兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

Long-term changes in acidity and DOC in throughfall and soil water in Finnish forests

The main objective of this study was to examine if any detectable trends in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sulphate (SO₄-S) concentrations and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in throughfall (TF) and soil water (SW) could be found during 1990–2010 and to relate them to recent changes in decreased acid deposition. The study was conducted in seven boreal coniferous forest sites: four of which are managed and three unmanaged forests sites. Generally, temporal trend showed a significant decrease in SO₄-S concentrations in bulk precipitation (BP), TF and SW. At some of the sites, there was an increasing tendency in BP and TF in the DOC concentrations. This feature coincides with decreasing SO₄-S concentration, indicating that SO₄-S may be an important driver of DOC release from the canopy. However, a slightly increased temperature, larger senescing needle mass and consequently increased decaying activity in the canopy may partly explain the increasing trend in DOC. In SW, no consistent DOC trend was seen. At some sites, the decreased base cation concentrations mostly account for the decrease in the ANC values in SW and TF.     

太原市冬、夏季醛酮化合物污染特征及来源分析

针对太原市空气臭氧污染较为严重的问题,开展臭氧主要前体物醛酮化合物质量浓度及其变化规律研究.利用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法,通过对太原市2019年冬季和夏季大气的醛酮化合物进行分析,发现太原市冬季总醛酮化合物的平均质量浓度为13μg/m3,低于夏季的27μg/m3.其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮质量浓度最高,且...     

Pesticides and Nitrate in Groundwater and Rainwater in the Province of Limburg in The Netherlands

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence ofhigh levels of pesticides in groundwater and rainwater in TheProvince of Limburg in The Netherlands. In groundwater samplesin particular the presence of triazines – atrazine, simazine and propazine – was observed; besides these pesticides, dieldrin has also been observed. Atrazine and simazine were found to exceed the groundwater standard of 100 ng L^-1. In the rainwater samples, the presence of 13 of 23 different analyzed pesticides was observed. A number of pesticides werefound in high concentrations; e.g. atrazine (>200 ng L^-1). Two pesticides detected in rainwater (+-HCH and atrazine) were found to exceed the groundwater standard. Seven pesticides in rainwater were found to exceed the target value and three pesticides the maximum tolerable risk value (DDT, heptachlor and heptachlorepoxide A), which are used as ecotoxicological standards in The Netherlands.Nitrate in 15 of 16 analyzed natural springs was found toexceed the guideline value for nitrate in drinking waterof 50 mg L^-1, up to levels of about 200 mg L^-1. Nitrate concentrations in rainwater samples were observed up to 4.5 mg L^-1. A risk analysis of exposure to high pesticide levels in groundwater or rainwater has been performed using the model HESP. For atrazine levels due todeposition of rainwater in two different locations, exceedance of the T.D.I. level of 0.5 g kg^-1 day^-1 based on WHO criteria was observed for children using both an urban and a rural scenario and use of groundwater as drinking water.     

Organochlorine insecticide residues in drinking and ground water in and around Delhi

A multiresidue method was developed for the estimation of 15organochlorine pesticides in water. 50 samples of drinking watersupplied by the Municipal Corporation to the residential areasof Delhi and 20 ground water samples from nearby villages usedfor irrigation were monitored for the presence of organochlorineinsecticides by the method developed. Although, organochlorinepesticides were detected in the ground water and irrigationwater samples, the levels of pesticides were below the MaximumContaminant Level as prescribed by WHO. No organochlorineinsecticides were detected in any of the drinking water samples.     

郑州大气及颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征与来源解析

对2012年郑州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源进行了分析。结果表明,ρ(∑PAHs)(包括气相与颗粒相)为23.27~194.61 ng/m3,气相中∑PAHs高于颗粒相,四环以下的PAHs大都存在于气态中;在夏、春2季,较小分子质量(≤178)的PAHs占比较高,冬季,较大分子质量(≥252)的PAHs占比明显较高;各功能区ρ(PAHs)排序为工业区交通密集区医疗、文化、行政混合区。郑州大气和颗粒物中PAHs可能主要来自煤和液体燃料(汽油柴油)的燃烧。     

DDT residue in soil and water in and around abandoned DDT manufacturing factory

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) belongs to one of the most hazardous groups of chemicals called persistent organic pollutants. Many organochlorine pesticides including p,p(')-DDT are long lasting due to their non-degradability can travel to distant places and being fat soluble can accumulate in animals and human bodies. Due to the persistent nature of p,p(')-DDT, its adverse environmental and health impacts, the present study was undertaken to examine the residual p,p(')-DDT in and around abandoned p,p(')-DDT manufacturing factory in Amman Gharh, Nowshera, NWFP. Samples of soil, sediments and water were collected in and around the factory area, nearby p,p(')-DDT stores, main factory drain leading to river Kabul and nearby villages. Standard procedures were used for the collection, transportation and storage of samples for analyses. Extraction of each sample for p,p(')-DDT analyses was carried out in triplicates using Soxhelt extraction. p,p(')-DDT contents in the samples were analyzed by capillary GC with electron capture detector. Most of the samples collected up to half kilometer distance from the site of the DDT factory were found contaminated. Further the level of p,p(')-DDT decreased with increasing depth from top to bottom and with distance from the site. The results indicate that there is no immediate threat to underground water reservoirs.     

宽甸土壤及部分农作物中硼的分布及污染分析

用ICP-MS测定了辽宁宽甸23个土壤样品中的硼。背景地区和污染地区的土壤硼含量分别在 39.2～82.4mg/kg和133～1195mg/kg之间。其中硼矿开采区的土壤硼含量高达1195mg/kg。还用同样的方法分析了背景地区和污染地区几种农作物中硼的含量,结果表明,背景地区的大豆、土豆、玉米和豆角的硼含量(干基)分别为:37.4～47.9、5.8～6.3、24.4～25.5和1.24～2.74mg/kg,而污染地区相应农作物的硼含量分别为:34.0、12.0～12.8、40.7和2.48～2.64mg/kg。     

郑州市土壤与绿色植物中汞的分布特征

汞污染具有生物积累性,因而得到社会广泛关注。研究监测和评估了郑州市城区土壤和绿色植物叶片中汞浓度、分布、污染水平等。研究发现郑州市主城区土壤总汞浓度为0. 150～0. 958 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 448 mg/kg;郑州市主城区绿色植物叶片总汞浓度为0. 017～0. 249 mg/kg,平均浓度为0. 107 mg/kg;土壤和叶片中汞浓度按功能区排序为交通枢纽区工业区商业区行政区高教区住宅区。采用地累积指数法对郑州市80个土壤样品的汞污染水平进行评估,结果显示60%受到轻度污染,35%受到偏中度污染,5%受到中度污染。研究较为全面地分析了土壤汞污染的现状及浓度,为郑州市土壤汞污染防治提供参考。     

大同市地表水及工业废水中氯苯和酚类化合物的监测

对流经大同市的主要河流和重点工业污染源所排放废水中的氯苯和酚类化合物做了分析测定.对酚类化合物的测定方法进行了改进.研究表明,大同市污染源对御河氯苯类污染物贡献较小,焦化厂酚类化合物排放量较高.     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

Pesticides and Trace Metals Residue in Grape and Home made Wine in Jordan

Sixty home made wine and sixty-four grape samples were collectedfrom five territories in Jordan, where grapes and wine aremostly producted. The collected samples were analyzed for themost used organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and organophosphorouspesticides (OPP) in Jordan, as well as for four heavy metals(Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb). The results showed that OCPs residues weredetected in 73% of the wine samples but no OPPs residue weredetected which is due to generally shorter half life of thelater pesticide. Grapes showed higher incident of contaminationthan wine, however, OCPs and OPPs with both short and longhalf-lives were detected. The OPPs were detected in only8.3% of the analyzed grape samples. Heavy metals showed higher valuesin grapes than in the wine samples and it was attributed toremoval of solids during wine preparation processes or throughcontamination of wine during storage. Most of the samples werebelow toxic limit.     

北京秋冬季空气严重污染的特征及成因分析

近年来北京大气环境质量达标天数明显增加,但是严重污染日依然占近6个百分点,并且没有明显减少的迹象。弄清严重污染,尤其是秋冬季节(9-12月,1-2月)积累型严重污染的时空分布特征和成因,对于污染预警、污染控制具有重要意义。文章首先分析了2000-2005年秋冬季节北京市大气污染达到4-5级的44个案例,发现该类严重污染具有发生时间连续、空间范围广和垂直散布高等特点。运用追踪过程的诊断分析方法剖析了2004年国庆期间和2005年11月初两个典型严重污染过程,说明了气象因子在秋冬季严重污染发生、持续和结束过程中的主导作用。文中最后给出了44个严重污染日气象条件的统计特征:850百帕温度偏高,可高于月均值5-15℃;海平面气压偏低;低空逆温发生概率大于75%;高湿度发生概率大,地面温露差在0-7.5之间约占80%;各层风速都很小,海平面0-2米/秒,850百帕风速2-16米/秒。     

Longitudinal variability in streamwater chemistry and carbon and nitrogen fluxes in restored and degraded urban stream networks

Stream restoration has increasingly been used as a best management practice for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds, yet few data exist to assess restoration effectiveness. This study examined the longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen concentrations and mass balance in two restored (Minebank Run and Spring Branch) and two unrestored (Powder Mill Run and Dead Run) stream networks in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Longitudinal synoptic sampling showed that there was considerable reach-scale variability in biogeochemistry (e.g., total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, pH, oxidation/reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and temperature). TDN concentrations were typically higher than DOC in restored streams, but the opposite pattern was observed in unrestored streams. Mass balances in restored stream networks showed net uptake of TDN across subreaches (mean ± standard error net uptake rate of TDN across sampling dates for Minebank Run and Spring Branch was 420.3 ± 312.2 and 821.8 ± 570.3 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There was net release of DOC in the restored streams (1344 ± 1063 and 1017 ± 944.5 mg m(-2) d(-1) for Minebank Run and Spring Branch, respectively). Conversely, degraded streams, Powder Mill Run and Dead Run showed mean net release of TDN across sampling dates (629.2 ± 167.5 and 327.1 ± 134.5 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively) and net uptake of DOC (1642 ± 505.0 and 233.7 ± 125.1 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There can be substantial C and N transformations in stream networks with hydrologically connected floodplain and pond features. Assessment of restoration effectiveness depends strongly on where monitoring is conducted along the stream network. Monitoring beyond the stream-reach scale is recommended for a complete perspective of evaluation of biogeochemical function in restored and degraded urban streams.     

Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi

This article presents the development of a multiresidue method forthe estimation of 30 insecticides, 15 organochlorineinsecticides and 6 organophosphorus insecticides, 9 syntheticpyrethriods and 2 herbicides and their quantificationin vegetables. The monitoring study indicates that though allthe vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides, only31% of the samples contained pesticides above the prescribedtolerance limit.     

我国沙尘暴灾害及其治理对策初步研究

分析研究了沙尘暴的成因、时空分布、发展趋势及造成的灾害，结合国外经验提出了我国治理的对策建议。     

乌梁素海氮磷浓度与叶绿素a时空分布关系研究

为了解乌梁素海的富营养状况，采用2005—2007年乌梁素海监测数据，对叶绿素a浓度与总氮、总磷浓度相关关系进行了研究，并对乌梁素海水体中叶绿素a浓度的时空分布进行分析。结果表明，乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征，在时间上，5、10月份叶绿素a浓度偏高；在空间上，北部区〉南部区。     

大连市秋冬季环境空气中VOCs特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

对大连市2015年秋冬季环境空气中VOCs进行采样分析,获得其组成、含量、昼夜和季节变化规律,分析不同类别VOCs的来源,并计算不同VOCs物种的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）。结果表明：大连市环境空气中秋季VOCs平均体积浓度（55.81×10^-9）略高于冬季（42.66×10^-9）;秋季VOCs以羰基化合物和烷烃为主,而冬季VOCs以烷烃和烯炔烃为主。大连环境空气中光化学反应的主要VOCs类别为羰基化合物、烯炔烃和芳香烃,主要物种为丙烷、乙烷、正丁烷和乙烯。羰基化合物含量高与机动车尾气及医院大量试剂的使用有关,烷烃主要来源于汽油车与液化石油气（LPG）燃烧排放,芳香烃主要由机动车排放贡献。各类别VOCs的组分含量与其OFP并不一致,大连市环境空气中各类VOCs的OFP由高到低依次为羰基化合物>芳香烃>烯炔烃>烷烃。     

Airborne sulfur and nitrogen in Finland-trends and exposure in relation to air transport sector

We present the concentration trends and the atmospheric exposure of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in different transport sectors during the period 1981-2000, based on the air quality data of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. Sulfur and nitrogen concentrations in air and precipitation were assessed from background stations covering the whole country. A significant decrease of more than 60% was observed in the concentrations of all sulfur compounds throughout the country during 1981-2000. In the 1990's, significant trends were detected in all sulfur time series, with the exception of sulfate in precipitation at the northernmost stations. On the other hand, the concentrations of oxidized nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation have declined only slightly or not at all, especially in the 1990's. This is attributed to the fairly small domestic and European NO(x) emission reductions after 1981. The ammonium concentration in precipitation has declined by more than 50% during 1981-2000. The atmospheric sulfur exposure was found to be dominated by transport from the West and South-West sectors during summer, whereas in winter all the southward sectors were important. The largest decline in the sectoral sulfur concentrations has taken place already before 1991, with a more pronounced reduction during winter than during summer. The atmospheric nitrogen exposure was mainly dominated by transport from the sectors between west and south, but in the latter half of the study period there seems to have been a slight shift towards increased transport from the eastern and northern sectors.