3种水生蔬菜对稀土元素钷的吸收与富集

应用放射性核素示踪技术 ,研究了 3种水生蔬菜 (慈姑、荸荠和水芹菜 )对稀土元素钷 (14 7Pm)的吸收与富集。结果表明 :(1 ) 3种水生蔬菜对14 7Pm均有较强的吸收与富集能力。其中 ,水芹菜随生长时间的延长 ,吸收14 7Pm的量明显增加 ,50、80、1 1 0d时全样的吸收系数分别为 0 98± 0 1 9、0 92± 0 3 8和 1 1 4± 0 1 8;(2 ) 3种蔬菜的食用器官 (水芹菜的主茎 ,慈姑和荸荠的球茎 )对14 7Pm具有明显的富集性 ,吸收系数分别为 1 2 9± 0 2 8、2 0 9± 0 0 3和 1 55± 0 55     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,分布于细胞核上.为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性封闭群(ICR)小鼠灌喂10、20和40 mg·kg-1的稀土元素镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd),6周后测定小鼠肝细胞核中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(...     

我国东部沿海地区蔬菜中稀土元素的累积分布特征及健康风险评价

为调查我国东部沿海地区蔬菜样品中稀土元素的累积水平和分布特征.采集了市售叶类、根茎类、瓜果类、豆类及食用菌5类蔬菜样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对15种稀土元素(La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu和Y)进行了分析.不同蔬菜样品中ΣREE浓度范围为2.72—55.16μg·kg^-1 fw(鲜重),平均浓度为16.63μg·kg-1 fw.其中,叶类蔬菜的ΣREE含量最高(平均值为38.43μg·kg^-1 fw),而根茎类蔬菜中ΣREE含量最低(8.82μg·kg^-1 fw).居民通过消费蔬菜样品带来的稀土元素总摄入量为0.41μg·(kg·d)^-1,远低于稀土元素摄入的安全剂量(70μg·(kg·d)^-1),表明正常饮食情况下居民通过蔬菜摄入的稀土量是安全的,但居民的稀土暴露途径还包含其它各种食品摄入,呼吸以及饮水暴露,还受到多种环境因素的影响,我国沿海地区居民的稀土摄入是否安全还需要综合评价.     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,除蓄积在细胞核中,还存在于线粒体中。为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞线粒体的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性ICR小鼠分别以10、20和40mg·kg~(-1)的镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd)灌胃,6周后测定小鼠肝细胞线粒体中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性,以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,La中剂量组和Ce低剂量组SOD活性显著升高,La高剂量组和Nd中、高剂量组中SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);除个别剂量组外,各染毒组CAT和GPx活性与GSH含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);Nd各剂量组、La高剂量组和Ce高剂量组的MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。研究表明,La、Ce和Nd所导致的CAT和GPx活性以及GSH含量降低可能是造成肝细胞线粒体氧化损伤的主要原因。     

赣南典型稀土矿区周边土壤和动植物产品中稀土元素组成特征及其健康风险评价

通过野外取样调查和室内ICP-MS测定,研究了赣南典型稀土矿区周边土壤、动植物产品中稀土元素的组成特征,并评价了稀土元素对人体的健康风险.结果表明,赣南稀土矿区周边土壤稀土平均含量为402.74±200.03 mg·kg~(-1),分别是全国土壤稀土含量均值及世界土壤稀土中值的2.28倍和2.08倍;植物产品稀土平均含量为343.48μg·kg~(-1);动物产品稀土平均含量为460.00μg·kg~(-1);土壤、植物产品和动物产品中Ce含量最高,占总稀土比重分别为34.22%、35.31%和62.95%;其中轻稀土元素所占比重分别为75.29%、75.17%和75.82%.当地居民每日通过动植物产品摄入稀土元素日量为3.95—30.49μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),均值为10.36μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),均远低于稀土元素对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值(110μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)),表明赣南矿区周边动植物产品中稀土元素不会对消费者产生健康风险.     

北京市区表层土壤稀土元素空间分布特征研究

土壤稀土元素作为反映土壤污染的指标之一,识别其空间分布特征及来源对于客观评价城市表层土壤污染水平、制定治理方案具有重要意义。为研究北京市区表层土壤稀土元素的空间分布特征,于2014年3月15日系统采集46个表层土样,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定10种稀土元素(La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy和Sc)的含量。采用统计分析和地统计方法对北京市区表层土壤稀土元素的变化趋势及空间分布进行研究,并对表层土壤和大气降尘中稀土元素进行Pearson相关性分析,结果表明,(1)北京市区表层土壤呈轻稀土富集型,稀土元素主要污染点位于海淀区周家巷桥和西直门外大街采样点,表层土壤与大气降尘中的稀土元素相关系数介于0.873~0.946之间,相关性显著。总体上,北京市区表层土壤稀土元素污染较轻。(2)各采样点δCe和δEu的变化范围分别为0.85~0.98和0.63~0.82,说明稀土元素Ce无显著异常,稀土元素Eu负异常,亏损较大。(3)大部分稀土元素(La、Ce、Nd、Sm、Gd、Eu和Dy)在东西方向和南北方向均呈现先减少后增加的趋势,最低值出现在东西方向和南北方向的中心位置。(4)富集因子表明北京市区表层土壤中各稀土元素受人为因素影响较小,为弱污染。主成分分析结果表明,煤炭燃烧和汽车尾气的排放,煤炭燃烧、工业生产和农业化肥的使用可能分别是四环线内、外各稀土元素的主要人为来源。     

铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应与毒性

铬的工业用途很广,主要用于金属加工、电镀、制革等行业,这些行业排放的三废导致了环境铬污染,对环境生态和人体健康造成危害。为探究铬对动物的毒性作用,选择昆明种纯系小白鼠作为受试生物,研究六价铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应及毒性。结果显示,饮用水中一定浓度的六价铬(15~70 mg·L-1)可抑制小鼠体重的正常增长,染毒30 d后,小鼠肝脏和肾脏脏器系数下降,脾脏和脑的脏器系数提高;总铬含量在心脏和脾脏中增高,其他脏器中无明显蓄积效应;铬染毒组小鼠骨髓细胞活性氧水平提高,骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率显著增高。结果表明,通过饮水摄入六价铬可造成小鼠肝肾损伤,心脏和脾脏内铬蓄积,并通过活性氧损伤效应破坏机体的遗传稳定性。     

稀土矿城市不同季节大气可吸入颗粒物中稀土含量特征及颗粒物细胞毒性

为探讨典型稀土矿城市不同季节大气可吸入颗粒物(inhalable particulate matter,PM10)中稀土元素污染特征及其细胞毒性响应,将前期采集于包头市的PM10颗粒物进行提取,检测PM10中的稀土元素(rare earth elements,REEs)含量,并将人肺上皮细胞(A549)暴露于不同浓度水平(25,50,100μg·m L-1)的PM10样品和标准颗粒物1649b(standard reference material,SRM1649b)暴露液,用WST-1法测定暴露24 h后的细胞活性,用2’7’二氯荧光素二醋酸盐(2’7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate,DCFH-DA)荧光探针法和彗星实验分别测定暴露3 h后的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生水平和DNA双链损伤程度。结果表明,包头春、夏季大气PM10和SRM1649b均引起A549细胞活性下降,并诱导细胞内ROS生成量增加,造成显著的细胞内DNA损伤,含REEs的大气颗粒物毒性显著高于标准颗粒物。与春季相比,包头夏季PM10对细胞活性的抑制程度更高,造成更多的DNA双链损伤,从而表现出更强的细胞毒性和遗传毒性。包头PM10呈现明显的轻稀土元素(light rare earth elements,LREEs)富集,铈(Ce)、钷(Pm)、镧(La)和钕(Nd)含量占稀土总量的50%以上。LREEs均与细胞活性和细胞内ROS产生水平呈负相关性,包头春季和夏季PM10中稀土元素含量的差异是导致包头PM10细胞毒性效应不同于标准颗粒物且具有季节性差异的原因之一。     

稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

综合论述了稀土元素在机体内的蓄积性及其毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用对生态环境和人群骨系统健康的潜在危害.稀土元素被长期低剂量摄入,可在骨组织中蓄积,导致骨组织结构变化,骨髓微核率增高,产生遗传毒性.     

稀土元素在鱼体中的生物富集作用

研究了鲤鱼若干部分对轻、中和重稀土元素的生物富集作用。结果表明:鲤鱼对水体中可溶性稀土元素的富集能力较低。其最大生物浓缩因子BCF的顺序为内脏>鳃>骨骼>肌肉,且发现鲤鱼对于混合稀土溶液没有协同作用和拮抗作用。重稀土元素在鲤鱼若干部分的生物富集能力最低,而轻稀土和中稀土元素的生物富集能刀则显示出很小的差异。     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.