC measurements have been made by manual thermo-optical analysis of filter samples using a Sunset Laboratory Carbon Aerosol Analysis instrument. In parallel, long term daily measurements of Black Smoke, a quantity directly linked to black carbon (measured by aethalometers) and indirectly related to elemental carbon, have been made at many sites. The measurement issues associated with these techniques are evaluated in the context of UK measurements, making use of several sets of parallel data, with the aim of aiding the interpretation of network results. From the results available, the main conclusions are that the R & P 5400 instruments greatly under-read EC and total carbon (TC = OC + EC) at kerbside sites, probably due to the fact that the smaller particles are not sampled by the instrument; the R & P 5400 instrument is inherently difficult to characterise, so that all quantitative results need to be treated with caution; both aethalometer and Black Smoke (converted to black carbon) measurements can show reasonable agreement with elemental carbon results; and manual thermo-optical OC/EC results may under-read EC (and hence over-read OC), whether either transmittance or reflectance is used for the pyrolysis correction, and this effect is significant at rural sites.     

Characterization of carbonaceous species in PM2.5 in Xi'an during spring

The characterization of carbonaceous species in PM_2.5 during a spring period in a suburb of Xi'an, China was investigated. PM_2.5 samples were collected on quartz filters and analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). The thermal optical reflectance method was used. The minimum OC/EC ratio method was used to estimate the concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The distribution of eight carbon fractions was investigated as well. The average mass concentrations of OC and EC were 15.90 and 8.38 μg/m³, respectively. The average OC/EC ratio ranged from 1.16 to 3.16 with an average value of 2.25. This implies the existence of SOC in PM_2.5. The mean SOC concentration was 7.20 μg/m³, accounting for 45.28% of total OC. This result suggests that SOC is a significant component of OC in the suburb of Xi'an. Results from the distribution of eight carbon fractions revealed that emissions from motor vehicle, coal combustion, and road dust were the main source of carbonaceous particles in the sampling period.     

大气气溶胶含碳物质基本特征综述

准确界定了气溶胶含碳物质,特别是有机碳和元素碳的基本概念,指出了元素碳与黑碳的异同,总结了有机碳和元素碳的排放源,以及二次有机碳的经验公式.阐述了有机碳、元素碳对全球气候、大气化学过程及人体健康带来的危害及机理.归纳了气溶胶中有机碳、元素碳组分的空间分布特征、时间变化特征.概述了国内气溶胶有机碳、元素碳的研究状况,指出国内相关研究重点和趋势.     

玉米秸秆碳源释放特征及反硝化效果

通过静态和动态实验研究了玉米秸秆的碳源释放规律,并考察其浸出液作为反硝化碳源对高、中、低硝酸盐氮的去除效果。实验结果表明,玉米秸秆可有效地释放碳源物质,静态实验中,固液比为1∶30时单位质量碳源释放的COD最多达254 mg/g,释放速率最快为13.37 mg/(g·d);动态实验中,秸秆长度为3 cm、水力停留时间(HRT)为48 h时,单位质量碳源释放的COD最多达826.26 mg/g,COD的速率最快为26.65 mg/(g·d)。反硝化过程中p H变化不明显,在7.0~8.0范围之间浮动。以玉米秸秆浸出液为反硝化碳源对中、低浓度的硝酸盐氮具有较好的去除效果,去除率保持在80%以上,甚至高达94%,但对高浓度的硝酸盐氮去除率仅在60%~80%之间。研究表明,玉米秸秆有较强的持续供碳能力,是一种经济合适的碳源材料,采用玉米秸秆浸出液作为去除地下水中硝酸盐氮的生物反硝化碳源是可行的。     

Sorption of atrazine and phenanthrene by organic matter fractions in soil and sediment

Atrazine and phenanthrene (Phen) sorption by nonhydrolyzable carbon (NHC), black carbon (BC), humic acid (HA) and whole sediment and soil samples was examined. Atrazine sorption isotherms were nearly linear. The single-point organic carbon (OC)-normalized distribution coefficients (K_OC) of atrazine for the isolated HA1, NHC1 and BC1 from sediment 1 (ST1) were 36, 550, and 1470 times greater than that of ST1, respectively, indicating the importance of sediment organic matter, particularly the condensed fractions (NHC and BC). Similar sorption capacity of atrazine and Phen by NHC but different isotherm nonlinearity indicated different sorption domains due to their different structure and hydrophobicity. The positive relationship between (O + N)/C ratios of NHC and atrazine log K_OC at low concentration suggests H-bonding interactions. This study shows that sediment is probably a less effective sorbent for atrazine than Phen, implying that atrazine applied in sediments or soils may be likely to leach into groundwater.     

Quantification of activated carbon contents in soils and sediments using chemothermal and wet oxidation methods

Activated carbon (AC) strongly sorbs organic pollutants and can be used for remediation of soils and sediments. A method for AC quantification is essential to monitor AC (re)distribution. Since AC is black carbon (BC), two methods for BC quantification were tested for AC mixed in different soils and sediments: i) chemothermal oxidation (CTO) at a range of temperatures and ii) wet-chemical oxidation with a potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid solution. For three soils, the amount of AC was accurately determined by CTO at 375 °C. For two sediments, however, much of the AC disappeared during combustion at 375 °C, which could probably be explained by catalytic effects by sediment constituents. CTO at lower temperatures (325-350 °C) was a feasible alternative for one of the sediments. Wet oxidation effectively functioned for AC quantification in sediments, with almost complete AC recovery (81-92%) and low remaining amounts of native organic carbon (5-16%).     

活性炭负载金属氧化物催化臭氧氧化甲硝唑

采用浸渍法制备了Fe、Ni、Ag、Ce 4种金属氧化物负载活性炭(MeOx/AC)催化剂,并用于甲硝唑(MNZ)的催化臭氧氧化降解,以考察其催化活性.在20 mg/h的臭氧投加量下,催化剂的加入(0.5 g)对MNZ(C0=5 mg/L;pH=5.5)的氧化和矿化有明显改善,其中NiOX/AC催化剂表现出较好的催化活性...     

碳基材料对污水厂尾水和太湖水体中CDOM的吸附特征

采用颗粒活性炭、粉末活性炭和碳纳米管3种典型碳基材料来吸附太湖水和污水厂尾水中的有机物,考察碳基材料对水中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的吸附特征。基于荧光光谱和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),提取出C1(腐殖酸类)、C2(色氨酸类蛋白)和C3(酪氨酸类蛋白)3个PARAFAC荧光组分。粉末活性炭和碳纳米管具有发达的中孔孔隙结构,对水中大分子有机物具有较高的吸附容量,颗粒活性炭微孔结构发达反而不利于吸附水中腐殖酸等大分子有机物。粉末活性炭对水中有机物具有最高的吸附速率,对太湖水中荧光组分C1、C2和C3的吸附速率分别为0.278、0.358和0.359min-1,颗粒活性炭的吸附速率明显低于粉末活性炭和碳纳米管。研究结果揭示了水中复杂混合有机物的吸附特征,为吸附工艺参数的优化提供技术参考。