中国沿海地区植被NDVI时空变化及驱动力分析

研究植被变化对区域生态修复具有重要意义。以中国沿海地区为例,基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）和降水、夜间灯光等自然和人为因子数据,运用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析+Mann-Kendall检验、最优参数地理探测器（OPGD）、相关分析和Hurst指数,多时空尺度探讨了中国沿海地区植被NDVI时空变化规律及其驱动力。结果表明：1)2001-2020年研究区植被状况较好,NDVI多年均值为0.762,具体到各分区,东北沿海的NDVI均值最高,其次是华南沿海,华东沿海和华北沿海;全区NDVI逐年变化率为0.019/10 a(P<0.01),不同分区的上升趋势从大到小为华南沿海、东北沿海、华北沿海和华东沿海,区域内植被状况不断改善,退耕还林还草和沿海防护林等生态工程效益不断显现;2）夜间灯光指数在全区各个因子中的解释力最大（q值为0.354）,人为因素对NDVI的解释力明显大于自然因素,其对植被恢复产生了积极影响,并且随时间推移逐渐增强;3）两因子结合后的解释力大于单因子,表现为双因子增强和非线性增强。在全区范围内,影响最大的一对交互作用为土壤类型∩夜间灯光,其他分区则为日照时...     

我国表层土壤多环芳烃含量的空间分布及成因

为全面了解我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)含量状况及空间分布,收集整理了1999—2018年发表的208篇有关全国各地表层土壤PAHs的文献,综合运用ArcGIS空间插值技术、地理探测器模型和统计学方法,定量分析了我国表层土壤PAHs含量、空间分布、主要来源及成因。结果表明:我国各地表土PAHs平均含量的空间分布具有明显的区域特征,从华北、东北、华东、中南、西北到西南地区依次递减,华北地区土壤∑16PAHs平均含量约为西南地区的2. 5倍;我国土壤PAHs含量总体上处于中低污染水平,中等污染、轻微污染和未污染土壤占比分别约为22. 6%、71. 1%和6. 3%。利用地理探测器对9种社会经济影响因素的定量分析表明,燃煤发电对PAHs含量的空间分布格局影响显著高于其他因子;主成分分析结果也表明燃煤是重要污染源之一。该研究对实现我国土壤PAHs的科学管控和防治具有一定参考价值。     

基于GIS技术及模糊物元分析法的南京市仙林新市区生态安全评价

运用压力-状态-响应模型和层次分析法构建生态安全评价指标体系,综合运用GIS技术及模糊物元分析方法对南京市仙林新市区建设前后(2003和2007年)的生态安全状况进行评价。结果表明,2003—2007年,仙林生态安全状况主要向2个方向发展,生态安全和不安全区域面积均有所增加,占区域总面积比例分别由9.6%和12.9%增加至22.3%和15.0%。由于各区域发展模式不同,生态安全状况区域差异明显。具体表现为仙鹤片区与白象片区生态安全区域面积明显增加,占研究区总面积比例分别由2.6%和3.9%增加至10.1%和9.3%;麒麟片区生态安全状况以临界安全为主,部分片区由临界安全状态向较安全状态转化;青龙片区生态安全状况变化不大。     

我国主稻作区稻谷镉和铅含量及其分布特征

收集我国6个主稻作区代表性稻谷样品120份,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Cd、Pb含量,分析各地区各品种稻谷及其加工产物Cd、Pb含量差异,探讨Cd、Pb在稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中的分布规律.结果表明,我国主稻作区稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中Cd平均含量分别为(0.116 ±0.057)、(0.089 ±0.413)、(0.149±0.069)和(0.111±0.043) mg·kg-1,且华中稻作区、华南稻作区、华北稻作区、西北稻作区、东北稻作区和西南稻作区稻谷及其加工产物Cd平均含量依次降低;稻谷、精米、米糠和米糠油中Pb平均含量分别为(0.232±0.105)、(0.125±0.061)、(0.301±0.142)和(0.089±0.024) mg· kg-1,华中稻作区、华南稻作区、西北稻作区、华北稻作区、东北稻作区和西南稻作区稻谷及其加工产物Pb平均含量依次降低.米糠、稻谷、米糠油和精米中Cd平均含量依次降低,米糠、稻谷、精米和米糠油中Pb平均含量依次降低,稻谷加工为精米,Cd去除率为(9.40±1.46)％,Pb去除率为(36.03±1.15)％,米糠加工为米糠原油,其Cd和Pb残留率分别为(62.43±2.00)％和(31.24±0.63)％.     

上海市宝山区城镇化对农业用地环境质量的影响

利用环境风险指数法,对上海宝山区2003和2007年城镇农业土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn环境风险进行评价;从人口、经济、社会生活和生态环境4方面构建城镇化水平综合评价指标体系,并对宝山区2003和2007年城镇化水平进行综合测度,探讨宝山区城镇化水平与农业土壤环境风险指数间的定量关系。结果表明,与2003年相比,2007年宝山区农业土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn含量增加明显,农业土壤重金属综合环境风险加剧,环境风险在空间上表现为由东南向西北方向扩展态势;城镇化水平提升明显,城镇化水平与环境风险指数间存在明显正相关关系;目前宝山区城镇化发展模式不利于农业环境质量保护。     

中国各省区近10年遥感气溶胶光学厚度和变化

用2000—2009年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度（AOD））资料,分析中国29个省（区、市）AOD多年平均值和年际间变化趋势。中国10年平均AOD高值区主要集中在华北、华中、华南和新疆,低值区主要在青藏高原、西北（除新疆外）、东北和西南地区。中国有13个省（市、区）多年平均AOD超过0.4。最高为0.735（江苏）。只有西藏和黑龙江的AOD小于0.2,其余15个省区市的AOD在0.2至0.3之间。除新疆外,中国的AOD高值区全部集中在工业发达和人口密集的地区。中国年际间AOD的变化为上升趋势。近10 a来AOD增长的倾向率为0.019/10a,即增加了4.3%。其中在2000—2007年间的上升最为明显,在2007年达到近10 a来的最高峰（0.437 6）,2008年以后中国的AOD开始出现下降趋势,2009年达到近10 a来最低值（0.372 0）。有17个省区市AOD气候学变化倾向率为正值,变化的范围为0.006~0.099/10a。有12个为负值,变化的范围为-0.037~-0.003/10a。出现AOD增加和减少趋势的区域两极分化,即高排放地区继续增加,低排放地区持续减少。     

中国部分省会城市PM_(2.5)中重金属水平及影响因素分析

为揭示我国城市PM_(2.5)中重金属水平的总体分布,在文献调研的基础上,对24个省会城市PM_(2.5)中重金属(包括类金属)数据进行分析和对比,阐述我国省会城市PM_(2.5)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的分布及累积差异,并探讨相关城市发展参数对重金属水平的可能影响.结果表明:(1)PM_(2.5)中各元素平均浓度从高到低的顺序为:ZnPbCuCrNiAsCd,元素浓度分别为311、105、35.4、19.8、17.7、17.1、2.08 ng·m~(-3),与土壤背景值相比,Pb和Cu较其他元素累积明显;与我国环境空气质量标准比较,78%的城市PM_(2.5)中As浓度超过我国环境空气质量标准限值;(2)城市间PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度变异度较大,总体上,广州PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度较高,台北PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度较低;(3)对于不同的金属元素,其高值区出现的区域不尽相同,总体而言,城市PM_(2.5)中重金属的区域分布特征是:西北华中华南华北东北西南华东;(4)PM_(2.5)中重金属浓度的季节分布呈现冬、秋季较高,春、夏季较低的特征;(5)城市发展对城市PM_(2.5)中重金属水平有一定影响.     

近10年中国大陆MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度特征

应用2001—2010年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,分析中国550 nm AOD年和季节平均分布。还选取了10个代表性区域,分析AOD变化特征。这些分析建立起了近10年来中国气溶胶光学厚度的气候学特征:中国年平均AOD空间区域分布中心大体呈现两低两高。两低中心位于植被覆盖度高和人烟稀少的(1)黑龙江和内蒙古东北高纬度地区(～0.2);(2)川、滇与青藏高原交界的西南高海拔地区(0.1～0.2)。一个AOD低值带(0.2～0.3)连接这两个低中心,呈东北西南走向跨过中国大陆。在此低值带两侧,各有一片AOD高值中心(～0.8):(1)人口密集和工业化发展带来的大量人为气溶胶形成了一个覆盖了华北、长江流域(从四川盆地,两湖地区到长三角)到华南珠江三角洲相联的大片高AOD中心区域;(2)以沙尘为主的自然气气溶胶造就了西北塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边高AOD区。中国AOD这一两低两高区域分布特征基本保持四季不变,但其中心强度呈现各自区域性季节变化。中国春季AOD高值区的面积最大,其次是夏季,然后是秋季,面积最小的是冬季。南方AOD月变化规律多为双峰型,即3—5和8—9月出现2次高峰,5—7月从南向北先后出现波谷,变化规律与季风响应。北方为单峰型,6—7月为高峰,11到来年2月为低谷。用弱季风年(2002)和强季风年(2003)季风影响区域气象条件和气溶胶数据对比分析表明,大陆AOD的月空间分布和变化与季风气候,以及风速、风向、降水、温度和湿度等的变化有关。     

近10年中国大陆 MODIS 遥感气溶胶光学厚度特征

应用2001—2010年 MODIS 大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,分析中国550 nm AOD 年和季节平均分布.还选取了10个代表性区域,分析 AOD 变化特征.这些分析建立起了近10年来中国气溶胶光学厚度的气候学特征:中国年平均AOD 空间区域分布中心大体呈现两低两高.两低中心位于植被覆盖度高和人烟稀少的(1)黑龙江和内蒙古东北高纬度地区(~0.2);(2)川、滇与青藏高原交界的西南高海拔地区(0.1~0.2).一个 AOD 低值带(0.2~0.3)连接这两个低中心,呈东北西南走向跨过中国大陆.在此低值带两侧,各有一片 AOD 高值中心(~0.8):(1)人口密集和工业化发展带来的大量人为气溶胶形成了一个覆盖了华北、长江流域(从四川盆地,两湖地区到长三角)到华南珠江三角洲相联的大片高 AOD 中心区域;(2)以沙尘为主的自然气气溶胶造就了西北塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边高 AOD 区.中国 AOD 这一两低两高区域分布特征基本保持四季不变,但其中心强度呈现各自区域性季节变化.中国春季 AOD 高值区的面积最大,其次是夏季,然后是秋季,面积最小的是冬季.南方 AOD 月变化规律多为双峰型,即3—5和8—9月出现2次高峰,5—7月从南向北先后出现波谷,变化规律与季风响应.北方为单峰型,6—7月为高峰,11到来年2月为低谷.用弱季风年(2002)和强季风年(2003)季风影响区域气象条件和气溶胶数据对比分析表明,大陆 AOD 的月空间分布和变化与季风气候,以及风速、风向、降水、温度和湿度等的变化有关     

基于时空理念的区域协调度模型及实证分析

以区域关系的实质为着眼点,将协调度的内涵界定为度量系统之间或系统内部之间协调状况好坏的定量指标,以此为基础,从社会经济和资源环境2个子系统之间的协调性入手,选择指标构建评价模型,对1990-2003年新疆区域发展的协调性进行了阶段性分析,结果表明社会经济子系统及资源环境子系统发展水平在波动中提升,2个子系统之间的协调性整体上在逐步改善;从空间上对新疆87个县市协调性进行了对比分析,结果表明空间差异性较大.     

基于LMDI的中国二氧化硫排放区域变化的因素分解

运用LMDI方法将中国SO2排放变化分解为规模效应、区域经济结构效应、能源强度效应、能源结构效应、产污系数效应和污染治理效应六个因素,并进行了东、中、西和东北四个地区的差异分解分析。结果表明：规模效应是造成各地区SO2排放增加的最重要原因,不同地区不同时段SO2排放的减排因素不同。1999―2003年间,东部、中部地区能源结构和产污系数的减排效应显著,西部、东北地区能源强度和产污系数效应突出;2003―2006年间,东中西部污染治理和产污系数减排效应明显,东北地区能源效率减排贡献大;2006―2009年间,东部、中部的污染治理和能源效率减排贡献突出,西部的产污系数效应和污染治理作用显著,东北的产污系数和能源强度效应突出。建议按照不同地区结合实际情况实行灵活的减排政策。     

Emergy analysis of the urban metabolism of Beijing

Cities can be modeled as if they were superorganisms with a range of metabolic processes. Research on this urban metabolism can contribute to solving urban environmental problems by revealing details of the metabolic throughput of the system. A key issue is how to find a common basis for measuring the environmental and economic values. By providing a single unified unit, emergy theory integrates the natural and socioeconomic systems and thoroughly evaluates a system's metabolism. We analyzed Beijing's urban metabolic system using emergy synthesis to evaluate its environmental resources, economy, and environmental and economic relations with the regions outside the city during 14 years of development. We compared Beijing's emergy indices with those of five other Chinese cities and of China as a whole to assess Beijing's relative development status. These indices are the emergy self-support ratio (metabolic dependence), the environmental load ratio (metabolic loading), empower density (metabolic pressure), emergy used per person (metabolic intensity per capita), and the monetary equivalent of emergy (emdollars; metabolic intensity). Based on our emergy analysis, Beijing's socioeconomic system is not self-sufficient, and depends greatly on external environmental resources. Its GDP is supported by a high percentage of emergy purchased from outside the city. During the study period, Beijing's urban system showed an increasing dependence on external resources for its economic development. Beijing's loading and pressure on the ecological environment is continuously increasing, accompanied by continuously increasing human emergy consumption. In the future, it will become increasingly necessary to improve Beijing's metabolic efficiency.     

Current status of municipal wastewater treatment plants in North-east China: implications for reforming and upgrading

● The performance and costs of 20 municipal WWTPs were analyzed. ● Effluent COD and NH₄⁺-N effluent exceed the limits more frequently in winter. ● Nitrification and refractory pollutant removal are limited at low temperatures. ● To meet the national standards, electricity cost must increase by > 42% in winter. ● Anammox, granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification are promising technologies. Climate affects the natural landscape, the economic productivity of societies, and the lifestyles of its inhabitants. It also influences municipal wastewater treatment. Biological processes are widely employed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the prolonged cold conditions brought by the winter months each year pose obstacles to meeting the national standards in relatively cold regions. Therefore, both a systematic analysis of existing technical bottlenecks as well as promising novel technologies are urgently needed for these cold regions. Taking North-east China as a case, this review studied and analyzed the main challenges affecting 20 municipal WWTPs. Moreover, we outlined the currently employed strategies and research issues pertaining to low temperature conditions. Low temperatures have been found to reduce the metabolism of microbes by 58% or more, thereby leading to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₄⁺-N levels that have frequently exceeded the national standard during the winter months. Furthermore, the extracellular matrix tends to lead to activated sludge bulking issues. Widely employed strategies to combat these issues include increasing the aeration intensity, reflux volume, and flocculant addition; however, these strategies increase electricity consumption by > 42% in the winter months. Internationally, the processes of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), granular sludge, and aerobic denitrification have become the focus of research for overcoming low temperature. These have inspired us to review and propose directions for the further development of novel technologies suitable for cold regions, thereby overcoming the issues inherent in traditional processes that have failed to meet the presently reformed WWTP requirements.     

中国大气降尘地域性分布特征研究

为了研究中国大气降尘量的地域性分布特征,探讨大气降尘的影响因素,文章以中国大气降尘研究为基础,汇总近20年25个行政区44个地区的降尘量数据,以10 t·km-2·month-1为间隔首次划分降尘区间,为中国降尘量标准的制定提供参考。中国大气降尘现有研究多集中在东北部、中东部地区以及西北沙漠地区,降尘量整体分布为北方高于南方,西部多于东部。除涉及强沙尘暴袭击区域外,现有研究区域的降尘量算术平均值为14.73 t·km-2·month-1,53.7%的研究区域降尘量小于该平均值。降尘量少于20 t·km-2·month-1的地区多集中于沿海地区、长江中下游地区以及东北平原地区,此类地区多为旅游景区和重要的商品粮产地,植被覆盖率较高,水土保持性能良好,且不易有较大的风沙侵袭;华北平原地区、内蒙古高原地区和准噶尔盆地一带降尘量相对偏高,此类区域多为重工业区,发展经济的同时造成了不同程度的环境污染和资源掠夺;降尘量最大的地区位于塔里木盆地一带,最大值为2915.96 t·km-2·month-1,属于沙尘暴多发区。大气降尘量虽会在一定程度上受到经济发展、工业布局、能源结构的影响,但更多的是因为其地域性差异而造成降尘量不同。中国现有的各地降尘量的数据较少,且研究区多位于城市等人类活动中心,更多地区的降尘量尚需要进一步研究。     

Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

The progress and challenges in sustainable forestry development in China

Forestry development in China has undergone a series of reforms over the past six decades. This article examines temporal changes in forest resources and policies, the current status of forestry, and future challenges toward sustainable forest management in China. Excessive logging in the 1950s to 1980s badly damaged the nation’s forests, but the adoption of enlightened forest policies in the late 1990s has led to increases in China’s total forest area and growing stock. Forest degradation was ecologically and economically costly, and rehabilitation processes have become increasingly more expensive. The low quality and young age of forest resources, loss of natural forests, and more difficulties in afforestation and reforestation pose severe challenges for China’s sustainable forestry. It is critically important for China to enhance forest productivity through intensive management, strengthen enforcement, and educational programs for protecting and restoring natural forests, narrow the gap between domestic timber supply and rapidly expanding consumption, improve coordinating networks for management, finance, and technology transfer, and accelerate efforts to clarify and stabilize tenure arrangements for non-state forests. China’s experience and lessons in forestry may be helpful for other developing countries that are seeking to achieve the goal of sustainable forest management.     

Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine...     

基于生态现代化的区域资源环境绩效分析——以山西省为例

提高资源环境绩效是我国实现生态现代化及绿色发展的重要途径。利用环境质量指数（EQI）和资源环境绩效指数（REPI）对我国中部生态环境脆弱区的山西省资源环境绩效进行了系统分析,结果表明：在全国资源环境综合绩效指数年增幅为7.1%的背景下,山西在全国的排名从2000年的24位上升为2007年的15位。但山西仍然为我国资源环境绩效水平最为落后的地区之一。山西建设用地绩效、COD排放绩效、SO2排放绩效和用水绩效逐步上升,工业固体废弃物排放绩效和能源绩效呈现不稳定的变动态势。SO2排放绩效指数呈平稳后上升接着下降的偏＂S＂型曲线。COD总体绩效指数呈现平稳态势,基本保持88.1的均值水平,绩效指数高于2000—2007年西部平均水平和2000—2003年中部平均水平,但远低于东部和全国平均水平。资源环境指数与经济发展水平和发展阶段密切相关,山西须采用综合配套措施,缩短目前能源和资源密集型的发展阶段和改变其路径依赖,提升山西在我国中部地区的综合竞争力,改进生态效率,进而实现绿色发展。     

东北地区生态环境态势及其可持续发展对策

阐述了东北地区存在的主要生态环境问题,分析了未来发展趋势,并从可持续发展视角提出了相关对策。研究表明,东北地区可采森林资源枯竭,荒漠化严重,黑土质量退化,湿地萎缩,城市河段水质污染严重,大城市大气污染严重,部分地区酸雨问题突出,资源型城市矿山环境问题严重;而受全球环境变化影响、振兴东北政策驱动以及某些新的污染问题的凸显,未来东北地区生态环境仍存在恶化趋势。今后须结合东北地区实际,完善生态环境监测体系,加强科学系统研究;加大技术创新力度,大力发展循环经济;转变经济增长方式,推进产业结构优化升级;营造绿色文化,加强基础制度建设;实施重大工程措施,加大生态环境保护与恢复力度。从总体上促进生态环境可持续发展,保障老工业基地全面振兴。     

Study of county-level low-carbon standards in China based on carbon emissions per capita

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon development is an essential measure to combat climate change, and the establishment of low-carbon standards is an important means to achieve low-carbon development. Due to the differences in size and development level among counties of China, the applicability and fairness of county-level low-carbon standards are very important in this country. This study analyzed the trends of county-level carbon emissions in China, defined the peak value of carbon emissions per capita, summarized the characteristics of existing low-carbon standards, and proposed a fair county-level low-carbon standard based on carbon emissions per capita. The results of our analysis suggest that, under the constraints of carbon emissions reduction policies, China’s carbon emissions per capita will tend towards a stable range. Additionally, by referring to predictions results of the peak value of China’s carbon emissions per capita, it was determined that, in low-carbon development targets, China’s county-level carbon emissions per capita should be set within the range of 2–4 tons. Besides setting low-carbon standards, the Chinese government and private enterprises should develop low-carbon technologies as soon as possible and innovate management models to achieve the win–win situation of simultaneous economic growth and carbon emissions reduction.