海水改性沸石处理氨氮废水

沸石因具有独特的架状结构而表现出良好的选择吸附和离子交换性能,在废水处理中被广泛应用,但吸附容量偏低,需要进行改性。针对天然沸石的局限性,研究了不同改性方法对氨氮吸附的影响,确定了最佳的沸石改性方法,并进行了吸附等温模型,吸附动力学研究。结果表明,采用高温300℃焙烧后再用预处理后的海水浸泡24 h改性沸石去除氨氮效果最佳。当活化沸石投配量为10 g/L,接触时间为150 min,进水氨氮浓度为37.91 mg/L时,沸石对氨氮吸附容量为4.08 mg/g,氨氮去除率为90.45%;沸石及改性沸石对氨氮的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程和准一级动力学方程。用海水来改性沸石的方法,不仅可提高沸石对氨氮的吸附容量和吸附速度,而且无任何添加药剂,具有简单易行、费用低廉的优点,为沸石在水处理工程中的应用提供技术支撑。     

改性钢渣吸附氨氮和磷的特性研究

利用钢渣与氢氧化铝以4∶3质量配比混合,在700℃下进行2 h煅烧,得到改性钢渣。通过批次吸附实验,研究了改性钢渣在不同初始pH值、振荡时间和温度下对水溶液中氨氮和磷酸根的吸附情况,进而分析了改性钢渣对氨氮和磷酸根的吸附等温线、热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,改性钢渣脱氮除磷能力比原钢渣显著增强,且最适pH值为4～8。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,氨氮(以N计)最大吸附量在10、20和30℃下分别为1.67、2.59和3.24 mg/g,磷酸根(以P计)的最大吸附量在10、20和30℃下分别为1.02、1.19和1.37 mg/g。热力学参数ΔG0、ΔH0和ΔS0表明,该吸附是一个自发、吸热、熵增型反应过程,且磷的吸附是化学吸附为主,氨氮的吸附是以离子交换吸附和物理吸附为主。改性钢渣对磷和氨氮的吸附动力学符合伪二级方程(R2>0.999)。     

改性沸石同步深度脱氮除磷的实验研究

以氯化铝、硫酸镁为活性剂，采取高温活化，对天然沸石进行改性，并通过正交试验优化了改性工艺。以模拟二级出水为研究对象，考察了改性沸石同步去除水样中氮磷的效果及其影响因素，并对不同温度下改性沸石对磷酸盐和氨氮的吸附平衡和吸附热力学，以及脱氮除磷机理进行了探讨。结果表明，15 min后改性沸石脱氮除磷过程基本完成，其pH值范围与实际污水相符，最佳pH值为8；当投加质量浓度为0.8 g/L时，出水中氨氮浓度和总磷浓度均达到景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T 18921-2002)。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。热力学参数ΔG⁰、ΔH⁰分别为正值和负值，表明该吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。     

改性沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水及其脱附的研究

采用氯化钠溶液对浙江某地天然沸石改性,以低浓度氨氮废水为处理对象,比较了天然沸石和改性沸石的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和动态吸附,并进行了改性沸石的动态脱附研究.结果表明,沸石的平衡吸附量随着平衡浓度的增大而增大;Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程更好地描述沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水的行为,改性沸石比天然沸石具有更...     

Fe/Mg负载改性竹炭去除水中的氨氮

用Mg Cl2溶液、Fe Cl3溶液浸渍对竹炭进行改性,以BET比表面积和SEM-EDS对其进行表征。通过静态吸附实验,研究改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附特性以及吸附时间、初始氨氮浓度、p H值和磷存在等因素对改性竹炭吸附氨氮能力的影响。实验表明,用氯化镁和氯化铁对竹炭进行改性,可使竹炭表面化学性质和物理结构特性同时发生变化;未改性竹炭与改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量大小依次为:BCMBCFBCFMBC;竹炭在吸附时间为24 h时基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附等温方程与Freundlich模型拟合较好;改性竹炭对氨氮吸附的最佳p H为5;磷存在可使改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量显著增加。     

丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒处理模拟废水中氨氮

以去除水产养殖废水中的氨氮，寻找安全快速高效的吸附剂为目的。以壳聚糖为原料制备丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒，采用单因素及正交实验方法优化制备条件，研究振荡吸附条件对吸附量的影响，进行吸附等温模型和吸附动力学研究。结果表明，最佳制备条件，丙烯酸4 mL、磁流体0.75 g、过硫酸铵1 g、戊二醛1.5 mL；最佳吸附条件，废水pH值5~9、吸附剂浓度3 g/L、吸附时间10 min；吸附过程符合二级动力学模型，以化学吸附为主；液膜扩散为限速步骤；氨氮最大吸附量为77.16 mg/g，远高于其他传统吸附剂。研究表明，丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒对模拟水产养殖废水的氨氮去除效果显著，具有很好的应用前景。     

沸石改性及其去除水中氨氮的实验研究

通过实验研究了沸石改性条件及其对水中氨氮吸附去除的影响。结果表明，加热改性与无机酸改性不能显著提高沸石对氨氮的吸附量。利用NaOH改性的最佳浓度为1 mol/L，此条件下对氨氮吸附量可提高到650.68 mg/kg，为天然沸石的2.82倍。利用无机盐改性时，对氨氮吸附效果最好的是NaCl改性沸石，其次为KCl改性沸石与CaCl₂改性沸石。随着NaCl溶液浓度和改性时间的增加，改性沸石对氨氮的吸附量显著增加，可达天然沸石的3～4倍；在NaCl浓度为150 g/L与改性时间为18 h条件下，改性沸石对氨氮吸附量可达887.35 mg/kg，为天然沸石的3.84倍。     

镧改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附性能

为有效去除铁路隧道开挖过程中涌出的地下水中的氟离子,避免对当地环境和居民身体健康造成危害,利用镧改性钢渣得到一种除氟材料,通过扫描电镜、比表面积测定、能量散射光谱、X射线衍射及傅里叶红外光谱等方法对材料进行表征。此外,结合吸附热力学和吸附动力学模型拟合,探究了改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附机理。结果表明：改性钢渣的比表面积由未改性的0.549 9 m²·g^-1增大到23.367 5 m²·g^-1,小粒径的钢渣比例增大且表面粗糙程度增强。能谱分析表明通过改性,可成功的将镧负载于钢渣表面。吸附拟合模型表明,钢渣对氟离子的吸附遵循Langmuir模型,说明钢渣对氟离子的吸附更接近于单层吸附,且主要为化学吸附。热力学参数表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(?G⁰)>0,焓变(?H⁰)和熵变(?S⁰)<0,表明该反应是放热过程,改性钢渣的除氟过程符合伪二级动力学过程。改性钢渣有望成为一种具有应用前景的除氟材料。     

香蕉皮改性吸附剂对氨氮吸附特性

利用Na OH对香蕉皮进行改性,制备改性吸附剂,研究吸附时间、温度、p H等3个因素对其氨氮吸附性能的影响。实验结果表明,Na OH改性提高了该吸附剂对氨氮的吸附能力,在较广温度范围内,该改性吸附剂保持着较高的吸附效率,在吸附氨氮过程中氨氮去除率随着p H值增大呈上升趋势,水质呈中性和碱性时,改性吸附剂表现出较高的吸附效率。相同氨氮初始浓度条件下,在吸附剂投加量增加,氨氮去除率升高,在氨氮浓度为6 mg/L时,可达到96.78%。在20℃温度条件下,饱和吸附量理论值达到9.478 7 mg/g。改性香蕉皮吸附剂对氨氮的吸附符合伪二阶吸附动力模型,氨氮饱和吸附数据符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型。     

钢渣/焦炭吸附-微波降解法处理阳离子染料废水

以结晶紫溶液模拟阳离子染料废水,研究了钢渣对染料的吸附性能及其影响因素.结果表明,在碱性条件下,钢渣对结晶紫不仅吸附速率快,而且吸附容量大.利用钢渣对染料的吸附特性和焦炭吸收微波产生高温的性能,提出了以钢渣/焦炭吸附-微波降解处理阳离子染料废水的新方法.该方法简单有效,成本低廉,具有良好的应用前景.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.