浅层气浮-臭氧-曝气生物滤池深度处理造纸废水研究

采用"浅层气浮-臭氧-曝气生物滤池"工艺对安徽某造纸厂二级生化出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明:聚合氯化铝投加量在120 mg/L的条件下,COD去除率达27%。臭氧-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对各种污染物均有较好的去除效果。气浮出水经臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理后,浊度降至3 NTU以下,UV254去除率达92.5%,色度去除率接近80%,COD降至50mg/L以下,完全达到GB 3544—2008《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》。     

Fenton-曝气生物滤池深度处理柠檬酸废水中试

柠檬酸废水(二级出水)具有可生化性差,难生物降解的特点,可采用Fenton氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺进行处理。试验表明:当H2O2投加量为最优化条件下的0.6m L/L时,Fenton氧化-曝气生物滤池组合工艺对COD有着良好并且稳定的去除效果。其中,Fenton起到改善废水可生化性作用,通过去除废水中的类腐殖酸、类富里酸组分,可以将废水ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)从0.26增加到0.75,后续曝气生物滤池继续对COD进行生物降解,组合工艺在15 d的连续运行条件下,COD去除率稳定在85%以上,出水ρ(COD)<50 mg/L。     

饮用水中典型致嗅物质去除技术研究

为去除某市饮用水中的嗅味,根据该市饮用水水源中致嗅物质的组成特点,采用氧化、吸附和臭氧活性炭对其中典型致嗅物质的去除效果及工艺选择进行了研究.结果表明,硫醇硫醚类物质可以用氧化法有效去除,对土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)采用氧化法和活性炭吸附法均有效,但吸附法的效果更好;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度<20 μg/L,不含有其他类型致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝＋高锰酸钾氧化工艺去除;当原水中geosmin、 2-MIB等微生物代谢产物类致嗅物质浓度<30 ng/L,不含有硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝+粉末活性炭吸附工艺去除;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>20 μg/L,geosmin、 2-MIB浓度>30 ng/L时,需要增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>150 μg/L,或者土嗅素、 2-MIB的浓度>100 ng/L时,需要根据致嗅物质组成特点,选择预KMnO₄氧化或者粉末活性炭吸附＋臭氧活性炭深度处理的组合工艺去除.     

组合工艺处理黄河微污染水的研究

组合工艺处理黄河微污染水研究表明 ,生物预处理和常规处理能有效去除CODMn和UV2 54,而臭氧的投加能有效提高深度处理工艺对CODMn和UV2. 54 的去除效果。组合工艺各单元都能有效地去除藻类、Chla和三氯甲烷前体物。陶粒生物滤池对氨氮有较高的去除率。投加臭氧时深度处理工艺对氨氮的处理效果会变差。在整个试验期间 ,组合工艺最终出水亚硝酸盐氮浓度低于 0 . 0 0 3mg L ,有时甚至低于检测限。     

O_3-MBR法深度处理煤气废水

以经多级生物处理后的煤气废水为原水,采用O3-MBR组合工艺对其进行深度处理,以满足回用要求.结果表明:采用臭氧氧化工艺,当废水pH为11和臭氧投加量〔ρ(臭氧)〕为189.2mg/L时,CODCr和色度的去除率分别为46.5%和80.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(CODCr)由0.02升至0.29,废水的可生化性得到明显改善;臭氧氧化工艺出水再通过MBR作进一步处理,CODCr,NH3-N和色度的去除率分别达23.0%,76.3%和70.0%,且出水水质稳定;总体上,废水经O3-MBR组合工艺处理,CODCr,NH3-N,色度和浊度的平均总去除率分别达到58.7%,76.3%,88.6%和95.1%;处理后出水的ρ(CODCr)50mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)5mg/L,浊度0.2NTU,色度约为30度,出水水质满足生产工艺回用的要求.     

响应曲面法在反硝化生物滤池运行参数优化中的应用

为预测反硝化生物滤池深度处理城镇污水处理厂二沉池出水的脱氮效果,优化工艺运行参数,以黏土陶粒反硝化生物滤池作为反应器,以人工合成污水模拟污水处理厂二沉池出水,采用中心组合试验设计,利用响应曲面法研究反应器NO₃--N去除率与HRT(水力停留时间)、进水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NO₃--N)之间的关系. 统计结果显示,NO₃--N去除模型极显著(P<0.000 1),并且模型预测值与试验值能很好地吻合. 方差分析结果表明,HRT及其与进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)的交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率影响不显著(P>0.05),而进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)及其交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除具有显著影响(P＜0.05). 3个因素对NO₃--N去除率影响强弱的顺序为进水ρ(COD_Cr)>进水ρ(NO₃--N)>HRT. 在HRT为2.50 h的条件下,当进水中ρ(NO₃--N)＜11.00 mg/L及ρ(COD_Cr)＞43.00 mg/L时,反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率可以达到71.0%以上.      

两级Fenton-厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池深度处理垃圾渗滤液

浙江某生活垃圾填埋场采用两级Fenton-厌氧滤池-曝气生物滤池工艺对其渗滤液进行深度处理。工艺最终出水ρ(COD)<70 mg/L,去除率达96.1%;ρ(TN)<40 mg/L,去除率达95.9%;ρ(NH3-N)<10 mg/L,工艺出水达GB 16889—2008《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》中一般地区表2排放标准。     

臭氧-生物活性炭对微污染原水中典型持久性有机物的去除效果

以长三角地区J市典型有机微污染水源P水厂为研究对象,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对微污染水源水中有机物的去除效果.结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理使高锰酸盐指数、总有机碳(TOC)和UV254的平均去除率分别提升19. 2%、10. 4%和23. 0%.水厂原水中检出8种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、16种有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、5种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs),其总浓度分别为53. 9~100. 0、6. 5~41. 8、2. 5×103~1. 1×104ng·L~(-1),臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对多环芳烃和有机氯农药的平均去除率分别为32. 5%和25. 9%,比常规处理工艺出水的水质有显著提升.卤乙酸的去除率为33. 8%~87. 0%,主要通过常规处理工艺去除;臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对氯代乙酸略有去除,溴代乙酸有少量生成.     

UASB-MBR组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水

采用升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器(UASB-MBR)组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水,模拟废水中有机污染物由葡萄糖和黄连素配制,以葡萄糖作为初级能源物质,通过微生物协同降解作用去除废水中的黄连素.在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)分别为1 717～4 393,91.8～158.7和64.4～276.8 mg/L,废水中黄连素的ρ(COD_Cr)贡献率为7.5%～25.0%的条件下,组合工艺可实现ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)的去除率分别为92.5%～95.9%,67.0%～98.9%和99%以上,废水中黄连素主要通过UASB去除,去除率为95.2%～98.9%.在进水COD_Cr负荷为0.54～1.88 kg/(m3·d),黄连素负荷为0.71～12.42 g/(m3·d)的条件下,MBR可保证出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(黄连素)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别低于50,1.0和2.0 mg/L;随着MBR进水ρ(黄连素)升至3.45～12.42 mg/L,在黄连素的微生物毒性胁迫作用下,MBR中污泥呈由分散态向聚集态的转变.      

饮用水深度处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果

以某江水为原水,研究某市自来水深度处理工艺(陶粒滤池、混凝、沉淀、过滤、臭氧氧化、活性炭滤池)各单元对有机污染物的去除效果,对水样的TOC、UV²⁵⁴、COD^Mn和AOC进行了分析.结果表明,陶粒滤池对TOC、UV²⁵⁴、COD_Mn和AOC的去除率分别是25.4%、29%、21.6%和54%,有效地减轻了后续单元的负担;臭氧-活性炭技术对TOC、UV₂₅₄、COD_Mn和AOC的去除率分别是39.3%、60.8%、49.8%、77.8%,因此,组合工艺能确保饮用水的优质安全性.     

Biodegradation of geosmin in drinking water by novel bacteria isolated from biologically active carbon

Three strains of Gram-negative bacteria capable of removing geosmin from drinking water were isolated from biologically active carbon and identified to be Chryseobacterium sp., Sinorhizobium sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp. based on physio-biochemistry analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Removal e ciencies of 2 mg/L geosmin in mineral salts medium were 84.0%, 80.2% and 74.4% for Chryseobacterium sp., Sinorhizobium sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp., respectively, while removal e ciencies of 560 ng/L geosmin in filter influent were 84.8%, 82.3% and 82.5%, respectively. The biodegradation of geosmin was determined to be a pseudo first-order reaction, with rate constants at 2 mg/L and 560 ng/L being 0.097 and 0.086 day??1, 0.089 and 0.084 day??1, 0.074 and 0.098 day??1 for the above mentioned degraders, respectively. The biomass of culture in the presence of geosmin was much higher than that in the absence of geosmin.     

上海某黄浦江原水供水系统中主要致嗅物质的迁移规律分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用研究了上海市某黄浦江水源供水系统中2-甲基异莰醇(M1B)、土味素(GSM)和余氯的迁移变化规律.结果表明,黄浦江源水及其各级净水工艺处理水、管网水和二次供水系统末端水中均含有MIB和GSM,分别在2～18 ng/L和2.68～5.06 ng/L之间;其浓度经水厂各级工艺处理后明显下...     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

螺旋鱼腥藻土嗅素的产生和分布规律

在12L玻璃瓶中,对富营养底泥培养条件下螺旋鱼腥藻生长时土嗅素的产生情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着螺旋鱼腥藻生物量增加,土嗅素产生量增大,最大浓度可达626ng/L,远超出人体可感知浓度(10ng/L).嗅味物质在螺旋鱼腥藻生物量出现最大值前76h达到最高浓度.生长过程中,土嗅素主要分布在螺旋鱼腥藻细胞内,占总含量的85%~95%,远高于胞外含量.培养初期底泥刚向水体中释放氮时,藻细胞更倾向利用类异戊二烯合成土嗅素,导致土嗅素与叶绿素含量比值增大;随着水体中的氮含量逐渐充足,土嗅素与叶绿素含量比值趋于稳定,维持在0.0015左右.因此,当野外水体的氮含量充分时,螺旋鱼腥藻土嗅素产生量的变化可通过叶绿素含量的变化得到反映.     

Removal characteristics and kinetic analysis of an aerobic vapor-phase bioreactor for hydrophobic alpha-pinene

Biofiltration is considered an effective method to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial biofilter packed with wood chips and peat for the removal of hydrophobic α-pinene. When inoculated with two pure degraders and adapted activated sludge, a removal efficiency (RE) of more than 95% was achieved after a start-up period of 11 days. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 50 g/(m³. hr) with RE of 94% was obtained at empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 102 sec. When higher α-pinene concentrations and shorter EBRTs were applied, the REs and ECs decreased significantly due to mass-transfer and biological reaction limitations. As deduced from the experimental results, approximately 74% of α-pinene were completely mineralized by the consortiums and the biomass yield was 0.60 g biomass/g α-pinene. Sequence analysis of the selected bands excised from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the inoculated pure cultures could be present during the whole operation, and others were closely related to bacteria being able to degrade hydrocarbons. The kinetic results demonstrated that the whole biofiltration for α-pinene was diffusion-limit controlled owing to its hydrophobic characteristics. These findings indicated that this bacterial biofiltration is a promising technology for the remediation of hydrophobic industrial waste gases containing α-pinene.     

冬季水库水源中MIB和土嗅素的产生与降解机理

2-甲基异冰片(MIB) 和土嗅素(geosmin)由放线菌,真菌和蓝绿藻代谢产生,这两种物质是目前造成饮用水具有霉味和土味的主要原因.以包头市画匠水库为研究对象,运用推流式反应器基本模型和OriginPro 9.0线性拟合法,分析冬季水源水库水中MIB和土嗅素净产率与损失率;运用双膜理论计算嗅味物质挥发速率常数.结果表明,冬季画匠水库0.55m冰层下,透射光照强度(Surface PAR)为70 ~ 636W/m2,平均光照强度为114.8W/m2,存在合适藻类代谢产生异味物质的光照条件.封冻前后,水库水中MIB和土嗅素浓度逐渐增高,并以60~102ng/L的较高浓度水平维持到来年解冻,此后二者浓度逐渐降低到较低水平,呈规律性变化.曲线拟合结果显示,冬季画匠水库水中MIB/土嗅素的产生与减少均符合准一级反应动力学模型(R2为0.941~0.989).由于低温与冰层阻碍等原因,影响水库中MIB/土嗅素的损失主要因素是出流携带;冰层融化后,挥发和出流携带是MIB/土嗅素减少的主要原因.MIB和土嗅素冬季产生速率常数为4.119, 2.146ng/(L×d),水流携带损失速率常数为0.032d-1.冰层融化后,MIB产生速率为1.012ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.072d-1,藻细胞产率4.57×10-8ng/(L×d×cell);土嗅素产生速率常数为1.638ng/(L×d),损失速率为0.083d-1,藻细胞产率5.46×10-8ng/(L×d×cell).     

Simultaneous determination of ten taste and odor compounds in drinking water by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Taste and odor （T＆O） problems in drinking water frequently occur because of many compounds present in the water, of which trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol （geosrnin） and 2-methylisoborneol （MIB） are well-known. In this study, a fast and effective method was established for simultaneous determination of 10 T＆O compounds, including geosmin, MIB, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole （TCA）, 2-methylbenzofuran, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IPMP）, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine （IBMP）, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal, trans, cis-2,6-nonadienal, and trans-2-decenal in water samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction （SPME） coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. An orthogonal array experimental design was used to optimize the effects of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, stirring rate, NaC1 content, extraction time, and desorption time. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 73 ng/L were lower than or close to the odor threshold concentrations （OTCs）. All the 10 T＆O compounds were detected in the 14 water samples including surface water, treatment process water and tap water, taken from a waterworks in Lianyungang City, China. MIB and geosmin were detected in most samples at low concentration. Six T＆O compounds （IPMP, IBMP, trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal, 2-methylbenzofuran, trans-2-decenal, and TCA） were effectively decreased in water treatment process （sedimentation and filtration） that is different from cis-3-hexenyl acetate, MIB and geosmin. It is noted that the TCA concentrations at 15.9-122.3 ng/L and the trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal concentrations at 79.9-190.1 ng/L were over 10 times higher than their OTCs in tap water. The variation of the analytes in the all water samples, especially distribution system indicated that distribution system cannot be ignored as a T＆O compounds source.     

臭氧氧化分解饮用水中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇

比较了几种常见氧化剂对饮用水中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,MIB)的氧化去除效果.结果表明,KMnO₄、NaClO、H₂O₂等氧化剂的氧化作用对水中MIB的去除效果均较差,而臭氧却能有效地将其氧化;考察了pH对臭氧化去除MIB的影响规律,发现pH在7.0～10.0条件下,随着pH值增加MIB去除率增加,但当pH达到10.0左右时,MIB的去除率反而下降;MIB的臭氧化去除效果随着自由基捕获剂(重碳酸盐和叔丁醇)的浓度增加而明显地降低,说明臭氧化去除水中MIB主要遵循自由基作用机理;以松花江江水为本底进行试验和与蒸馏水进行试验的结果相差不大,原因可能是由于松花江水体中碳酸盐浓度较低(小于50 mg/L),对自由基捕获能力较小,同时江水中的部分腐殖质(NOM)对臭氧去除MIB的过程起到了促进作用.     

Performance of biotrickling filters packed with structured or cubic polyurethane sponges for VOC removal

Two identical bench-scale biotrickling filters (BTFs), BTF 1 and BTF 2, were evaluated for toluene removal at various gas empty bed contact times (EBCTs) and organic loadings. BTF 1 and BTF 2 were packed with structured and cubic synthetic polyurethane sponges, respectively. At a constant toluene loading of 16 g/(m3 hr), toluene removal efficiencies decreased from 98.8% to 64.3% for BTF 1 and from 98.4% to 74.1% for BTF 2 as gas EBCT decreased from 30 to 5 sec. When the toluene loading increased from 35 to 140 g/(m3 hr) at a gas EBCT of 30 sec, the removal efficiencies decreased from 99.1% to 77.4% for BTF 1 and from 99.0% to 81.5% for BTF 2. The pressure drop for both BTFs increased with increased air flow rate, and did not significantly vary while the toluene loading was increased under similar operation conditions. BTF 1 and BTF 2 could start up successfully within 19 and 27 days, respectively, when packed with fresh sponge media, and the performances could be restored in 3–7 days after biomass was removed and wasted from the media. BTF 2 displayed higher removal efficiency even under shorter EBCT or higher loading rate than BTF1 when other operation conditions were similar, while it showed lower pressure drop than BTF 1 during the whole period of operation. These results demonstrated that both BTFs could treat waste gas containing toluene effectively.     

Removal of dichloromethane from waste gases by a biotrickling filter

IntroductionDichloromethane (DCM) has been widely usedas an intermediate and solvent in chemical industriesand many other analytical fields. Due to its lowboiling point (40.1℃) and high vapour pressure (47kPa at 20℃), large amounts of dichloromethane enterthe environment via gaseous emissions (Adachi andKomiyama, 2000, 2001; Adachi and Hamamoto,2005). DCM is harmful to human health andhazardous to atmospheric environment. For instance,it is known that DCM is toxic to the central nerves…