Bioaccumulation studies of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues of Cyprinus carpio

Freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was selected for the study of bioaccumulation of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues like gills, muscle, intestine, kidney, and liver in a continuous fed system. The pesticides used were Aldrin, Dieldrin, BHC, and DDT. The bioaccumulation of Dieldrin was maximum of 85.0 microg g(-1) wet weight in liver tissue while minimum of 7.30 microg g(-1) wet weight for DDT at 30 days exposure time. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) has followed the same trend in liver tissue for Dieldrin and DDT. The rate of bioaccumulation was found to be maximum of 4.3879 microg g(-1) wet weight in liver tissue and minimum of 0.0021 microg g(-1) wet weight in gill tissue for 30 days exposure. As evidenced by the increasing values of BCF, pesticide uptake also showed increased trend with the increase in exposure time. A high correlation coefficient ranging between 0.7247 and 0.9616 between the pesticide concentration and exposure time was observed. Based on actual BCF values, log Kow were calculated and the values are well within the reported values of 6.5 indicating efficient relationship between BCF and log Kow because beyond the 6.5 the bioconcentration levels off.     

Bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor of chlorinated pesticides in tissues of Puntius ticto (Ham.)

Bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of chlorinated pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Benzene hexachloride (BHC), and Dichlorodiphenyl-dichloro-ethane (DDT) in fish tissues of Puntius ticto was studied in detail in a continuous fed system. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using a first order uptake model and the steady-state BCF is calculated based on the 30 days exposure. Rate of bioaccumulation of DDT was maximum of 4.6432 microg g(-1) wet weight per day in liver tissue whereas it was minimum of 0.0002 microg g(-1) wet weight per day in case of Dieldrin in the muscle tissue among the pesticides. It was observed that DDT showed maximum BCF of 89.010 in case of liver tissue of the fish exposed to 30 days. The regression coefficient (r2) between pesticide concentration and exposure time varied between 0.6212 and 0.9817 indicating high correlation. Based on actual calculated BCF values, the octanol water partition coefficient (Kow) values were predicted. In order to prove the hydrophobic property of chlorinated compounds and its affinity towards lipid, the Kow is predicted. Results showed that pesticide burden differ from tissue to tissue and can be correlated to the lipid content, size, exposure time, and species.     

Validation of estuarine gammarid collectives (Amphipoda: Crustacea) as biomonitors for cadmium in semi-controlled toxicokinetic flow-through experiments

Concentrations of chemicals in organisms are regarded as being indicators of the bioavailable fraction of those substances in the environment. Three gammarid collectives (assemblages) from the Weser-estuary (NW Germany), showing different species compositions, were used as experimental units to evaluate their suitability as biomonitors. Uptake and clearance of cadmium was investigated in semi-controlled dynamic flow-through tests. Kinetic data obtained from two compartment models confirmed a net accumulation strategy of gammarids for Cd and resulted in similar bioconcentration factors (BCFs) within the same experimental treatments. Deviations in bioconcentration factors between two treatments (BCFs: 377-542 vs 947-1190, based on dry wt) obtained under similar exposures (17 +/- 2 and 23 +/- 2 microg Cd litre(-1)) could not be assigned to significant fluctuations of both Cd levels and particulate matter in the flow-through systems. The biological half-life of Cd in gammarids was 6 to 12 days. It is concluded that gammarid collectives of different species composition may be used as experimental units in biomonitoring studies. This conclusion was confirmed by homogeneous Cd concentrations in field samples of gammarids from the Weser-estuary (0.34 +/- 0.03 mg kg(-1) dry wt., mean +/- 95% confidence intervals, N = 58).     

Genotypic differences in effects of cadmium exposure on plant growth and contents of cadmium and elements in 14 cultivars of bai cai

Fourteen cultivars of bai cai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis) were grown in the nutrient solutions containing 0-0.5 microg mL(-1) of cadmium (Cd) to investigate genotypic differences in the effects of Cd exposure on the plant growth and uptake and distribution of Cd in bai cai plants. The Cd exposure significantly reduced the dry and fresh weights of roots and shoots, the dry weight ratio of shoot/root (S/R), total biomass, and chlorophyll content (SPAD value). Cd concentrations in bai cai ranged from 13.3 to 74.9 microg g(-1) DW in shoots and from 163.1 to 574.7 microg g(-1) DW in roots under Cd exposure, respectively. The considerable genotypic differences of Cd concentrations and accumulations in both shoots and roots were observed among 14 bai cai cultivars. Moreover, Cd mainly accumulated in the roots. Cd also caused the changes of uptake and distribution of nutrients in bai cai and under the influence of cadmium, the concentration of potassium (K) decreased in shoot and increased in root. However, the concentrations of magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), boron (B), and iron (Fe) increased in shoots and decreased in roots. In addition, Cd exposure resulted in an increase in calcium (Ca), sulphur (S), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in both shoots and roots but had no significant effects on the whole uptake of the examined mineral nutrients except for S.     

Uptake and depuration of the anti-depressant fluoxetine by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class of anti-depressants is among the most widely prescribed groups of pharmaceuticals. Consequently, aquatic ecosystems impacted by municipal wastewater discharges are predicted to receive substantial annual loadings of these compounds. Although SSRIs have been detected in fish tissues, little is known of their uptake and depuration in freshwater fish species. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to fluoxetine at a nominal concentration of 0.64 microg L(-1) for 7d and subsequently allowed to depurate in clean water over a 21d period. Fluoxetine uptake by medaka was observed within the first 5h of exposure and the biologically active metabolite, norfluoxetine, was also detected in medaka tissues during this timeframe. A maximum fluoxetine concentration was measured in medaka by the third day of the uptake phase, yielding an uptake rate constant (k(1)) of 5.9+/-0.5 (d(-1)). During the depuration phase of the experiment, a half life of 9.4+/-1.1d was determined for fluoxetine. Using these data, bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of 74 and 80 were estimated for fluoxetine and a pseudo-BCF (the ratio of the concentration of norfluoxetine in medaka and the aqueous fluoxetine concentration) of 117 was calculated for norfluoxetine. These results indicate longer persistence and greater potential for the bioaccumulation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in fish tissues than would be predicted from prior half life estimates derived using mammalian species.     

Bioconcentration factor of relatively low concentrations of chlorophenols in Japanese medaka

Bioconcentration factors (BCF) for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were determined at five different concentrations of the chemicals, between 0.1 and 10 microg/l (PCP), 0.3 and 30 microg/l (2,4-DCP), in the ambient water. Medaka were exposed to each chemicals in a continuous-flow system during the embryonic development period and 60 days after hatching from eggs collected in the laboratory. Both the exposure time and the aqueous concentrations are much more realistic and closer to natural aquatic environments than those used in conventional BCF studies. The BCF values of PCP were from (4.9+/-2.8)x10(3) at the aqueous concentration of 0.074+/-0.028 microg/l to (2.1+/-1.4)x10(3) at 9.70+/-0.56 microg/l. The BCF value of 2,4-DCP were from (3.4+/-3.0)x10(2) at 0.235+/-0.060 microg/l to 92+/-27 at 27.3+/-1.6 microg/l. Generally, BCF values increased as the aqueous concentrations of PCP or 2,4-DCP decreased. This finding suggests that a relatively low and realistic aqueous concentration of these compounds is necessary to more accurately determine their BCF values in natural aquatic environments. Conventional BCF experiments at higher aqueous concentrations may underestimate the BCF values.     

Accumulation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in aquatic organisms: part 2--Bioconcentration in aquatic invertebrates and potential for trophic transfer to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The potential of TNT to accumulate in aquatic organisms was assessed by determining bioconcentration factors for TNT and TNT biotransformation products using two benthic invertebrates (Chironomus tentans and Lumbriculus variegatus), and by determining the bioaccumulation factor of TNT and TNT biotransformation products due to TNT exposure via feeding for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In all three species, TNT was rapidly biotransformed resulting in minimal accumulation. The bioconcentration factors for parent TNT ranged from 3 to 4 ml g(-1) for the invertebrates studied, while the TNT bioaccumulation factor for catfish via oral exposure of food pellets was 2.4x10(-5) g g(-1) based on the concentration of TNT in the food pellet. As indicated by this small bioaccumulation factor, TNT accumulation in channel catfish through trophic transfer would be negligible compared to aqueous exposure (previously reported BCF of 0.79 ml g(-1)). TNT extractable biotransformation products accumulated to a greater degree than parent TNT for all three species. In addition, a large fraction of the radioactivity within all three species resisted solvent extraction. The highest bioconcentration factors occurred in L. variegatus with extractable radioactivity measuring 76 ml g(-1) and total radioactivity measuring 216 ml g(-1). Because the bioaccumulation of TNT is very low compared to the bioaccumulation of its biotransformation products, further research including identifying and determining the relative toxicities of these biotransformation products is necessary to fully evaluate the environmental risk posed by exposure to TNT.     

Cadmium accumulation in the freshwater isopod Asellus racovitzai: the relative importance of solute and particulate sources at trace concentrations

A stable isotope tracer technique was used to evaluate the relative importance of particulates and water as respective sources of cadmium (Cd) uptake in the freshwater isopod Asellus racovitzai (Isopoda, Crustacea). 113Cd(NO3)2 was applied to the sediment at a nominal concentration of 20.0 ng g-1, and 114Cd(NO3)2 was added to the overlying water (nominal concentration of 4.4 ng g-1), in the same test systems. Asellids added were either free-ranging on the sediment surface, where they were exposed to both particulate and water sources of Cd, or were enclosed in dialysis 'tubes', 10 cm above the sediment surface, and were therefore exposed to Cd in water only. By analysis of both isotopes, uptake vectors could be determined simultaneously. After 7 days of exposure, average 114Cd concentrations in 'free' asellids were 15.6 +/- 2.0 micrograms/g, compared with 10.4 +/- 1.8 micrograms/g in 'tube'-held asellids (P < 0.05), i.e. at least 60% of accumulated 114Cd was from water. Furthermore, water-spiked 114Cd was accumulated in asellids to tissue concentrations that were more than four-times greater than sediment-spiked 113Cd. When the sediment organic content was increased (20% peat moss), total Cd concentrations in both overlying water and asellids were significantly lower (P < 0.01), compared with the mineral sediment treatments, and Cd accumulation in tube and free asellids was similar. This study shows that water is an important vector of Cd accumulation in A. racovitzai, and factors that lower Cd concentrations in solution (such as increased organic content of sediment), decrease Cd bioaccumulation.     

Multi-generation cadmium acclimation and tolerance in Daphnia magna Straus

The cladoceran Daphnia magna was acclimated for seven generations to cadmium concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 250 microg/l Cd (corresponding to a free ion activity of 4.60 nM Cd2+). Acute and chronic cadmium tolerance as well as cadmium accumulation were monitored as a function of acclimation time. After two to three generations of acclimation to concentrations ranging from 0.23 to 1.11 nM Cd2+ increases in acute tolerance were maximal (factor 7.2) and significant. Acclimation for seven generations to the same acclimation concentrations did result in an increased chronic cadmium tolerance (21 days EC50 values increased). Organisms acclimated to 1.93 nM Cd2+ were equally or more sensitive than non-acclimated daphnids in acute and chronic toxicity tests. Cadmium contents in D. magna increased significantly as a function of the acclimation concentration. Maximum body burdens of 236+/-30 microg Cd/g dry weight were measured in organisms exposed to 4.60 nM Cd2+, but detoxification mechanisms were only successful up to 82+/-20 microg Cd/g dry weight as this concentration did not cause major decreases in survival and reproduction in chronic toxicity tests. As the potential positive effect of acclimation on cadmium tolerance disappeared with successive acclimation generations and increasing acclimation concentrations, it is concluded that multi-generation acclimation studies are important for the evaluation of the long-term effects of environmental toxicants.     

Bioaccumulation Kinetics and Bioconcentration Factor of Chlorinated Pesticides in Tissues of Puntius ticto (Ham.)

Abstract

Bioaccumulation kinetics and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of chlorinated pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Benzene hexachloride (BHC), and Dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethane (DDT) in fish tissues of Puntius ticto was studied in detail in a continuous fed system. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using a first order uptake model and the steady-state BCF is calculated based on the 30 days exposure. Rate of bioaccumulation of DDT was maximum of 4.6432 µg g^?1 wet weight per day in liver tissue whereas it was minimum of 0.0002 µg g^?1 wet weight per day in case of Dieldrin in the muscle tissue among the pesticides. It was observed that DDT showed maximum BCF of 89,010 in case of liver tissue of the fish exposed to 30 days. The regression coefficient (r ²) between pesticide concentration and exposure time varied between 0.6212 and 0.9817 indicating high correlation. Based on actual calculated BCF values, the octanol–water partition coefficient (K _ow) values were predicted. In order to prove the hydrophobic property of chlorinated compounds and its affinity towards lipid, the K _ow is predicted. Results showed that pesticide burden differ from tissue to tissue and can be correlated to the lipid content, size, exposure time, and species.     

The fate of isoproturon in a freshwater microcosm with Lemna minor as a model organism

Degradation, bioaccumulation and volatile loss of the 14C-labeled phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) was examined in a freshwater microcosm with the free floating macrophyte species Lemna minor during a 21-day exposure time. Isoproturon volatilisation was very low with 0.13+/-0.01% of the initially applied herbicide. Only a minor amount of the herbicide was completely metabolised, presumably by rhizosphere microorganisms and released as 14CO2. In total, about 9% isoproturon was removed from the aquatic medium during 21 days. The major portion of the pesticide was removed by bioaccumulation of Lemna minor (5.0+/-0.8%) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) based on freshweight was 15.8+/-0.2. However, this study indicated a high persistence of IPU in freshwater ecosystems and a potential hazard due to bioaccumulation in non-target species. The novel experimental system of this study, developed for easy use and multiple sampling abilities, enabled quantitatively studying the fate of isoproturon and showed high reproducibility with a mean average (14)C-recovery rate of 97.1+/-0.7%.     

Comparative study of the cadmium and mercury kinetics between the short-lived gastropod Viviparus georgianus (Lea) and pelecypod Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot), under laboratory conditions

A laboratory study of the cadmium and mercury accumulation and elimination kinetics was conducted on the pelecypod Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot) and the short-lived gastropod Viviparus georgianus (Lea), according to age-classes. Preliminary results (metal concentration vs time of exposure) have demonstrated that uptake of Cd and Hg, in the two molluscs studied, follow a biphasic pattern, whereby a steady state is reached after approximately 16 days' exposure and then accumulation increases again for the rest of exposure period. The elimination of the two metals is also characterized in a biphasic way: fast excretion for the first four days followed by a slower depuration for the rest of exposure time. A two-compartment bioaccumulation model has been used to described the different kinetic parameters: (1) the rate constant for depuration; (2) the rate constant for uptake; (3) the theoretical bioconcentration factor extrapolated to steady-state conditions; and (4) the biological half-life of the metals.     

Bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in relation to thiol group content

To study the bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth, the plants were exposed to water containing 2 microg Cd2+/ml for extended periods of time. Three strains from several exposures during a 30-day period were sampled for the analyses of cadmium and thiol group. The data showed that the plant concentrates cadmium mainly in the roots and that the cadmium uptake is proportional to the increase of the thiol group content. The latter suggests the possibility of using the thiol group content to assess the bioconcentration of heavy metal ions in water hyacinth and as a general parameter for monitoring the heavy metal pollution of water. A simple two-compartmental model was used to simulate the kinetics of cadmium uptake. The calculated bioconcentration factor matches the one derived directly from experimental data, indicating the adequacy of the model.     

Evaluation of cadmium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and tissue distributions in the benthic crab, Dorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) from Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong

The distributions of copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium among the tissues of Dorippe granulata were determined. The highest copper concentrations were found in the haemolymph (c. 53 microg ml(-1)) while the highest iron concentrations occurred in the gills (c. 720 microg g(-1) dry weight) and the highest zinc concentrations in the exoskeleton (c. 200 microg g(-1) dry weight). By comparison, concentrations of the non-essential metal, cadmium, were low in all tissues (mean = 10 microg g(-1) dry weight). The highest value was recorded from the midgut gland of a female crab (18.5 microg Cd g(-1) dry weight). Concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron were positively correlated with tissue-hydration levels. Such a relationship was not found for cadmium. The findings are discussed with regard to trace-metal levels found in temperate and tropical brachyurans from clean and polluted localities.     

Bioconcentration of two pharmaceuticals (benzodiazepines) and two personal care products (UV filters) in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) under controlled laboratory conditions

Bioaccumulation is essential for gaining insight into the impact of exposure to organic micropollutants in aquatic fauna. Data are currently available on the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants, but there is very little documentation on the bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The bioconcentration of selected PPCPs was studied in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). The selected PPCPs were two organic UV filters, i.e., 2-ethylhexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC) and octocrylene (OC), and two benzodiazepines (BZP), i.e., diazepam (DZP) and tetrazepam (TZP). Laboratory experiments were performed in which M. galloprovincialis was exposed to these compounds either directly from water, for the less lipophilic substances (BZP) or via spiked food for lipophilic UV filters. M. galloprovincialis uptook and eliminated BZP following first-order kinetics. The biological half-life (t (1/2)) of TZP was 1.4?days, resulting in a bioconcentration factor of 64 and 99?mL?g(-1) dry weight (dw), respectively, for 2.3 and 14.5?μg?L(-1) of exposure, while the biological half-life (t (1/2)) of DZP was 0.4?days, resulting in a bioconcentration factor of 51?mL?g(-1) dw for 13.2?μg?L(-1) of exposure. The uptake of UV filter was rapid in mussels, followed by elimination within 24?h. EHMC increased from 15 to 138?ng?g(-1) dw in 1?h and decreased to 25?ng?g(-1) after 24?h for 11.9?μg?L(-1) exposure. OC reached 839?ng?g(-1) dw after 1?h and decreased to 33?ng?g(-1) after 24?h for 11.6?μg?L(-1) exposure. However, EHMC and OC were slightly accumulated in 48?h, i.e., 38 and 60?ng?g(-1) dw, respectively.     

Comparison of arsenate and cadmium toxicity in a freshwater amphipod (Gammarus pulex)

Cadmium is largely documented on freshwater organisms while arsenic, especially arsenate, is rarely studied. The kinetic of the LC50s values for both metals was realized on Gammarus pulex. Physiological [i.e. metal concentration in body tissues, bioconcentration factor (BCF)] effects and behavioural responses (via pleopods beats) were investigated after 240-h exposure. Arsenate LC50 value was 100 fold higher than Cd-LC50 value after 240-h exposure, while concentrations in gammarids were similar for both metals at their respective LC50s. BCF decreased with increasing cadmium concentration while BCF remained stable with increasing arsenate concentration. Moreover, BCF was between 148 and 344 times lower for arsenate than cadmium. A significant hypoventilation was observed for cadmium concentrations exceeding or close to the 240h-LC50(Cd), while gammarids hyperventilated for the lowest arsenate concentrations and hypoventilated for the highest arsenate concentrations. We discussed the relationships between potential action mechanisms of these two metals and observed results.     

Content and bioconcentration factors of mercury by Parasol Mushroom Macrolepiota procera

The carpophores of Parasol Mushroom and underlying soil substrate collected from several unpolluted and spatially distant sites across Poland were examined to know content and bioconcentration potential of mercury by this species. The total mercury content of the caps of Parasol Mushroom for the particular sites ranged from 1.1 +/- 1.0 to 8.4 +/- 7.4 microg/g dry matter (total range from 0.05 to 22 microg/g dm), while in the stalks were from 0.53 +/- 0.27 to 6.8 +/- 7.1 microg/g dm (total range from 0.078 to 20 microg/g dm). A top soil layer (0-10 cm) showed baseline mercury concentration from 0.022 +/- 0.011 to 0.36 +/- 0.16 microg/g dm (total range from 0.010 to 0.54 microg/g dm). Parasol Mushroom is an effective mercury accumulator in the carpophores and bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of this element in the caps and depending on the sampling site ranged from 16 +/- 6 to 220 +/- 110 (total range from 0.52 to 470), while for the stalks were from 7.6 +/- 2.6 to 130 +/- 96 (total range from 0.52 to 340). It seems reasonable to state that tolerance (maximum allowable concentration) of the total mercury in a single cap of Parasol Mushroom at unpolluted areas should not exceed 25 microg/g dm. A value greater then 25 mu g/g dm will imply an elevated content due to site pollution problems. Nevertheless, knowledge on highly toxic methylmercury content and its fraction in the total mercury content of Parasol Mushroom is lacking.     

Copper regulation and homeostasis of Daphnia magna and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata: influence of acclimation

This study aimed to evaluate (1) the capacity of the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the waterflea Daphnia magna to regulate copper when exposed to environmentally realistic copper concentrations and (2) the influence of multi-generation acclimation to these copper concentrations on copper bioaccumulation and homeostasis. Based on bioconcentration factors, active copper regulation was observed in algae up to 5 microg Cu L(-1) and in daphnids up to 35 mug Cu L(-1). Constant body copper concentrations (13+/-4 microg Cu g DW(-1)) were observed in algae exposed to 1 through 5 microg Cu L(-1) and in daphnids exposed to 1 through 12 microg Cu L(-1). At higher exposure concentrations, there was an increase in internal body copper concentration, while no increase was observed in bioconcentration factors, suggesting the presence of a storage mechanism. At copper concentrations of 100 microg Cu L(-1) (P. subcapitata) and 150 microg Cu L(-1) (D. magna), the significant increases observed in body copper concentrations and in bioconcentration factors may be related to a failure of this regulation mechanism. For both organisms, internal body copper concentrations lower than 13 microg Cu g DW(-1) may result in copper deficiency. For P. subcapitata acclimated to 0.5 and 100 microg Cu L(-1), body copper concentrations ranged (mean+/-standard deviation) between 5+/-2 microg Cu g DW(-1) and 1300+/-197 microg Cu g DW(-1), respectively. For D. magna, this value ranged between 9+/-2 microg Cu g DW(-1) and 175+/-17 microg Cu g DW(-1) for daphnids acclimated to 0.5 and 150 microg Cu L(-1). Multi-generation acclimation to copper concentrations >or =12 microg Cu L(-1) resulted in a decrease (up to 40%) in body copper concentrations for both organisms compared to the body copper concentration of the first generation. It can be concluded that there is an indication that P. subcapitata and D. magna can regulate their whole body copper concentration to maintain copper homeostasis within their optimal copper range and acclimation enhances these mechanisms.     

Bioconcentration of the insecticide pyridaphenthion by the green algae Chlorella saccharophila

A study was undertaken to examine the uptake of the organophosphate insecticide pyridaphenthion in the chlorophyta Chlorella saccharophila. Algae cultures were exposed to the initial nominal concentration 10.0 mg l(-1) pyridaphention during seven days. The insecticide bioconcentrates in the biomass to the highest level of 441.5 +/- 25.9 mg kg(-1) on the fifth day of exposure and was followed by a decrease to 76.6 +/- 5.1 mg kg(-1) on the seventh day. A model was constructed to describe the dynamic process, which estimated a bioconcentration factor (BCF) equal to 28. The study demonstrates the potential of accumulation of pyridaphenthion in aquatic organisms and helps to expand the pyridaphenthion toxicity database. The replacement of fenitrothion by pyridaphenthion concerning their use in rice flooded cultures is discussed.     

Multivariate analysis of elements content of Larch Bolete (Suillus grevillei) mushroom

Larch Bolete (Suillus grevillei) mushrooms collected at spatially distant sites in Poland showed on relative abundance of K, P, Mg, Rb, Al, Ca, Fe (at mg/g dw), Ag, Ba, Cd, Cu, Mn, Na and Zn (at microg/g dw) and less of Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sr (<1 microg/g dw). Amongst these elements Rb and K were highly bioconcentrated by Larch Bolete (BCF around 1000 and 300 for the caps), and weaker were Cu, Mg, Na, P and Zn (BCF between 4.1+/-2.5 and 62+/-21). Ag and Cd were bioconcentrated mainly in caps with BCF value of 25+/-16 and 13+/-10. Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Sr were excluded (BCF<1) by this species. Intake of meal prepared of 300 g of fresh fruiting bodies of Larch Bolete picked-up at the Western Beskid or Pogórze Wielickie sites in the south of Poland will result in exceeding of oral reference dose set for cadmium. In the case of silver, copper or zinc content a meal of 300 g of fresh or 30 g dried Larch Bolete will not result in exceeding reference doses for these elements. Extent of dose that customer would be exposed after eating of three 300 g fresh the Larch Bolete meals during a week will led to intake of lead and zinc within margin of 0.9-5.1% and 9-16% of PTWI for these elements, respectively. In the case of cadmium and specimens from the Western Beskid or Pogórze Wielickie sites in the south of Poland intake will slightly (around 10%) exceed PTWI value, and for other sites will not exceed (between 2% and 26% of PTWI).