重金属捕集剂处理含铅废水的试验研究

研究了重金属捕集剂的实验室合成及捕集重金属的机理,讨论了pH值、捕集剂加入量、反应时间、多种重金属离子共存对处理效果的影响,并就捕集产物的稳定性与传统中和沉淀法进行比较。试验结果表明:重金属捕集剂对Pb2+的去除率可达99%以上,处理后的废水达到《污水综合排放标准(》GB8978-1996)对铅的限定值,且处理效果不受pH值、共存重金属离子的影响。捕集剂与Pb2+生成螯合物的稳定性远高于中和沉淀法所得产物的稳定性,因而减少了捕集产物再次污染环境的风险。     

模拟放射性气溶胶雾化处理工艺研究

在核设施退役及核应急过程中,放射性气溶胶的快速有效控制是首要任务。采用水性聚氨酯作为压制剂,研究了压制剂用量、雾化压力和气溶胶浓度等工艺条件下模拟气溶胶粉尘颗粒物的凝并及去除效果,获得了优化工艺条件:雾化压力0.3 MPa,水性聚氨酯雾化量/待处理空间容积≥0.09 L/m3时,压制效率达95%;当待处理空间内气溶胶颗粒初始浓度为2 000~15 000 p/cm3时,半值时间变化范围为26.4~59.1 min。     

钢铁行业磁性纤维捕集非球形粉尘动力学研究

为研究非球形颗粒在磁场中被磁性纤维捕集的动力学行为,以钢铁行业炼钢过程中转炉和精炼炉中排放的转炉灰和精炼灰等两种粉尘为基础,利用形状系数计算公式得出的φ=0.21,0.78,0.81,1.00分别表示圆片形（厚度H=底面圆直径d/40）,椭球形（x轴赤道半径：y轴赤道半径：z轴极半径=a：b：c=1：1：4）,正方体形,球形颗粒,并对其进行研究.模拟结果表明,相同工况参数下,当形状系数接近时,捕集效率和运动轨迹与粉尘颗粒具体表现的形状特征无关.在传统单纤维捕集过程中,当入口风速v=0.1m/s,d_p>2.0μm时,形状系数相差越大,捕集效率差距越大.形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度大小与单纤维捕集效率增减呈正相关;在磁性纤维产生的磁场中v=0.1m/s,d_p>0.5μm时,形状系数相差越大,捕集效率差距越大.φ≥0.4时,捕集效率随形状系数的增加趋于稳定,形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度大小与单纤维捕集效率增减无关;在高梯度磁场中v=0.1m/s,d_p=1.0μm时,形状系数相差越大导致捕集效率之间差距越大的规律越明显.当v=0.1m/s,0.5μm≤d_p≤2.5μm时,形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度的大小与单纤维捕集效率增减呈正相关.     

钢铁高炉煤气二氧化碳捕集技术经济性分析

基于固定单一原料气量导向、固定碳捕集量导向和固定混合原料气量导向3种不同的碳捕集情景,结合不同捕集技术CO₂捕集率与CO₂产品纯度的变化,分析了CO₂捕集对于高炉煤气热值提升的间接经济效益的影响。结果表明:当CO₂捕集率和CO₂产品纯度均一定时,基于固定单一原料气量导向较基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益更高;当CO₂捕集率一定时,随着CO₂产品纯度降低,基于固定单一原料气量导向情景与基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益均更高;当CO₂产品纯度一定时,随着CO₂捕集率降低,基于固定单一原料气量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂的热值提升效益越高,而基于固定碳捕集量导向情景捕集单位质量CO₂提升的热值效益降低。     

石油污染土壤淋洗配方的比选

以广州市某废弃工业场地的石油污染土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验的方法,考察了不同的pH、淋洗液配方、淋洗时间、以及土柱淋洗流量等因素对石油污染土壤淋洗修复效果的影响;并利用一级反应动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合。结果表明pH=8时水溶液对油的解吸量最大;最优淋洗液配方为5(曲拉通):10(木素钠):42(硅酸钠):43(碳酸钠)。土柱淋洗效果与淋洗液使用量有较大关系,在0.40 mL/min用量时,96 h的除油率为29.3%,土壤中石油的含量由32 273 mg/kg下降至22 820 mg/kg。     

高梯度磁场提升单纤维捕集PM2.5性能的机理

以钢铁厂和有色金属行业排放的PM_2.5为研究对象,基于离散相模型DPM（Discrete Phase Model）,并加入UDF自定义编程,研究高梯度磁场下不同入口风速、颗粒粒径、外磁场强度、磁性纤维磁感应强度以及磁化率对捕集效率的影响,并结合颗粒运动轨迹和受力情况对其进行分析.结果表明：当0.5μm≤d_p≤2.5μm,v=0.1m/s时,利用高梯度磁场（H=0.1T,B=0.06T）可以使单纤维捕集PM_2.5的效率提高为原来的4.23倍,得出磁性纤维周围存在2个引力区和2个斥力区.同时,在高梯度磁场中磁性纤维对PM_2.5的捕集效率随入口风速呈先减小后趋于平稳的规律;而捕集效率随粉尘粒径呈先增大后减小的规律.当d_p=1.0μm时的捕集效率提升最大,无论是外磁场强度还是磁性纤维磁感应强度,磁性纤维对颗粒的捕集效率与场强都呈一次函数关系,效率增长率K_B>K_H;随着颗粒磁化率的增加,磁性纤维对颗粒的捕集呈现两段线性增长规律,前后两段效率增长率K₁>K₂.当颗粒经过高梯度磁场区域时,入口风速、粉尘粒径、场强对运动轨迹影响较大,而磁化率对运动轨迹影响较小.     

石家庄市冬季一次重污染过程分析与反馈效应研究

为深入探究高ρ（PM_2.5）地区重污染过程的发展变化规律,以石家庄市一次重污染过程（2017年1月13-20日）为例,结合空气质量监测数据、PM_2.5组分测试数据、气象观测资料,从重污染发展阶段（简称"P1阶段"）、维持阶段（简称"P2阶段"）和清除阶段（简称"P3阶段"）分析PM_2.5及其化学组分的变化特征、气象条件和高低空天气形势演变特征,并利用WRF-Chem模型定量研究重污染过程气溶胶反馈效应对典型气象要素的影响.结果表明:①此次重污染过程属于逐步累积增长、快速清除型,在P2阶段ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为241.0 μg/m3,最大值为367.5 μg/m3.②P1和P2阶段高低空大气环流配置稳定,大气边界层高度范围为620.6~712.2 m,风速范围为1.3~2.5 m/s,相对湿度范围为60%~80%.③P2阶段SOR（硫氧化率）和NOR（氮氧化率）均为0.3,ρ（SNA）（SNA为SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的统称）为128.8 μg/m3,占ρ（PM_2.5）的56.2%;OM[有机质,ρ（OM）=ρ（POA）+ρ（SOA）,其中,POA为一次有机气溶胶,SOA为二次有机气溶胶]是除SNA以外的第二大组分,在P1和P3阶段ρ（POA）大于ρ（SOA）,而在P2阶段ρ（SOA）与ρ（POA）相等,均为28.0 μg/m3,表明在重污染过程中二次污染严重;整个污染过程ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）为1.0,表明石家庄市移动源和固定源对ρ（PM_2.5）贡献相当.④WRF-Chem模型模拟结果表明,太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度受气溶胶反馈效应的影响在P2阶段的下降量分别为75.1 W/m2、2.7℃和109.9 m,比P1阶段分别高33.6%、91.4%和18.6%,比P3阶段分别高147.0%、305.3%和24.1%.研究显示,此次静稳天气下的重污染过程二次污染严重,气溶胶反馈效应整体使得太阳辐射量、温度和大气边界层高度均向不利于污染扩散的趋势发展,造成石家庄市的ρ（PM_2.5）进一步增加.      

重金属螯合捕集剂NBMIPA的合成及其捕集Cu2+、Zn2+性能

以间苯二甲酰氯(IPC)和巯基乙胺盐酸盐(CHC)为原料,采用一步法合成重金属螯合捕集剂N,N’-双(2-巯基乙基)—1,3-苯二甲酰胺(NBMIPA),重点研究了物质的量比(n(CHC):n(IPC))和反应温度对NBMlPA产率的影响,并研究了NBMIPA投加量和pH对Cu2+、Zn2+捕集性能的影响.结果表明:重金属螯合捕集剂NBMIPA的最佳合成工艺为n(CHC):n(IPC) =2.8、反应温度-5℃,此时NBMIPA的最高产率为78.64％;NBMIPA对Cu2+和Zn2+的捕集性能优良,NBMIPA投加量越大,捕集性能越高;NBMIPA对pH具有较宽的适应性.当NBMIPA投加量分别为45 mL和30 mL时,NBMIPA对Cu2+和Zn2+的捕集效果最佳,Cu2+的去除率达到99.33％,残余Cu2+浓度为0.46 mg·L-1,Zn2+的去除率达到97.49％,残余Zn2+浓度为1.84 mg·L-1.     

宁德核电厂锶-90对浙江境内辐射水平的监测分析

为分析福建宁德核电厂锶-90对浙江境内的辐射水平,对浙江境内环境中锶-90放射性活度浓度进行监测。2012年～2016年的监测结果表明:气溶胶、沉降物、淡水、海水等样品监测结果的平均值分别为1.13×10-2mBq/m3、8.71×10-3mBq/m2·d、2.30 mBq/L、1.80mBq/L,土壤和生物样品监测结果范围分别为0.56～1.18 Bq/kg、0.01～0.68 Bq/kg·鲜。2013年宁德核电厂正式运行发电以来,浙江境内各环境样品中锶-90的监测结果未见明显异常。     

北京市气溶胶消光系数垂直特征及影响因子探讨

为研究北京市气溶胶垂直方向上的分布特征,利用微脉冲激光雷达（MPL）对北京市2015年12月-2016年11月的气溶胶光学特征进行分析,讨论了气溶胶消光系数的季节性特点以及不同污染等级下的垂直分布,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明:①北京市气溶胶消光系数垂直特征在季节上存在异质性.秋、冬两季近地面1.0 km以下气溶胶消光系数显著增大,最大气溶胶消光系数大于1.0 km-1;春、夏两季污染日较少,气溶胶消光系数在垂直方向上变化较为平缓.②不同污染等级下气溶胶消光系数的垂直特征差异明显.空气质量为优-良水平时,气溶胶消光系数较低,基本不高于0.7 km-1;轻-中度污染时,气溶胶消光系数在不同季节差异较大,冬、春两季气溶胶消光系数不超过0.8 km-1,夏、秋两季在1.0 km-1左右,部分监测站甚至在1.4 km-1左右;重度及以上污染时,气溶胶消光系数基本在1.0 km-1以上,最高可达1.7 km-1.③105 m处气溶胶消光系数与ρ（PM_2.5）相关性较好.气溶胶消光系数除受ρ（PM_2.5）影响外,还受相对湿度影响较大.夏、秋两季对流层底层大气相对湿度偏高,致使气溶胶消光系数显著高于春季和冬季.研究显示,利用激光雷达可对北京市气溶胶垂直方向分布特征进行有效分析,气溶胶的垂直分布受污染水平和相对湿度的影响呈季节性变化.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.