崇明岛浅层地下水化学特征及其影响机制

为探究长江口浅层地下水化学特征及其影响机制,选择崇明岛为研究对象,采集22个浅层地下水样本和3个地表水样本,检测11项水化学指标及氢氧同位素.利用描述性统计分析、Arc GIS空间分析、Piper图解和离子比例系数等分析方法,分析研究区浅层地下水化学类型与离子空间分布,讨论控制浅层地下水化学演化过程的主要因素和离子来源,探究地表水与浅层地下水的水力联系.结果表明:崇明岛浅层地下水pH在7.30~7.94之间,整体呈中性硬水,36%为极硬水,围垦地区浅层地下水矿化程度较高;浅层地下水化学类型有13种,以HCO₃-Ca水为主,占样本数的27%,主要分布在崇明岛中部、西南部;从西部到东部阴离子由HCO₃-向Cl-过渡,阳离子由Ca2+向Na+过渡,在围垦区,浅层地下水化学类型以Cl·HCO₃-Na为主.研究显示,水-岩作用、阳离子交换作用和人类活动是影响崇明岛浅层地下水化学特征的主要影响因素,浅层地下水与地表水水力联系紧密.      

北京市南口地区浅层地下水水化学时空变化特征分析

根据对北京市南口地区浅层地下水水质监测结果,综合运用数学统计方法、Piper三线图示法,对该区浅层地下水水化学特征时空变化进行研究.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水化学类型相对比较简单,以HCO3-Ca·Mg型水为主;地下水季节变化对水化学类型空间变异性影响不大;浅层地下水中主要离子成分变化趋势基本相同,在枯水期和丰水期离子...     

重庆市浅层地下水污染源解析与环境影响因素识别

为了有效防控山地城市复杂地质条件下的浅层地下水污染,明晰地下水污染的影响因素,基于重庆82个浅层地下水监测点的15项水质指标,运用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR),解析不同水质指标的污染源因子,量化因子对地下水质的贡献率;基于地下水脆弱性理论,借助地理探测器识别岩溶区、非岩溶区地下水污染的关键影响因素. 结果表明:①重庆市浅层地下水受人类活动影响大,总大肠杆菌群、Fe、Mn等元素超标率在50%以上;②重庆市浅层地下水污染源因子主要包括淋溶富集-城镇生活污染因子(贡献率42%)、地质环境背景因子(17.83%)、工业污染因子(13.74%)、农业污染因子(6.78%),方差累计贡献率为80.34%;③重庆市浅层地下水污染强度空间分布总体呈现西部都市区及周边>中部>东南部>东北部的空间分布格局. 土地利用类型、坡度、土壤质地等3个因子对全域地下水污染具有较高的解释力,是浅层地下水污染的关键影响因子;④土地利用类型与降雨强度、土地利用类型与水力传导系数、土壤与坡度等双因子交互非线性增强了对重庆市浅层地下水污染的解释力. 研究显示:污染源强与路径因子相结合能更好地解释地下水污染差异化;地理探测器为识别地下水污染影响因子提供了有效的探索方法.      

松嫩平原典型高氟区水库周边浅层地下水化学特征及高氟成因

高氟地下水极大地威胁水源安全,影响人体健康与生态环境.尽管近年来对高氟地下水开展了大量研究,但对水库周边浅层地下水中氟的地球化学背景、时空分布变化以及演变趋势仍缺乏系统认识.该研究综合运用数理统计、Arc GIS空间插值、Piper三线图、端元图、Gibbs图和MINTEQ地球化学模拟等方法,探讨吉林省向海水库浅层地下水中氟离子(F^-)的时空分布特征及影响机制.结果表明：(1)向海水库周边浅层地下水中F^-含量较高,浓度为0.20～5.18 mg?L^-1,平均浓度为1.76 mg·L^-1,高于我国《地下水质量标准》(GBT 14848—2017)中规定的1.00 mg?L^-1的浓度限值,属于高氟地下水,F^-浓度呈西北区域最高、东南次之、东北和西南最低的空间分布趋势;(2)该区域浅层地下水的水化学类型复杂,水化学特征以HCO₃-Na、HCO₃-Na·Ca和HCO₃-Na·Mg型为主;(3)F     

焦作煤矿区浅层地下水污染成因及特征研究

研究了焦作煤矿区的浅层地下水污染动态，分析了焦作市的地下水污染状况，找出了地下水污染的四条途径，讨论了浅层孔隙地下水污染的主要原因是矿坑排水形成水位降落漏斗、污水灌溉及河渠渗流等，研究了地下水污染的空间分布特征和规律。     

柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及影响因素分析

以秦皇岛柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐为研究对象,在地下水污染源调查的基础上,于2014年7月丰水期、2015年4月枯水期共采取浅层地下水样215组.基于变异函数模型和Arc GIS地统计模块,分析了浅层地下水中硝酸盐含量时空分布特征,并利用因子分析方法探讨了硝酸盐污染成因.结果表明,无论丰水期还是枯水期,研究区东南部均为硝酸盐主要污染区域,含量达30~120 mg·L~(-1),但枯水期硝酸盐污染面积约为丰水期的1.4倍;硝酸盐空间分布受人类活动和地质条件影响显著,其次为Eh、DO、p H和地形地貌条件.北部浅层地下水硝酸盐含量小于20 mg·L~(-1);中部主要来源于人类活动及农业种植中氮肥的流失,局部污染较严重;南部受隔水边界阻隔作用,表现为硝酸盐累积效应,污染严重.     

河北沧州地区地下水中盐分的时空演化及其机理探讨

沧州地区多年来大量开采深浅层地下水,破坏了咸淡水层的界面,并导致咸水面下移,对下部含水层有较大的影响。本文以沧州地区地下水中的盐分为研究对象,在历史资料收集分析、野外水文地质调查、取样测试分析的基础上,对比分析了历史阶段和现阶段地下水TDS的空间分布规律,探讨了沧州深层和浅层地下水中TDS的空间分布特征、演化特点及成因。结果表明:从1980年到现在30余年,沧州地区深、浅层地下水的TDS均呈升高趋势,浅层水TDS高的区域从滨海向区域中部延伸,深层水TDS仍为滨海中部西部;补给量减少是浅层地下水TDS增大的主要原因,深层地下水开采是深层地下水TDS增大的主要原因。可通过有效解决深层地下水超采问题,同时,对TDS高的微咸水和咸水进行综合开发利用等措施来改变沧州区域地下水TDS升高趋势。     

滇池周边浅层地下水硝酸盐来源及转化过程识别

明确硝酸盐的主要来源及转化过程对地下水氮污染防治和水资源开发利用具有重要意义.为了探明滇池周边浅层地下水中硝酸盐污染现状及来源,于2020年雨季（10月）和2021年旱季（4月）在滇池周边共采集73个浅层地下水样,运用水化学和氮氧同位素（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）识别浅层地下水中硝酸盐的空间分布、来源及转化过程,并结合同位素混合模型（SIAR）定量评价不同来源氮对浅层地下水硝酸盐的贡献.结果表明,旱季浅层地下水中有40.5%的采样点ρ（NO₃^--N）超过地下水质量标准（GB/T 14848）Ⅲ类水质规定的20 mg·L^-1,雨季超过47.2%的采样点ρ（NO₃^--N）超过20 mg·L^-1.氮氧同位素和SIAR模型分析结果证明了土壤有机氮、化肥氮、粪肥和污水氮是浅层地下水硝酸盐的主要来源,以上氮源对旱季浅层地下水中硝酸盐的贡献率分别为13.9%、11.8%和66.5%,对雨季的贡献率分别为33.7%、31.1%和25.9%,而大气氮沉降贡献率仅为8.5%,对该区浅层地下水中硝酸盐来源贡献较小.硝化作用是旱季浅层地下水中硝态氮转化的主导过程,雨季以反硝化作用为主,且反硝化作用雨季比旱季明显.     

南水北调典型受水区浅层地下水水化学特征及成因

以邯郸黑龙港平原作为典型受水区,运用描述性统计、Piper图、离子比例分析、饱和指数和氯碱指数等方法,开展浅层地下水水化学变化特征及其成因分析研究.结果表明:南水北调中线工程通水后浅层地下水总体上由咸水向微咸水转化,浅层地下水水质的改善与水位恢复存在密切的相关性;6月和12月浅层地下水主要水化学类型分别是Na-SO₄-Cl型和Na-HCO₃型.蒸发岩(岩盐、石膏和芒硝)和碳酸盐岩矿物(方解石和白云石)的溶解/沉淀作用控制着浅层地下水主要离子浓度的变化.大部分区域发生了正向阳离子交换作用,而地下水位降落漏斗区或钠离子浓度相对富集区域则主要发生了反向离子交换作用.工业和生活污水排放、农业化肥使用可能在一定程度上造成部分浅层地下水的污染.研究结果对南水北调中线受水区地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

郑州市中心城区浅层地下水脆弱性评价

为查明郑州市中心城区浅层地下水系统脆弱性,开展环境地质调查,分析研究区包气带介质类型、地下水位埋深和含水层渗透系数等影响地下水系统脆弱性的评价因子,采用DRASTIC模型与MapGIS软件的空间分析功能对研究区地下水系统脆弱性进行综合评价.结果显示,地下水脆弱性低区主要分布在西南及西北部黄土丘陵区;地下水脆弱性高及较高...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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