游离亚硝酸强化污泥破解及反硝化性能研究

为充分利用剩余污泥（WAS）中有机物,探究经游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理后的WAS作为反硝化碳源的可行性。采用不同浓度的FNA(0～2.11 mg/L）对WAS进行预处理,考查WAS中细胞破解、有机物溶出及WAS发酵同步反硝化性能的影响。结果表明,随着FNA浓度的增加,系统中总有机碳（TOC）、可溶性蛋白（PN）和可溶性多糖（PS）浓度分别提高98.80%、220.46%和93.63%,溶解型胞外聚合物（S-EPS）和疏松结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）中 PN 和 PS 浓度均有大幅增加。经 FNA=2.11 mg/L 预处理 60 h 后,VSS 和挥发分比(f)分别降低19.09%和8.84%,污泥累积粒径分布D_(10)、D_(50)和D_(90)分别下降25.61%、33.80%和38.31%,细胞由紧凑型向松散型转变。同时,FNA预处理可使WAS同步反硝化系统NO_2^--N去除率提高59.13%。因此,FNA预处理能够有效破坏EPS和细胞壁,加速WAS有机物溶出,且易被反硝化过程利用,系统同步反硝化性能显著提高。     

Pseudomonas sp. GL1利用不同预处理污泥产氢及其底物变化研究

采用厌氧发酵的方法研究Pseudomonas sp.GL1利用灭菌、微波和超声波预处理污泥产氢效果,讨论3种预处理污泥产氢效果的差异,并对污泥发酵过程中底物性质变化(SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、总糖和pH值等)进行了探讨.实验结果显示,产氢菌Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵各预处理污泥过程中均只有H2和CO2产生,无CH4产生.3种不同预处理污泥同等条件下发酵,灭菌污泥的产氢效果最佳,氢气含量高达81.45%,产氢率为30.07mL·g-1.超声波处理污泥产氢延迟时间最短(3 h);灭菌污泥最长(15 h);微波预处理污泥为12 h.在预处理污泥发酵产氢过程中,各种污泥性质变化情况各不相同,尤其是灭菌污泥,这说明不同的预处理方法影响Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵过程对污泥中营养物质的利用.     

外加淀粉酶预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢研究

通过外加淀粉酶预处理剩余污泥,考察了淀粉酶对污泥的破解效果,研究了接种产氢菌(Enterococcus sp.LG1)和未接种产氢菌两种状况下,污泥厌氧发酵产氢效果,并与相应温度(60℃)热预处理污泥的发酵产氢效果进行对比,同时分析探讨了污泥发酵产氢过程中底物和pH值的变化.结果表明,淀粉酶预处理污泥4h后水解效果最佳...     

市政污泥发酵产VFAs的预处理工艺研究进展

市政污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)强化城市污水脱氮除磷是污泥处理、处置的有效方式之一,实现了污水处理行业“以废治废”的目的。水解环节是污泥发酵产酸的限制性步骤,对污泥进行预处理提高污泥水解效率是解决污泥发酵产酸产率和产量低的有效途径之一。目前报道的污泥预处理方法众多,改善发酵过程的机理和效果不尽相同。总结和对比分析了目前常见的促进污泥发酵产VFAs的预处理工艺,阐述了各预处理工艺的原理、特性和应用效果,对比分析了其经济成本,综合分析了当前存在的问题,并对未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为污泥发酵产酸工程方案设计和优选提供文献借鉴。     

高温预处理强化污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化

污泥和餐厨垃圾共消化具有提高污泥稳定化的作用,为进一步强化污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化效果,提出高温预处理强化污泥与餐厨垃圾中温厌氧共消化的运行策略,并从宏观和微观2个层面探讨了共消化系统的运行机制。结果表明：污泥与餐厨垃圾经过1 d高温预处理后,其SCOD/TCOD从33.9%提高到65%;中温厌氧消化时的甲烷产率和有机物去除率高达0.54 L/g和78.8%(SRT=20 d)、0.76 L/g和56.6%(SRT=15 d),略高于某实际餐厨废弃物及市政污泥协同处理项目一期的0.53 L/g和53.5%,该项目采用150～170℃高温、1 MPa高压热水解进行预处理;采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术得出水解酸化菌属如Porphyromonadaceae、Draconibacteriaceae、Eubacterium和Romboutsia在高温预处理后的共消化系统中得到富集,促进了系统的水解和产酸过程,为系统中产甲烷菌Archaea提供了丰富的基质,强化了污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化产气效果。     

基于pH调控的城市污泥厌氧发酵产酸小试研究

本研究设计了热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵污泥处理工艺,探究了p H对热碱预处理污泥产酸性能的影响,同时对发酵液作为碳源回用于污水厂强化脱氮除磷进行了质量衡算.在30 L厌氧发酵罐中考察了偏中性(p H=6.5)和碱性(p H=10.0)条件下热碱预处理污泥发酵的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产生及分布、蛋白质及碳水化合物的消耗和氮磷释放情况.结果表明,污泥热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵工艺的VFA产量稳定,在p H为6.5和10.0的条件下,发酵罐中平均VFA产率分别为333.29 mg·g-1(以每g VS产生的COD(mg)计,下同)和250.64 mg·g-1,p H为6.5时产酸更稳定,且产量较高,但碱性条件更适合产乙酸.两种p H条件下的SCOD、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、氮和磷的释放都无较大差异.质量衡算结果表明,以处理量为50000 m3·d-1的城市污水处理厂为例,其产生的污泥经过热碱预处理-半连续流厌氧发酵产酸工艺,产生的VFA能够满足该污水处理厂脱氮除磷提标改造的碳源需求.     

不同电解质对电化学预处理剩余污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响

电化学预处理剩余污泥(waste activated sludge, WAS)厌氧发酵(anaerobic fermentation, AF)产挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids, VFAs)具有良好的应用价值和环境效益,然而不同电解质对电化学预处理剩余污泥以及厌氧发酵的效果具有较大影响。因此,实验考查了不同电解质(空白对照,NaCl,Na₂SO₄和CaCl₂)在电流强度为1 A、预处理时间为60 min的电化学处理条件下,对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产VFAs的影响。结果表明:当0.05 mol/L NaCl作为电解质时,在电化学预处理阶段污泥有机质(溶解性COD、多糖、蛋白质等)溶出效果较其他电解质更好。在厌氧发酵阶段,该条件下VFAs最大累积量可达到2625.8 mg COD/L,相比空白对照组提升了51.6%,表明NaCl作为电解质的电化学预处理不仅能够有效促进剩余污泥中有机质溶出,而且有利于产酸微生物(如Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes)的富集,从而促进厌氧发酵产VFAs,达到提高污泥资源化利用率的目的。     

初始pH对酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

对污泥进行不同pH值的酸性预处理,用HCl将污泥pH值分别调到2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0,在4℃条件下放置24 h,然后再用NaOH分别调到2.0～12.0用于批量试验,系统考察了不同初始pH值对酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响.研究表明,初始pH为2.0～4.0以及12.0时对产氢菌及耗氢菌有抑制作用,总体产氢量少;初始pH为5.0～9.0时,甲烷菌及产氧菌均活跃,产氢滞后时间短.但总体产氢量少;初始pH为11.0时,甲烷菌受到明显抑制,而产氢菌仍然活跃,总体产氢量较高,发酵后期pH恒定在7.0～8.0,经pH为2.0、3.0、4.0和5.0酸性预处理的污泥(干重)累积产氢量分别为0.59、1.83、0.50和0.56 mL/g.     

不同初始pH值下磷钼酸对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产酸的影响

磷钼酸作为一种绿色的强氧化剂,可以促进剩余污泥(WAS)厌氧发酵产酸过程中的水解阶段并能有效抑制产甲烷菌群,但其与pH值调节共同作用对挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的产生情况仍然未知.本研究提出调控初始pH值(7,8,9,10)以优化磷钼酸预处理下的WAS厌氧发酵产酸的方法,结果表明,提高初始pH值有利于污泥有机质的溶出,可与磷钼酸共同促进VFAs的产生.特别在初始p H=10时,最大VFAs的产量(1588.7mg COD/L)是未调控初始pH值(778.1mgCOD/L)时的2.0倍,乙酸含量占比更是达到了48.7%.综上,磷钼酸与碱性条件对污泥厌氧发酵过程起联合协同促进作用,对提高VFAs产量具有一定的可行性.     

酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢

通过批量试验系统研究了酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵产氢情况.研究结果表明,通过酸性预处理,不仅对耗氢菌起到抑制作用,还能起到一定的融胞作用,使污泥中溶解性的糖和蛋白质的含量增加,促进厌氧发酵产氢;酸性预处理污泥厌氧发酵主要降解的有机物质为蛋白质,糖类次之.最佳的酸性预处理条件为调整原污泥pH=3.0放置24h;经过pH=3.0酸性预处理后调节初始pH=11.0的条件下厌氧发酵产氢,其最大累积产氢量最高,为14.66 mL.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...