黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草对土壤细菌群落结构的影响

为了探究黄土丘陵区退耕还林还草工程对土壤细菌群落的影响,本文以宁南山区玉米农地为对照,人工柠条地和天然草地为退耕还林还草的处理,利用Illumina二代高通量测序技术MiSeq对土壤细菌的16S rRNA V3~V4可变区进行测序,研究3种植被下土壤细菌的α多样性、物种组成和丰富度,并结合土壤理化性质探讨影响细菌群落结构的环境因素.3种土壤样品中共检测到细菌29门,76纲,135目,250科,375属,682种,主要的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,主要的优势菌纲为α-变形菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（β-Proteobacteria）、嗜热油菌纲（Thermoleophilia）、芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）、杆菌纲（Bacilli）、δ-变形菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）.与耕地相比,林地的优势菌主要是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,草地的是放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）.柠条林地的土壤微生物多样性最高.通过RDA分析发现,影响本研究区域土壤细菌分布的最主要环境因子是全氮和有机质.研究表明通过退耕还林与还草工程明显地改善了土壤肥力和环境状况,改变了土壤细菌群落组成.     

基于454高通量测序的黄土高原不同乔木林土壤细菌群落特征

选取黄土高原不同乔木林（辽东栎,LDL;侧柏,CB;刺槐,CH;油松,YS）表层土壤为研究对象,利用第二代高通量测序技术罗氏454平台对其进行16S rRNA基因V1~V3可变区测序,通过分析其Alpha多样性、物种组成和丰度、群落结构,结合土壤的理化性质研究其对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明：所有土壤样品共检测到36个门,84个纲,187个目.不同乔木林土壤中优势菌来自变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌（Chloroflexi）和浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）,主要的优势菌纲为放线杆菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）、β-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、浮霉菌纲（Planctomycetacia）.不同乔木林土壤中绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）与pH值呈极显著的正相关,总磷和蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）呈极显著的正相关,微生物生物量碳与芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）呈极显著的负相关,土壤总磷含量可能为CB样地区别于其他土样群落组成的主要因素.LDL样地细菌群落受环境影响较小.     

黄土高原草地土壤细菌群落结构对于降水变化的响应

微生物作为生态系统功能的主要参与者,对降水变化引起的土壤水分变化的响应是科学评估气候变化对半干旱生态系统影响的一个非常重要的方面.为研究降水变化对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的影响,在黄土高原进行了为期2 a的原位模拟降雨变化实验,设置了5种降水梯度,即减少自然降雨的80%和40%、自然降雨和增加自然降雨的40%和80%(编号为D80、 D40、 NP、 I40和I80).结果表明:①减雨或增雨80%处理中C/N较低,而增雨40%(I40)时最大, 0～20 cm土层的均值为10.76; MBC/MBN在减雨80%(D80)和增雨80%(I80)处理中随土层变化显著,D80时最大值为14.15.②黄土高原天然草地土壤中,主要的优势菌门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),主要的优势菌纲为放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、α-变形杆菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia).③RDA分析显示,在降水处理条件下,土壤溶解性有机碳、可溶性有机氮、电导率、pH值的变化是影响该研究区土壤细菌分布的主要因素.总之,干旱或极端降水对黄土高原区土壤活性有机质含量和土壤细菌种群多样性及丰度影响显著.     

贵州喀斯特地区土壤细菌群落结构特征及变化

为探明贵州喀斯特不同植被演替群落下的土壤细菌群落结构及变化特征,本文利用高通量测序技术对5个主要植被演替群落(稀灌草丛、藤刺灌丛、灌木林、乔灌过渡林、乔木林)的根际(竹叶椒)、非根际土壤细菌群落结构及环境因子进行了分析研究。结果表明:贵州喀斯特高原土壤细菌类群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),其相对丰富度分别为43.35%、12.97%、7.53%、7.12%、6.19%、5.35%、5.05%,未分类类群占7.36%。样品中检测到了较低丰度的广古菌门和泉古菌门。随植被群落演替,根际土壤中变形菌门、厚壁菌门和浮霉菌门丰度逐渐增加;非根际土壤中酸杆菌门和疣微菌门丰度随植被演替逐渐减小。贵州喀斯特高原土壤细菌的影响因子大小为土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、含水量、电导率等,其中土壤有机碳和土壤总氮有显著性影响。     

典型生物滞留池细菌群落结构及多样性特征

为了解生物滞留池的细菌群落多样性特征,选取珠海市3个典型生物滞留池为样点,采集19个土壤样本,基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,分析了生物滞留池的细菌群落结构及多样性,探讨了细菌群落与土壤因子的关系及生态功能。结果表明：珠海市生物滞留池的优势菌门(相对丰度>5%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria),还含有大量厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、糖化细菌门(Saccharibacteria)、蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)等细菌群落。生物滞留池细菌群落的多样性和丰富度较高,细菌群落结构受生物滞留池中植被类型的影响显著,受土壤深度的影响不显著。土壤因子分析发现,总有机碳(TOC)、总硫(TS)、总氮(TN)、铵氮(NH⁺₄-N)和硝酸盐氮(...     

施用生物炭对麦田土壤细菌群落多样性和冬小麦生长的影响

通过长期田间定位试验研究土壤细菌群落的多样性及作物生长对施用生物炭的响应,为生物炭在农田中的合理应用提供科学依据.以冬小麦为研究对象,设置生物炭施加量为0(B0对照)、 5(B1)、 10(B2)和20 t·hm^-2(B3)这4个处理,结合Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术探究不同生物炭施用量对冬小麦扬花期和成熟期土壤理化性质、土壤细菌群落多样性和作物生长的影响.结果表明,土壤含水量、 pH值、土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮含量、冬小麦生物量、氮吸收和产量随着生物炭施用量的增加均表现出增加趋势.高通量测序结果得出B2处理显著降低了扬花期细菌群落α多样性;土壤细菌群落组成对不同施用量的生物炭和物候期的总体响应在分类上一致,本研究以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为优势菌门(相对丰度>5%),酸杆菌门的相对丰度下降,但随着生物炭的施用,变形菌门和浮霉菌门的相对丰度增加.冗余分析、共现...     

泗顶矿区6种土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征

以广西柳州泗顶铅锌矿区的玉米地、菜地、灌木、尾矿库、森林和柑橘园6种不同利用类型土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析了不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落结构特征及土壤环境因子对微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是6种土壤的优势菌门,所占比例为31.34%~53.47%,γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）为优势菌纲.冗余分析表明,在重金属含量最高的灌木区,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）的丰度与土壤中铅、锌、镉、铜的含量呈现显著正相关;在土壤钠和钾含量较高的玉米地和菜地,浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）的丰度有所增加,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度则有所下降.在土壤有机质含量较高而总氮、总磷含量较低的柑橘园,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的丰度较高.芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和浮霉菌门的丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关.研究结果表明土地利用类型及土壤环境因子对土壤微生物群落结构多样性有显著的影响.     

高通量测序分析黄土高原退耕还林区土壤细菌群落特征

为分析不同植被恢复模式下土壤细菌群落特征,探讨微生物在植被恢复过程中对黄土高原退耕还林区土壤生态系统的作用,采用高通量测序技术,以山西吉县典型森林生态系统人工林（人工刺槐林、人工油松林）、天然次生林和荒草地为研究对象,分析其土壤细菌α多样性、群落结构特征、功能预测以及土壤环境因子与细菌群落的相关性.结果表明,各恢复模式共得到25门、66纲、129类、240科、392属、760种和2213 OTUs;细菌群落的丰富度存在显著差异,均表现为草地 > 天然次生林 > 人工刺槐林 > 人工油松林.在门分类水平上,天然次生林和草地与人工林之间群落的相对丰度变化存在差异性,但差异性不显著.α-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria和δ-Proteobacteria在天然次生林土壤中的相对丰度要高于其他4种恢复模式,而在草地中的相对丰度最低.在土壤环境因子中TN和pH对土壤细菌群落的影响较大,优势细菌门类与TN和pH具有显著相关性,其中TN与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著正相关,pH与Proteobacteria （变形菌门）呈显著正相关,与Actinobacteria （放线菌门）呈显著负相关,而Acidobacteria （酸杆菌门）与TN和pH均呈显著负相关关系.土壤细菌群落主要涉及细胞运动,信号转导机制,氨基酸转运和代谢、辅酶的运输和代谢等24个二级功能,均表现出功能上的丰富性.本研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林区植被恢复的效益评价提供良好的数据基础,并为人工林的合理经营提供科学依据.     

生物炭添加对半干旱区土壤细菌群落的影响

以半干旱区固原生态试验站生物炭修复4a的表层土壤为对象，采用高通量测序技术研究了不同添加类型（槐树皮生物炭、锯末生物炭）和比例（1%、3%、5%，质量百分比）的生物炭对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响.结果表明，生物炭应用提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性，锯末生物炭优于槐树皮生物炭，且3%锯末生物炭对细菌群落的多样性影响最佳，其香农指数为6.22；优势门主要为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和Saccharibacteria，相对丰度共占76.80%~85.31%；优势纲有放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）、α-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria），其相对丰度占48.13%~57.08%；属水平上，施加生物炭增加了芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度，降低了土微菌属（Pedomicrobium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的相对丰度；层级聚类及冗余分析（RDA）发现，施加生物炭对细菌群落结构有影响，其中，微生物量碳、含水率、铵态氮、有机碳对细菌群落结构的影响较大.细菌优势门与环境因子相关性热图分析表明，铵态氮与放线菌门、绿弯菌门呈显著相关性.铵态氮是影响细菌群落的主要理化因子.     

嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物细菌群落多样性

为探究不同人为扰动对自然河流生态环境的影响,以嘉陵江河道沉积物细菌群落为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术分析工程干扰、支流干扰、采砂干扰、垦殖干扰和无干扰断面河道沉积物细菌的群落组成和功能变化.结果表明,嘉陵江不同干扰断面河道沉积物理化性质和细菌群落多样性均具有显著差异(P<0.05).无干扰断面细菌群落多样性最高,同时,采砂干扰和无干扰断面细菌群落均匀度最高,而支流干扰和垦殖干扰均导致细菌群落多样性和均匀度降低.工程干扰对细菌群落组成的影响显著区别于其他4种干扰断面.细菌优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)和Vicinamibacteria纲.采砂干扰导致放线菌门增加,工程干扰促进了酸杆菌门的增加.含水率、有机碳、总氮和总磷是影响沉积物微生物群落变化的主要环境因子.细菌群落主要涉及新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理和细胞过程这4类一级...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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