北京温榆河流域微生物污染调查研究

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,我国河流普遍受到了不同程度的水质污染,而微生物指标对于水质评价具有重要作用.本研究选取细菌总数、总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群以及SC噬菌体、F噬菌体作为指示微生物对北京市温榆河开展了历时一年多的调查研究,结果表明,除了有机污染和富营养化问题外,温榆河流域的微生物污染非常突出.温榆河上游已经受到了一定程度的微生物污染,微生物浓度(以粪大肠菌群为例)波动较大(5.01×10²~5.37×10⁶个·L^-1);下游受清河、坝河等排水河道的影响,微生物污染普遍严重(均值达6.3×10⁶个·L^-1以上),与地表水Ⅴ类水质标准(GB 3838—2002)相比FC浓度平均超出两个数量级.统计分析显示,温榆河微生物污染受季节的影响并不显著(p>0.05),表明人为因素很可能是其主要影响因素.温榆河处于微生物高污染水平,可能威胁地下水水质和农作物质量安全,应从源头加强微生物风险控制.     

基于指示菌的温榆河微生物健康风险评估

城市河流是城市重要的生态景观组分,发挥着一定的景观娱乐功能,但污水处理厂出水和流域分散性污水等非常规水源补给逐渐成为越来越多城市河流补给的常态.本研究在典型的非常规水源补给河流—北京市温榆河布设采样点,系统评估了2015年间河流的粪大肠菌、大肠埃希氏菌、肠球菌3种指示微生物的污染状况,运用定量微生物风险评价方法考查了非常规水源补给对河流微生物污染状况和微生物的人体健康风险的影响.研究结果显示,温榆河作为景观娱乐水体时,以不同表征方式表征的单次暴露微生物健康风险值为0.1~0.5,从风险角度考虑其作为景观娱乐水体是不可接受的;受非常规水源补给影响严重的下游河段单次暴露的健康风险可能比上游高出50%.从温榆河不同微生物表征的单次暴露健康风险来看,上下游暴露途径皆以游泳引起的风险为最高;从微生物年暴露健康风险来看,对河道保洁人员、游船驾驶人员这两类常年频繁接触温榆河水体的人群风险值最高.     

海河流域典型河流粪源性指示微生物的污染特征及其时空分布

当前,我国河流污染的监测、研究与治理甚少考虑微生物指标,导致国内大多河流的微生物污染状况不明.本研究以海河流域上游山区段永定河(张家口市)、中游平原段温榆河(北京市)和下游滨海段北运河(天津市)3段典型河流为对象,选取粪大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、SC噬菌体为指示微生物指标,开展了历时1年的野外调查,以期明确海河流域典型河流微生物污染的浓度水平及其时空分布特征.结果表明:除有机污染和富营养化问题外,3条河流也受到了较为严重的微生物污染.监测断面的肠球菌、大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌群、SC噬菌体的年平均浓度分别在1.039×103~9.168×105CFU·L-1、10~1.870×106CFU·L-1、1.43×102~8.105×106CFU·L-1、0~4.77×106PFU·L-1之间.曼-惠特尼U检验分析结果表明,流域内指示微生物浓度分布的季节性变化不显著;3条河流中,中游平原段温榆河因受污水处理厂退水排入河道的影响,微生物污染水平最高;上游山区段永定河虽有机污染较轻,但动物粪便污染严重,导致河流微生物污染状况亦不容乐观.为保障流域公共卫生安全和地下水安全,上游山区段农村畜禽粪便处理、中游平原段污水处理厂退水应得到进一步的关注与管理.     

1980—2010年温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征

以温榆河流域的主要超标污染物 COD 和氨氮为研究对象,通过历史数据和现场调查,系统研究了1980—2010年间温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征.结果表明,温榆河流域水环境质量经历了清洁-污染-重度污染-污染遏制的过程,但水质现状均不达标;温榆河流域水环境质量好坏依次是上段>下段,温榆河>坝河>清河,并且Pearson相关分析表明,温榆河下段COD和NH+4-N浓度主要受清河影响;温榆河流域COD污染逐步遏制(超标倍数<1)、NH+4-N污染凸显(超标倍数8～20),耗氧物质处于从COD为主向NH+4-N为主转换的阶段;支流清河和坝河不仅是温榆河干流入河污染负荷的首要输入途径,而且支流上污水集中处理设施的排水是温榆河干流的首要补给来源(70.1%),其运行状况与升级改造对改善温榆河水环境质量至关重要.     

北京温榆河流域耐药大肠杆菌的调查研究

采用滤膜法结合大肠杆菌显色培养基,调查了北京地区温榆河流域氨苄青霉素、四环素、磺胺(磺胺甲厄唑-甲氧苄啶联用)和左旋氧氟沙星4 类抗生素耐药大肠杆菌的发生情况.结果表明,温榆河流域总大肠杆菌数为10³~10⁷ 个/L,耐药大肠杆菌数为0~10⁶ 个/L;大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素、四环素和磺胺耐药率分别为10%~35%、5%~25%、10%~35%,而使用时间最短的左氧氟沙星耐药率则低于15%;受渔场排放影响的采样点,四环素耐药大肠杆菌数量显著高于该点其他抗生素耐药大肠杆菌数量,而左氧氟沙星耐药大肠杆菌数量百分比相对较高的采样点推测可能源于人类排放.     

北京温榆河流域耐药大肠杆菌的调查研究

采用滤膜法结合大肠杆菌显色培养基,调查了北京地区温榆河流域氨苄青霉素、四环素、磺胺(磺胺甲厄唑-甲氧苄啶联用)和左旋氧氟沙星4 类抗生素耐药大肠杆菌的发生情况.结果表明,温榆河流域总大肠杆菌数为10³~10⁷ 个/L,耐药大肠杆菌数为0~10⁶ 个/L;大肠杆菌对氨苄青霉素、四环素和磺胺耐药率分别为10%~35%、5%~25%、10%~35%,而使用时间最短的左氧氟沙星耐药率则低于15%;受渔场排放影响的采样点,四环素耐药大肠杆菌数量显著高于该点其他抗生素耐药大肠杆菌数量,而左氧氟沙星耐药大肠杆菌数量百分比相对较高的采样点推测可能源于人类排放.     

基于FIB的北京温榆河流域粪便污染物分布特征和源解析

目前,北京市温榆河流域存在着较为严重的粪源微生物污染问题,对流域周边暴露人群的健康带来了潜在的威胁.为了明确温榆河粪便污染的分布特征及宿主来源,本研究采用传统培养法与定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)分别对常规粪便指示细菌(Fecal indicator bacteria, FIB),包括粪大肠菌群(Fecal Coliform, FC)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, EC)与肠球菌(Enterococcus,ENT)和溯源FIB,包括不同宿主来源的特异性生物标记进行检测,并探究其相关性.研究结果表明,流域内粪源微生物污染较为严重,常规FIB浓度介于0～4.38×10~7 CFU·L~(-1)之间,溯源FIB处于1.37×10~6～4.29×10~(10) copies·L~(-1)之间.从时空分布来看,由于来水中各大支流及污水处理厂的贡献,从温榆河起点沙河闸至终点北关闸,所有的指示菌浓度呈现出大幅度的升高趋势.其中,龙道河为干流来水中粪便污染的首要地域,污水处理厂的尾水可能是清河河口及坝河处微生物污染的主要来源;降雨径流对粪源微生物含量的时空变化存在着非常显著的影响,使得FIB最高可达2个数量级的增长.微生物溯源结果显示温榆河流域内的粪源微生物来源主要为人类粪便污染,而非畜禽粪便污染,这同北京市近年来有关畜禽养殖管控密切相关.相关性分析表明,虽然FC与EC、ENT之间皆存在着统计学意义上的显著正相关性,但传统的FIB指标与拟杆菌及人源拟杆菌指标之间不存在显著相关性.本研究通过传统FIB培养和微生物溯源方法结合,明确了北京温榆河粪源污染程度及其主要来源,为北京温榆河污染防控提供了新的思路.     

南方某城市地表水体中粪源性污染指示微生物的分布特征研究

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,研究城市地表水体的粪源性微生物污染特征,开展人体健康风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的水质监测和风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市的5个典型地表水体为案例,监测总大肠菌（TC）、粪大肠菌（FC）、大肠埃希氏菌（EC）和肠球菌（ENT）这4种粪源性污染指示微生物以及常规理化水质指标,研究指示微生物在城市地表水体中的浓度水平、时间和空间分布特征以及不同水质指标之间的相关性.结果表明,案例水体中TC和FC通常在10^3～10^7个.L^-1,EC和ENT通常分别低于200个·L^-1和105个·L^-1;4种指示微生物的浓度分布呈现季节变化特征,并且能够指示水体受到周边环境的污染状况;4种指示微生物指标之间以及微生物指标与常规理化水质指标（如溶解氧等）之间具有一定的相关性.     

温榆河流域闸坝群对河流水量水质影响分析

流域闸坝群对河流水文水环境的影响是目前变化环境下流域水循环研究中的热点和难点之一。论文从流域尺度上探讨了温榆河流域闸坝群对水文循环和污染物运移的作用,分析了闸坝群对温榆河干流水量和水质浓度的影响。研究表明：①闸坝群调蓄减小了温榆河的径流量,削减洪峰,调节非汛期径流,源头的水库对径流调蓄强,削峰显著,而中下游地区的闸坝对径流调蓄较弱,对汛期洪峰有削减作用,但增加了非汛期径流量;②对于河流水环境影响,源头水库库容大,纳污能力强,有助于消减坝上水质浓度,但在水库坝下以及中下游地区水闸,闸坝切断河流,降低河流流通性,水质浓度提高。研究将为认识温榆河流域水污染成因提供依据,同时也为流域水污染整治和水资源高效利用提供技术支撑。     

社会经济发展对永定河流域(北京段)与温榆河流域地下水的影响分析

以永定河流域（北京段）和温榆河流域为对象,通过历史数据收集、整理和统计分析,研究流域内地下水环境的历史变迁和社会经济发展对其的影响.结果表明,1978—2008年间永定河流域（北京段）和温榆河流域均存在地下水埋深加深、地下水资源和地下水开采量略增、地下水水质恶化的趋势.1940—2008年间两流域的地下水埋深、地下水资...     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.