黄土高塬沟壑区典型城郊流域地表水硝酸盐来源示踪

随着工农业的快速发展,地表水硝酸盐污染已成为黄土高原地区严重的环境问题之一.以黄土高塬沟壑区典型城郊流域砚瓦川为研究区,采用水化学分析方法和氮氧双稳定同位素技术,并结合SIAR模型,定量识别旱季和雨季研究区地表水硝酸盐不同污染源的贡献率,阐明不同污染源季节性差异的主要原因.结果表明,流域地表水无机氮主要以NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N形态存在,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N雨季浓度平均值均高于旱季,而NH₄⁺-N则呈现相反特征;流域内地表水硝酸盐的转化过程主要以硝化作用为主,雨季其主要来源是粪肥污水,而旱季主要为粪肥污水和土壤氮淋溶,铵肥次之;不同污染源对流域地表水硝酸盐的贡献比例具有显著的季节性差异,旱季与雨季城镇污水排放的贡献比例均为最高,分别为31.40%和65.66%,且雨季污水排放对NO₃^-的影响远高于旱季,夏季居民用水增加导致大量污水排放至流域内是引起这一现象的主要原因.     

基于水化学及稳定同位素的岩溶山区城镇水体硝酸盐来源示踪

由于岩溶水文系统的地球化学敏感性和脆弱性,岩溶地下水NO₃^-污染已成为世界范围普遍存在的环境问题,而岩溶山区地下水硝酸盐来源解析对于保障区域供水安全和人体健康具有重要意义.因此,本文选取贵州中部典型岩溶山区城镇主要供水流域地表水和地下水为研究对象,基于土地利用类型,联合水化学分析及δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- 、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-示踪技术对水体硝酸盐分布特征、来源贡献及迁移转化过程进行研究.结果表明,研究区水体溶解性无机氮以硝态氮为主,水体NO₃^-含量及分布与区域土地利用方式密切相关,硝酸盐污染主要集中于住宅用地和耕地 &林地区岩溶地下水中.水体NO₃^-主要来源于与农业活动和城镇化建设有关的土壤有机氮、化肥及粪便污水,水体氮循环主导过程为硝化作用,反硝化作用基本不存在.稳定同位素模型（SIAR）分析结果显示,区域水体硝酸盐主要受当地农业活动及城镇化过程影响,其中,土壤有机氮、化肥及粪便污水对地表水硝酸盐的贡献率分别为50.24%、27.97%和24.58%,对地下水硝酸盐的贡献率分别为54.58%、24.58%和20.15%,大气降水来源贡献率较低.     

联合PMF模型与稳定同位素的地下水污染溯源

基于传统水质监测与污染排放的污染源识别方法,存在监测频率与识别结果模糊等限制,难以实现污染源及迁移转化的准确量化.联合多元统计分析与稳定同位素技术,以成都平原典型混合用地区地下水污染为研究对象,提出利用正定矩阵因子分析（PMF）模型识别污染主控因子,减小环境因素对污染源判别的干扰,并基于水化学分析与土地利用构建贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型,进一步量化不同污染源对地下水典型污染物硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）的贡献率.结果表明,研究区地下水NO₃^-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺、Mn、Fe、SO₄^2-和Cl^-均存在不同程度超标,且具有空间异质性.地下水中"三氮"主要以NO₃^-为主,NO₃^-浓度在菜地的地下水中普遍偏高（平均值为9.29 mg·L^-1）,其次是在养殖场（平均值为7.66 mg·L^-1）和耕地（平均值为7.09 mg·L^-1）,在工业区最低（平均值为2.20 mg·L^-1）.研究区地下水水质受原生地质作用、农业活动、水文地球化学演化、生活污染和工业污染的复合影响,且农业活动是研究区地下水NO₃^-增长的主要原因.研究区内农业区地下水NO₃^-的主要来源贡献为化肥（32%）和土壤氮（25%）;工业区地下水NO₃^-的主要来源贡献为污水排放（28%）和大气降雨（27%）.通过多元统计与稳定同位素技术的有机结合,有效识别了地下水污染来源及其贡献率,可为地下水污染源头防控提供科学依据.     

基于多环境介质氮素和同位素的滦平盆地地下水硝酸盐来源示踪

选择密云水库上游承德市滦平盆地为研究区,通过不同土地利用类型地下水"三氮"含量、土壤全氮含量和包气带可溶硝态氮含量,结合水体硝酸盐氮氧双同位素、硫酸盐硫氧双同位素多种环境同位素特征和地下水放射性碳同位素测年示踪硝酸盐来源.结果表明,滦平盆地水体氮形态以硝态氮为主,地下水NO₃^-质量浓度与居民用地、旱地土地利用类型显著相关,硝酸盐污染主要集中于居民建设用地和农用地区域浅层地下水中.13.79%地下水样品NO₃^-质量浓度超过国标（GB/T 14848-2017）地下水硝酸盐限值Ⅲ类标准,超标范围为1.04~3.86倍;37.93%地下水样品NO₃^-质量浓度超WHO饮用水硝酸盐浓度限值,超标范围为1.08~6.83倍.地下水NO₃^-质量浓度、土壤全氮和浅层土壤可溶硝态氮空间变异受结构性因素和人为因素共同作用影响.地下水硝酸盐来源主要为家畜粪尿和生活污水混合污染,其次为化学肥料淋滤;盆地山前地下水径流区包气带-地下水氮循环主导过程为硝化作用.以盆地系统作为独立单元研究水环境硝酸盐污染来源和归趋规律,对流域整体地下水污染防治和修复具有重要意义.     

青岛市农区地下水硝态氮污染来源解析

为了提高作物产量,肥料大量投入在农业种植区日益普遍,导致了农区地下水硝态氮（NO₃^--N）污染.农业面源污染是地下水硝态氮污染的主要原因.为了保障饮用水安全,明确农区硝态氮污染的来源是十分必要的.本研究分别于2009年和2019年在青岛农区随机选取35个采样点,借助反距离加权法（IDW）对硝态氮含量进行空间分布分析,通过测定氮、氧同位素进行溯源,运用SIAR模型量化污染源的贡献率.结果表明,青岛市地下水硝态氮含量（平均值）由2009年的38.49 mg·L^-1降低为2019年的22.37 mg·L^-1,但仍高于世界卫生组织（WHO）规定的饮用水中硝态氮的最大允许含量.2009年和2019年硝态氮含量都呈现由南向北逐渐增加的趋势,南部污染轻,北部污染重.δ15N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-的交叉图显示青岛市地下水硝态氮主要来源是化肥、土壤氮、粪肥和污水.水同位素表明降水是青岛市地下水的主要来源.贝叶斯混合模型（SIAR模型）表明污染源贡献率为：粪肥和污水（47.42%） > 土壤氮（27.80%） > 化肥（14.35%） > 大气氮沉降（10.43%）.从2009~2019年青岛市地下水质量得到了改善,但硝态氮污染状况仍不容忽视,应根据硝态氮污染来源,有针对性地防治以确保农区饮用水安全和农业的可持续发展.     

碳氮氧同位素解析典型岩溶流域地下水中硝酸盐来源与归趋

利用多同位素（C、N和O）和水化学方法解析贵州八步地下河流域水体中硝酸盐（NO₃^-）来源与转化过程,利用SIAR模型定量计算NO₃^-不同输入端的贡献比例.结果表明,研究区地下水NO₃^-污染严重,近38%的地下水样品NO₃^-超过饮用水限值.地下水的δ¹⁵N-NO₃值介于2.3‰~30.33‰,均值9.68‰,δ¹⁸O-NO₃值介于2.65‰~13.73‰,均值6.64‰,δ¹⁸O-H₂O值介于-8.83‰~-7.37‰,均值-8.18‰.同位素组成（δ¹⁵N-NO₃、δ¹⁸O-NO₃和δ¹⁸O-H₂O）指示硝化作用主导着流域内氮素循环.硝化作用产生的硝酸加速了碳酸盐岩溶解,导致地下水中δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃存在显著负相关性（P<0.001）,说明δ¹³C_DIC与δ¹⁵N-NO₃相结合是判断岩溶水中NO₃^-转化的有效手段.地下水和地表水中NO₃^-主要来源于土壤氮、粪肥污水和铵态氮肥料,其对地下水中NO₃^-贡献率分别为36.19%、33.71%和30.1%,对地表水贡献率分别为39.15%、36.08%和24.77%.岩溶流域内污水处理应同时去除污水中的NO₃^-和NH₄⁺,农业区应科学施肥,以有效降低地下水中NO₃^-的补给通量.     

基于多同位素的不同土地利用区域水体硝酸盐源解析

不同的土地利用类型对所在流域内的水质产生不同的影响.本研究选取典型城市河流（京杭运河杭州段）和典型山林农业区河流（余英溪）为研究对象,利用多同位素技术（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O,δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）结合稳定同位素（stable isotope analysis in R,SIAR）模型,对运河和余英溪的硝酸盐来源进行了识别并计算了各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,运河和余英溪均存在不同程度的氮污染,运河以NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N为主,余英溪以NO₃^--N为主.运河和余英溪水的氢氧同位素（δD-H₂O,δ¹⁸O-H₂O）沿当地大气降水线分布,两者存在明显线性关系（R²=0.78）,表明降水是这两条河流的主要补给源.运河和余英溪水体NO₃^-的氮同位素值（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-）均小于15‰,说明这两条河流中主要存在硝化作用.部分运河水样NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-/δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值介于1.3~2.1之间且伴随着低浓度的DO和NO₂^-,可见部分运河水体存在反硝化作用.运河水样δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：6.1‰）明显高于余英溪水体δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值（均值：2.3‰）.各NO₃^-源对运河的贡献率：生活污水/粪肥（37.0%） > 土壤氮（35.7%） > 化学肥料（19.1%） > 降水（8.2%）;对余英溪的贡献率：化学肥料（46.1%） > 土壤氮（22.8%） > 降水（17.3%） > 生活污水/粪肥（13.8%）.在人类活动强度大的城市区域的河流（运河）中由于生活污水的零星排放和城市降雨径流的汇入导致生活污水/粪肥类氮源的污染明显加剧.化学肥料不可避免地成为山林农业区河流（余英溪）的主要污染源,可见农业面源污染带给所在区域水体的氮污染已非常严重.人类活动强度大的区域,降水对于水体NO₃^-的贡献降低.反硝化作用产生的同位素分馏对利用SIAR模型计算各NO₃^-源的贡献率产生不同程度的影响,其中对生活污水/粪肥和化学肥料的影响很大,对土壤氮的影响其次,对降水的影响最低.     

岩溶槽谷区地下河硝酸盐来源及其环境效应:以重庆龙凤槽谷地下河系统为例

以重庆典型岩溶槽谷龙凤槽谷地下河系统为研究对象,于2017年5月~2018年4月收集大气干、湿沉降和两条地下河（凤凰河、龙车河）水样,利用水化学、δ¹⁵ N（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（H₂O）和δ¹³C（DIC）同位素等数据来探讨岩溶地下河水NO₃^-来源及其环境效应.结果表明：①两条地下河水化学类型均属于HCO₃-Ca型,NO₃^-浓度变化范围在17.58~32.58 mg·L^-1之间,平均值为24.02 mg·L^-1,雨季略高于旱季,存在明显污染迹象;②两条地下河水δ¹⁵ N（NO₃^-）、δ¹⁸ O（NO₃^-）值变化于-3.14‰~12.67‰和-0.77‰~12.05‰之间,均值分别为7.45‰和2.90‰,表现为旱季偏正、雨季偏负的特点,且两条地下河水NO₃^-来源无明显差异,动物排泄物和生活污水是全年稳定来源,降雨、化肥和土壤氮是雨季地下河水NO₃^-的主要来源,硝化过程是地下河系统氮的主要转化过程;③两条地下河水（Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺）/HCO₃^-的量比介于0.65~0.82之间,凤凰河均值为0.75,龙车河均值为0.70,δ¹³C（DIC）在-12.46‰~-9.20‰之间,凤凰河均值为-10.72‰,龙车河均值为-11.10‰,说明各个来源的HNO₃和NH₄⁺硝化形成的HNO₃参与了碳酸盐岩的风化过程;④地下河水中8%的DIC来源于HNO₃溶蚀碳酸盐岩,凤凰河、龙车河分别为9%和7%.     

重庆市老龙洞地下河流域硝酸盐来源和生物地球化学过程的识别

为明确城市地区岩溶地下水系统硝酸盐污染来源和生物地球化学过程,于2019年7月至2020年10月期间,采集了重庆市老龙洞地下河流域内的污水、井水和地下河水,测定其水化学和硝酸盐氮氧双同位素值（δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-）.结果表明：①污水的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于-3.3‰~14.6‰和-5.2‰~20.6‰之间,说明污水中的硝酸盐主要来源于生活污水排放及化肥渗漏;井水的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于3.1‰~12.6‰和2.9‰~8.9‰之间,说明井水中的硝酸盐主要来自于粪肥及土壤有机氮矿化分解;地下河水中的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-分别介于5.6‰~28.6‰和-2.0‰~15.7‰之间,说明市政污水以及农田中施用的粪肥是地下河水中主要的硝酸盐来源.②基于MixSIAR模型计算得出,粪肥污水是地下河水中硝酸盐的主要贡献源,贡献占比为89.1%,土壤有机氮、化肥和大气降水贡献率分别为4.4%、3.4%和3.1%.③流域内的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）由低到高依次为：井水（0.14~5.15）、地下河水（0.50~9.36）和污水（4.08~89.50）.仅有50%井水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）略高于反硝化发生的化学计量比最低限（0.65）,说明COD可能不足以支撑井水中发生反硝化,井水中的硝酸盐氮氧双同位素未发生明显富集,验证了井水中未发生反硝化作用;90%地下河水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）高于0.65,硝酸盐氮氧双同位素同步富集,δ¹⁵ N ：δ¹⁸ O为1.8,介于反硝化发生时的1.3~2.1,说明地下河水在流动过程中发生了反硝化作用;所有污水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）远高于0.65,其中25%污水样品的COD ：ρ（NO₃^-）高于发生异化还原为铵（DNRA）的优势化学计量比（29.34）,δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和ρ（NH₄⁺）：ρ（NO₃^-）同步升高,表明污水中可能发生了DNRA.     

澜沧江水系氮磷污染及硝酸盐来源解析

有效控制氮磷输入是水质持续改善的关键因素.为识别澜沧江水系水体中氮磷浓度、氮污染物来源及其空间分布特征,在澜沧江流域开展了干流和支流水样的采集,分析流域不同区域水体氮磷浓度,并利用氮氧同位素技术结合稳定同位素SIAR模型,解析了水系不同区域氮素来源及其贡献率.结果表明：①澜沧江水系氮浓度偏低,ρ（TN）分布在0.34~4.18 mg·L^-1之间,从上游至下游有升高趋势;ρ（TP）分布在0.11~2.34 mg·L^-1之间.②澜沧江水系的δ¹⁵ N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸ O-NO₃^-值分别分布在-5‰~5‰和-16‰~16‰之间,主要落在降雨及肥料和土壤氮范围内,主要存在硝化作用.③澜沧江干流中土壤氮和化学肥料的贡献率分别为37.67%~42.41%和34.22%~38.56%,粪便和生活污水占15.01%~20.79%,大气沉降仅占4.49%~7.32%.中游支流和下游支流中土壤氮的贡献明显高于化学肥料,土壤氮的贡献率达53.97%~61.57%,化学肥料占33.37%~38.30%,而大气沉降、粪便和生活污水的贡献率较低.研究分析了澜沧江水系上、中和下游干流和支流的氮素来源,为该区域的水质管理和污染源治理提供了依据.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.