洛坝铅锌矿废弃不同时间渣地植被恢复演替动态

对甘肃省徽县洛坝铅锌矿不同废弃时间的废渣地进行的化学分析表明,其主要污染物为重金属Pb和Zn,其w(Pb)和w(Zn)最大值分别为6 298和480 800 mg/kg. 重金属在废渣地中的质量分数随废弃时间的增长而减少;对废渣地恢复植被演替调查发现,Pb和Zn是影响植物自然演替的限制因子. 在现场考察的基础上对洛坝废渣地进行了植被恢复演替调查. 结果表明:从废弃时间序列上看,废渣地植物种类在增加、荒漠化在逆转,3,6和11 a的废渣地植物数分别为12,17和40种;从废渣地植被恢复演替序列上看,各时期植物都在更替,3 a废渣地以野艾蒿(Artemisia vulgaris)+升马塘(Digitaria sanguinalis)+车前草(Plantago asiatica)群落为主;6 a废渣地以野艾蒿+针叶蒿(Tripolium vulgare)+商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)+小蓬草(Erigeron annuu)群落为主;11 a废渣地又增加有固氮植物三叶草(Trifolium pratense)、苜蓿(Medicago lupulina)及紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)的成功定居,已形成草-灌-乔简单植被结构.      

Patterns of plant trait-environment relationships along a forest succession chronosequence

Land-use change due to socioeconomic factors leads to the abandonment of traditional intensive coppice management in large areas of the mountainous landscapes of the Apennines (Italy). In this study we explored the multivariate relationship between plant species traits, stage of forest succession and environmental gradients. We focused on community-level patterns in plant traits of the vegetation of beech forest understory along the regeneration chronosequence initiated after cessation of coppicing. We hypothesized that the correlations between the traits and environmental factors should increase with succession age due to the decreasing role of chance.Landscape-level heterogeneity, i.e. changing elevation, slope, exposition, bedrock and forest stand age was assessed using a stratified random sampling design. Sixty sites were sampled for stand structure and species composition. We focused on 14 plant traits related to persistence, growth and dispersal. The recently developed data-analytical method, Model-Based Recursive Partitioning, was used to disentangle the relationships between patterns of plant traits and environmental gradients.About half (seven) of the studied plant traits showed significant correlations with succession stand age, elevation, inclination, heat index and bedrock. Contrary to the low number of trait-environment correlations in early succession, eight traits showed significant relationships with one or more abiotic factors in older stages of the post-coppice development. Stand age had the highest independent explanatory power, explaining 40% of variance of SLA, more than 17% of variance of short-distance seed dispersal and more than 15% of variance of both long-term connection and extensive perennial root. Among the other abiotic factors, elevation explained 27% of variance of SLA, inclination explained 6-8% of variance of long-term connection, extensive perennial root, thickening and large bud bank.The observed trait-environmental relationship is assumed to be driven by various environmental factors operating at various levels of complexity. While forest succession in relatively homogeneous landscapes might be driven mainly by environmental factors related to forest succession itself and associated abiotic changes (such as changes in light and soil moisture patterns), in heterogeneous landscapes the succession pathways may be structured by landscape-level environmental factors such as inclination. However, in the present study, forest stand age had the highest explanatory power for most of the investigated traits, supporting the assumption of the overall strong impact of succession-driven environmental factors in trait-environment relationships.     

贵州中部煤矸石堆场废弃地自然植被的群落组成及物种多样性

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡关闭煤矿区矸石堆场及周边自然土壤上的植被进行调查与分析,研究矸石废弃地自然恢复植被的群落组成、演替过程和物种多样性的变化。结果表明：随着堆放年限增加,煤矸石废弃地植物群落组成趋于复杂,植物群落演替等级增高。另确定6种植物为煤矸石废弃地优势物种,可为煤矸石堆场人工植被修复提供选材依据。     

上海江湾机场植物群落多样性研究

以市区内江湾机场失去管理后出现的自然植被为研究对象，通过群落学调查研究，分析了群落的种类组成以及结构特征，阐明了群落的恢复过程和潜力。结果表明，江湾机场的植被可划分为4个外貌类型，16个群落类型。自然植被表现为以草本群落为主、辅以少量木本植物群落为特征的分布格局。非地带性因素主导着植被发生和演替，很难达到上海以亚热带常绿阔叶林为主的地带性植被类型。     

退化梭梭林禁牧封育周期的研究

对阿拉善荒漠地区不同时间（2005年、2002年、1999年和1980年）禁牧围封梭梭生态特征进行了对比研究。生态特征分析表明7年封育梭梭恢复效果最好,梭梭盖度达到了22．6％,密度增加到每公顷594株,生物量提高到每公顷12．01吨。而25年围封梭梭林密度、盖度和生物量均低于7年封育。年龄结构分析表明1年、4年和7年禁牧封育梭梭均发展趋势,而25年禁牧封育梭梭呈现衰退趋势。动态模拟分析表明通过禁牧封育,干旱区退化梭梭林恢复最佳周期14年,生物量达15．3吨／公顷,盖度28％,密度高达770彬公顷。     

A map-based method for exploring responses to different levels of grazing pressure at the landscape scale

At the beginning of the last century European landscapes were a mosaic of open and forested habitats formed by centuries of human use. During the 20th century, however, this mosaic was altered. Changes in grazing pressure from domestic animals have been suggested as one of the drivers of these alterations. This paper presents a methodology developed to calculate an index of potential grazing pressure change at the landscape level. Information about location, type and number of grazing animals is used to produce detailed Geographical Information System (GIS) maps of potential grazing pressure change. Spatial information from these maps can then be geographically linked to vegetation maps such that the effect of grazing pressure changes on vegetation can be statistically analyzed. This methodology was applied to a Norwegian mountain landscape to test if decreased grazing pressure by domestic animals leads to woodland establishment in open habitats. Canonical Correspondence Analyzes (CCA) were performed and the results showed significant effects. Decreased grazing pressure increased the probability of woodland establishment in heathlands. The methodology described in this paper might be a useful tool in planning strategies both for conservation efforts and sustainable resource use.     

济南城市热岛动态变化遥感定量监测及其驱动因素分析研究

城市热岛是城市发展过程中遇到的难题,对人居环境造成较大影响.定量分析研究城市时空演变特征,探究热岛驱动因素,有助于为城市热岛动态变化分析提供技术支撑.论文以济南市为研究对象,采用2000年-2009年间7-8月份MODIS LST数据,分析10年间热岛变化特征.结果表明,10年间,济南城区温度明显高于郊区,热岛效应显著,并且,热核区、特高温区等区域呈现周期性扩张与收缩规律;通过提取2000年及2009年济南市人工表面与植被面积,发现2009年比2000年人工表面面积扩张33.33％,植被减少6.76％,且人工表面扩张与植被减少的区域大部分重合,这对城市热岛形成产生了一定促进作用.另一方面,通过统计分析2000年与2009年人口数量、机动车保有量、烟尘排放量数据,分析济南城市热岛驱动因素,结合城市规划建设,为缓解济南城市热岛提出参考性建议.     

锡林河流域草原植被退化空间格局分析

利用TM遥感影像,结合地面植被调查,基于典型草原退化演替模式,绘制锡林河流域植被现状图,在地理信息系统支持下,研究了锡林河流域草原植被退化空间格局特征,得出全流域、上中下游及流域内不同地貌类型上不同草原退化等级的面积。全流域1999年放牧退化草原植被面积为7689.3km₂,占总流域面积的71.86%。根据草原退化指数计算得出全流域总草原退化指数为10901.8km₂草原退化单位,同时还计算了流域上中下游区域和流域内不同地貌类型的草原退化指数值。通过网格取样,绘制锡林河流域草原退化指数空间图,应用空间趋势面分析法绘制草原植被退化指数等值线图。结果表明:锡林河流域草原退化的空间格局较为复杂,首先与流域上中下游及不同地貌类型上人类放牧利用强度的差异相关,具体表现在流域中下游及河谷阶地、平原和丘陵区草原植被退化较为明显,其次,全流域有多个较为明显的草原植被严重退化中心区,均与人类高强度放牧利用有关。     

不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合关系评价

植被和土壤的耦合协调关系是沟谷地植被恢复进入良性演替发展阶段的重要标志。研究通过建立9个植被因子和11个土壤因子的2级层次指标体系,采用层次分析法确定各因子的权重,构建沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合协调模型。结果表明：沟谷地经过20多年的植被恢复,不同植被恢复模式沟谷地的植被-土壤系统发展趋势均处于中级协调发展水平上;其中,刺槐林沟处于中级发展模式水平植被土壤同步型,柠条灌丛沟和天然草地沟为中级发展模式水平土壤滞后型;逐步回归线性分析表明,不同植被属性或土壤属性对其产生重要影响的环境因子（植被群落或土壤条件）存在差异。黄土丘陵区不同植被恢复模式沟谷地植被-土壤系统耦合协调关系存在一定差异,这可能与植物群落优势种的生物学特性密切相关。     

黔中木本植物叶功能性状对退化喀斯特土壤特性的响应

研究不同退化背景下优势木本植物功能性状的适应机制,有助于从功能生态学的角度来解释喀斯特山区的群落演替过程。本研究以贵州普定不同退化背景样地优势木本为研究对象,测定LT、LA、SLA、LDMC、LTD、Chlc6个叶片功能性状指标,分析土壤特性对区域内植被叶片功能性状的作用及影响,揭示喀斯特山区植物对不同环境的适应策略及其演替过程。结果表明:①喀斯特区退化环境下植被叶片向增大化趋势发展,以退耕地经济林最显著;火烧、火烧砍伐、退耕下植被性状差异显著,以LA、LTD、SLA变化范围最大,在相应样地可分别高达121.9%、118.08%、86.00%。②退化样地内叶片性状在乔木、灌木和藤本物种间差异显著,总体上灌木与藤本物种种间变异高于乔木物种,群落处于演替前中期阶段。③不同退化背景下土壤特性差异较大,与植被叶功能性状间具有显著相关性,其中土层深度、土壤养分与土壤含水率是植被叶功能性状的关键土壤特性因子。④退化区域植被叶性状表现出LA大、LT较小、SLA和LTD低、LDMC高、Chlc较低,趋向于发展贫瘠干旱性状组合。揭示了黔中退化喀斯特次生林内在差异性的演替规律,为喀斯特次生林的管理和生物多样性保护提供科学依据。     

Meadow management and occurrence of corncrake Crex crex

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of corncrakes in two Swedish meadow sites managed by mowing and grazing, but also with abandoned meadows. Most corncrakes (58%) on meadows were found in unmanaged areas without subsidies to the farmers (i.e. areas with tall vegetation). Several corncrakes (62%) were found in restored areas, managed for less than 10 of the last 40 years, fewer (38%) in areas under continuous management. Vegetation height was negatively associated with number of years of management the last 40 years, and the continuously managed areas were avoided by corncrakes. Sites where corncrake territories occur regularly should be managed to maintain tall vegetation suitable for the species, which requires increased use of mowing. However, the results from our study also suggest that yearly mowing might result in a vegetation structure that is avoided by corncrakes. To achieve a balance between tall grassy vegetation and prevention of succession to scrub a possible management regime would therefore be mowing at intervals of a few years.     

岛群围填海过程中岸线与植被变化特征初步探究——以舟山石化基地为例

通过遥感（RS）结合地理信息系统（GIS）的方法,解译舟山石化基地工程所在区域7个时期卫星遥感影像。结合收集相关资料和登岛实地调查,提取并分析了舟山石化基地建设不同时期岸线变迁和植被分布变化情况。研究结果表明:近3 a内,舟山石化基地工程所涉及岛群自然岸线减少21.335 km,占原自然岸线的75.4%;岛群植被减少3.537 km2,占原岛群植被面积的74.0%。岛群变化大体划分为大鱼山主岛开发、大小鱼山连岛过程、岛群整体围填和岛群向东扩张围填四个阶段。前三阶段岛群自然岸线快速减少,人工岸线快速增加,第四阶段自然岸线缓慢减少,人工岸线长度冲高回落;岛群植被在前两阶段快速减少,后两阶段减少较慢;上述特征主要与工程施工过程有关。由于工程开发严重影响了岛群原有生态环境,建议海岛管理部门在岛群开发中应做好生态保护与修复工作。     

Adaptation of plant functional group composition to management changes in calcareous grassland

It is the aim of plant functional research to generate general rules of species assembly and species reactions based on plant functional traits. Here we determined plant functional groups that are important with regard to land use types (grazing, mowing, mulching, burning, abandonment) and looked for mechanisms leading to changes in species composition after management changes in calcareous grasslands.To filter out the set of traits which best described the variation in plant composition along the studied land use gradient and to identify functional groups we chose an iterative three-table ordination method. We included traits related to persistence as well as traits describing the germination niche of a plant. To gain insight into underlying mechanisms which led to differing importance of these plant functional groups at different management regimes we investigated shifts in dominance of the identified functional groups at eight management regimes using long-term vegetation data of a site which was grazed before the onset of different management regimes in 1974. Ongoing unidirectional changes in cover of the four determined functional groups at most of the treatments indicated that even after almost 30 years new equilibria of functional group composition were still not reached.The study showed that other management treatments but grazing and mowing led to changes in functional group composition, which were mainly driven by increasing dominance of a highly competitive species group.     

阿尔乡沙地围封治理效应的分析

围封治理沙地是促进沙地植被演替的有效手段，通过对阿尔乡沙地围封治理前后生态调查，对沙丘面积和分布、植被种类组成和分布等演替指标进行比较分析，进一步证明了围封治理取得的显著效应，并提出合理化建议。     

Relationships between diversity of grassland vegetation, field characteristics and land use management practices assessed at the farm level

In order to assess the impact of policies to encourage extensification in less favoured areas and improve our knowledge of extensive livestock systems, we analyzed relationships between the diversity of grassland vegetation and land use management practices and field characteristics. This study, conducted on a mountainous area in the centre of France, was based on 149 fields, mainly of natural grasslands belonging to 7 farmers. Regression analyses were performed to analyze the relations between the grassland vegetation types (five types established from the list of dominant species), management practices (cutting versus grazing and fertilization) and the topographic (altitude and aspect) and topologic (slope, distance and surface area) characteristics of the fields. The land use management rules used by the farmers were studied by specifying the grazing management rules of the herd (dairy cows), as well as those for conserved forage (mainly hay or silage) and were identified from observations mentioned on the “grazing schedules”, as well as from interviews at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the study period. The statistical analysis showed that neither the topographic characteristics of the fields nor the distance from the cowshed or surface area were correlated with the grassland vegetation types. It was the management practices used, largely determined by the field slope, which determined the grassland vegetation type. On the other hand, farmers’ statements showed that the grazing and cutting management rules were mostly determined by the slope of the fields and the distance from the cowshed and, to a lesser extent, by the altitude and aspect. These results showed that the farmers take into consideration environmental differences when choosing fields to allocate for grazing and cutting at different seasons, particularly when they are constrained by these features. Nevertheless, when the constraints were minimal, a wide diversity of grassland vegetation types was also observed. This diversity was a result of attributing different functions to the fields which led to different management practices (defoliation methods and fertilization) and, thus, to different grassland vegetation types. Consequently, for farms where animal feed requirements vary according to the time of the year and the type of animal, we suggest that diversity in the grassland vegetation types is a sound component of these livestock systems.     

辽河口沉积物环境要素时空动态及影响因素分析

以辽河口为研究区域,利用遥感影像数据、现状调查数据和历史监测数据,系统地分析了辽河口沉积物质量历史变化趋势和空间分异规律,并进一步研究不同海域使用类型和不同植被演替阶段对沉积物环境要素分异特征的影响.结果表明,辽河口区域沉积物质量总体良好,各要素平均含量均符合一类沉积物质量要求;沉积物营养元素呈现显著的带状分布规律,重金属元素空间分布具有一定随机性,未呈现显著规律;不同海域使用类型对沉积物污染物富集的影响具有一定差异显著性,说明重金属及污染物的分布受到人类活动的影响,具有一定的随机性;植被不同演替阶段下主控因子具有显著差异,初级阶段主要受盐度控制,随着由盐生植被向陆生植被逐渐过渡,植被分布特征与总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的内在联系逐渐增大,同时重金属等污染物含量与植被群落内在联系并不显著.     

从植被演替和抗风性研究包兰线沙坡头段人工植被稳定性

运用群落演替与风沙流因子分析相结合的方法论证了群落的稳定性。在沙坡头地区,以油蒿为主的人工群落在长期的自然演替过程中已达到与生境条件相互适应的动态稳定过程。通过沙坡头与周边地区植被演替的比较研究,表明了该地区现有植被正形成(或已形成)偏途顶极序列,该植被在相当长的时间内会稳定存在,这些演替可促使沙坡头地区的人工植被向更为稳定的人工+自然复合生态系统以及自然生态系统方向变化。此外,风洞实验结果显示,沙坡头现有主要植被和地表能够抵抗较大风沙流胁迫,已形成了能够忍耐沙尘暴的生态系统。     

黑河流域草地承载力研究

应用RS和GIS技术,从研究区植被类型、土壤侵蚀、坡度、距水源距离、生物多样性和生态系统保护等方面,确定了黑河流域不适合和适合放牧的区域。在适合放牧的区域,根据草地类型估测产草量。在牧草分配方面,从避免土壤侵蚀和遭遇干旱时保证植被群落弹性和再生的需要以及满足昆虫和土壤无脊椎动物及野生动物需要两个方面考虑了满足生态需要的牧草生物量。在确定放牧强度时,从坡度和距离水源远近两个方面考虑了载畜量的减少比例。在此基础上,计算出满足生态保护需要的草地承载力。研究结果表明,黑河流域适合放牧的区域仅占总面积的17.693%,在适合放牧的区域,天然草地的承载力为0.009～2.055只羊单位/hm²。     

重庆岩溶区土壤-植被生态系统探讨

岩溶地区土壤和植被是生态环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,不同土壤类型塑造了不同的土地利用类型和植被景观。文章分析了重庆岩溶形成的地质背景,土壤类型分布特征及其不同土地利用下石漠化程度,论述了植被演替规律;并在此基础上提出了适生植物树种及其重庆岩溶地区土壤一植被生态系统恢复与建设的可行性措施。     

Identification of biomes affected by marginal expansion of agricultural land use induced by increased crop consumption

In a previous study, the global agricultural expansion caused by wheat consumption in four different countries was modelled with the aim of establishing land use life cycle inventories. The previous study estimated the areas affected by expansion (in terms of square meters) but did not explain how to characterise these areas. The present study ascribes so-called biomes (natural potential vegetation) to the areas affected by agricultural expansion in order to provide a basis for assessing the environmental impacts from land use in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). The methodology builds on agricultural statistics and maps of global agricultural areas and the global distribution of biomes. The application of the method is illustrated with four examples. The results indicate that agricultural expansion on land suited for crop cultivation (cultivable land) typically affects forest biomes or potential grassland/steppe, whereas expansion on land suited for grazing but not for crop cultivation (grazable land) typically occurs on potential shrubland or a few other biomes depending on the region. Some uncertainty applies to the results but it is concluded that it is feasible to identify biomes affected by agricultural expansion and that the biomes can therefore be used as a starting point for land use LCIA.