城市化与城市人居环境关系的定量研究--以大连市为例

本文以大连市为例．通过一系列的实证资料。建立数学模型．对城市化进程与城市人居环境的相互关系进行了研究，发现大连城市化水平与城市人居环境之间有很大的一致性．城市化水平越商，城市人居环境越好，反之，城市化水平越低，人居环境越差；并提出了大连城市发展的思路。     

中国城市化发展速度界定的初步探索

纵观我国城市化发展历程，虽然取得了举世瞩目的成就，同时也带来了许多问题，具体表现为城市化快速扩张过程中带来的资源与生态环境压力。阐述了城市化发展的国内外背景，认为城市化过程中的土地资源、水资源、环境容量等是影响城镇健康可持续发展的重要因素，构成了制约城市发展的综合性支撑体系。对我国城市化道路健康发展的基本策略进行了阐述。在对我国城市化发展速度的主要影响因素进行分析的基础上，根据人均GDP增长和各地区城市发展条件与潜力，通过综合指标分析，对我国不同类型区的城市化发展速度进行了初步界定及趋势分析。     

大城市的城市化发展战略和途径研究--以南京市为例

城市化从本质上是一种经济社会结构变动过程，南京市作为长江三角洲的副中心城市和江苏省省会，需要认真研究在经济全球化背景下，如何加快推进城市化进程，发挥中心城市功能，促进城市现代化和可持续发展。城市化水平的提高、大城市中心功能的加强、较为明显的城乡二元结构是南京市城市化过程中的基本特征。南京城市化的发展遇到了前所未有的机遇，江苏省已经提出了大力规划建设以南京市为中心的都市圈，并在2001、2002连续2年扩张南京市区的范围，大大加强了南京市的综合实力。南京的城市化发展主要途径在于提升城市功能，奠定城市化的经济基础；以城市空间优化为支点，以基础设施建设为引导，提高城市现代化水平；增强中心城市辐射功能．带动城乡一体的发展。推进南京城市化的进程还必须要制定一些政策和措施傲保证，如加快户籍制度和土地制度的改革、加大投资融资的力度、制定各类切实可行的规划等等。     

资源型区域中心城市的产业演进与城市化发展——以太原市为例

在经济发展的不同阶段。工业化与城市化之间的关系有不同的表现。其产业演进与城市化发展特征也不相同。本文以山西省会城市——太原市为例。研究了资源型区域中心城市的产业演进与城市化发展。主要思路是：在对产业演进与城市化发展的相关研究成果进行梳理的基础上。分析总结了资源型区域中心城市产业演进与城市化发展的基本规律。以太原为案例研究了不同发展阶段产业演进与城市化发展的特征和机制。并对其未来发展方向进行了讨论。     

基于结构视角的中国人口城市化与土地城市化异速增长研究

回顾中国最近20年的快速城市化里程,土地资源紧缺和城市化空间需求剧增的矛盾一直尖锐。而土地城市化快于人口城市化已经成为社会各界的共识。但从系统角度看,这仅是城市系统的表象,应从结构层面剖析其内在差异性。本文从区域结构、建设用地结构、城市规模结构等视角,采用异速增长模型,分析了我国2001-2014年土地城市化与人口城市化异速增长的内在关系。结果表明:从区域结构视角看,近14年我国东部地区和中部地区土地城市化始终快于人口城市化,而西部地区则不存在该问题;从建设用地结构角度看,公共管理和公共服务用地、物流仓储用地和居住用地也不存在土地城市化快于人口城市化的问题,虽工业用地、绿地和道路与交通设施用地扩张速度快于城市人口增速,但这体现了城市功能的优化和提升;从城市规模结构角度看,20万以下、500万以上的城市土地城市化慢于人口城市化,而20-50万、50-100万城市的土地城市化快于人口城市化现象明显,100-300万、300-500万的城市则出现了异速增长模式的不同转换。结果证明,中国的人口城市化与土地城市化之间存在明显的区域和结构差异,今后新型城镇化方针政策也应因地因城制宜。     

城市化过程中的几个内在规律性问题

城市化是伴随着工业社会、信息时代的一种社会经济现象，是人类文明进步的一个重要标志，我国由于工业化起步晚，城市化进展也较慢，改革开放后，由于工业化加快，全球经济一体化也深刻影响着我国，城市化进程近20年来发展很快，城市化比重由1980年的14％，发展到2000年的36．1％，预计到2020年或2030年，我国城市化水平可以达到60％左右，达到中等发达国家的水平，城市化过程中，必须遵循城市发展的内在规律，着重探讨了我国城市化过程中的6个内在规律，以引起学术讨论。     

南京市快速城市化时期城市用地优化评价实证研究

我国已经进入快速城市化的关键时期。城市用地需求激增，城市空间变化剧烈。按照科学发展观的时代要求,正确评价城市土地的利用水平，促进区域城市的健康和谐发展，具有十分重要的意义。以南京市为例，总结了城市用地建设中存在的城乡失衡、耕地危机、功能削弱、效率降低等主要问题，并尝试建立土地利用优化评价模型，以综合判断在快速城市化阶段城市用地的集约化程度。通过对南京市的实证分析可见，在城市的迅速扩张中，城市用地的确存在集约水平波动的现象，而且不同指标呈现差异化发展趋势。21世纪的城市土地利用，由粗放到集约、由重量到重质、由紊乱到有序是必然选择。     

我国城市化进程对土地资源影响程度的分析

本文根据对８０年代以来我国城市发展和土地资源及土地利用方式变化的实证分析，探讨了我国土地资源和城市化进程之间的相互关系。认为：城市化不是造成８０年代以来我国耕地数量下降较快的最主要原因；从长期趋势看，土地资源不会对我国城市化发展构成根本制约。     

我国城市化进展

——城市人口不断增长。城市化首先表现为城市人口的增长。从１９４９年到１９９７年,我国城市市区非农业人口从２７４０．６万人增加到２．１４亿人,增长了７．８倍。２０万至５０万人口的中等城市人口增长１０倍;２０万人口以下的城市人口增长５．５倍;５０万至１００万人口的大城市人口增长４．８倍;１００万人口以上的特大城市人口增长６．４倍。５０年来我国城市人口的快速增长,主要由东南部沿海地区快速发展所驱动。——城市非农业人口比重不断增加。新中国成立初期,我国城市非农业人口占总人口的比重仅有５．１％。改革前,市…     

城市化与北京增温的协整分析

城市增温现象和城市热岛效应对人居环境的影响日益显著，而城市化是否是城市增温现象的一个主要影响因素，为此。利用协整分析等经济计量方法研究城市化对城市增温现象的影响。协整分析是近年来计量经济学发展的最新成果，能够揭示变量之间存在着的长期均衡变动关系。分析发现，城市化因子与城市气候因子之间存在着协整关系。长期看北京市的年平均最低温度与人口密度基本上处于同步增长状态；短期内城市气温的变动受人口和城市化因素的影响较大。为此可知，北京市70年代以来，城市气温的升高基本上与城市化的发展相一致。二者具有长期协同变动的均衡关系。这些发现对我们制定减缓城市热岛效应的城市规划以及合理人口规模的城市发展战略都有很大的帮助。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.