垂直流人工湿地的生命周期评价

以设计处理水量为70m~3/d的垂直流人工湿地为评价对象,处理1m~3污水为评价单元,分别对湿地建设阶段和运行阶段的全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成以及粉尘、固废等5种影响类型进行生命周期评价。结果表明:全球变暖的主要贡献因子为CO_2和N_2O,两者的贡献达到了82.2%,主要是由建设阶段产生的;酸化的主要贡献因子为NO_x,占酸化总量的70.1%,主要由建设阶段产生;富营养化的主要贡献因子为总氮、氨氮和总磷,3者的贡献达到89.4%,主要是由运行阶段产生;光化学臭氧合成的主要贡献因子为CH_4,占光化学臭氧合成总潜力的77.5%,主要来源于运行阶段;固废、粉尘主要来源于建设阶段。5种影响类型的环境影响指数为富营养化光化学臭氧合成固废、粉尘全球变暖酸化。     

水力发电技术的生命周期评价

以广东省内某一小型水电站为研究对象,对其进行了较系统的生命周期评价.通过目标和范围的确定,对水电站的各子过程进行了生命周期清单分析及环境影响潜值计算.分析表明,该水电站的总能耗为2.02g/(kW·h),其中煤占主要部分,占93.92％；该水电站排放的污染物中,CO2占绝大部分(96.70％),其次是粉尘(2.75％)；水电站的建设耗材生产子过程的能耗以及污染物排放量最大,该过程的能耗占总能耗的97.00％,污染物排放量占总排放量的94.41％；与常规燃煤电厂相比,每发电10000kW·h,该水电站可节约标煤3.98t,减少排放CO29.9648t、SOx79.927kg、NOx 49.92kg、粉尘499kg,水力发电具有非常显著的节能和环保效应；该水电站每发电lkW·h的总环境影响潜值为4.31×10-6人当量,其中粉尘是最主要的环境影响因素,这是由于水泥、钢材等建设耗材在制造生产过程中产生了大量的粉尘.     

基于生命周期能值分析的秸秆能源化利用方式的对比评价

在生命周期的理论框架下,采用能值分析方法对2种秸秆能源化利用方式(秸秆直燃发电与秸秆燃料乙醇)的能值消耗、环境影响和经济效益进行了对比评价。结果表明:在秸秆直燃发电系统中,种植阶段能值投入占总能值投入的61.92%,远大于收储运输阶段和生产阶段;在秸秆燃料乙醇系统中,种植阶段和生产阶段所占比例较大,分别为45.26%和45.78%;秸秆直燃发电系统的CO2排放指标略小于秸秆燃料乙醇系统,远小于燃煤发电系统,因此,发展秸秆直燃发电和秸秆燃料乙醇对减少温室气体排放具有积极的意义;与秸秆燃料乙醇系统相比,秸秆直燃发电系统具有较高的能值产出率、可再生性和环境可持续性,较低的能值转换率和环境负载率,说明秸秆直燃发电系统综合效益优于秸秆燃料乙醇;秸秆直燃发电系统与秸秆燃料乙醇系统的可持续性指标均小于1,都不具有长期的可持续性。     

广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

北京市生活垃圾处理的环境影响评价

目前北京市生活垃圾产生量不断增加,处理设施能力日渐不足,生活垃圾管理正面临着减量化与资源化必然趋势。在未来5～10年内,堆肥处理、焚烧处理和综合处理等方式将取代卫生填埋成为北京市垃圾处理的主要方式。本研究采用生命周期评价的方法,对北京市4处垃圾处理设施采用的不同工艺（卫生填埋、好氧堆肥、焚烧处理和综合处理）的环境影响进行比较。评价结果表明4,种处理方式中填埋、堆肥、焚烧和综合处理的环境影响负荷分别为4.82×10-2、1.10×10-21、.31×10-1和2.31×10-2,焚烧处理的总环境影响潜值最大,填埋处理次之,综合处理再次,堆肥处理最小。4种处理方式的资源耗竭系数分别为-2.39×10-51、.11×10-5、-3.45×10-4和-1.04×10-6,焚烧处理的资源耗竭系数最小。     

激光类全新耗材和再生耗材对环境影响的生命周期评价

以激光类打印耗材——TN350为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对全新TN350和再生TN350进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行生命周期环境影响评价。重点考虑6种环境影响类型：全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧、固体废弃物、工业烟尘和粉尘。结果表明,相对于全新TN350,再生TN350的原油消耗量削...     

一个扑热息痛生产企业的环境影响评价

以原材料收集为起点,扑热息痛产品产出为终点,采用生命周期评价方法对天津某典型扑热息痛生产企业进行环境影响评价。结果表明,该企业每生产1t扑热息痛的酰化过程、脱色过程、结晶过程的综合环境影响对全过程的综合环境影响贡献率分别为94.14%、5.82%、0.04%,主要环境影响为海洋水生生态毒性、化石燃料消耗、水体富营养化和全球变暖。为减小扑热息痛生产过程的环境影响,提出扑热息痛生产工艺采用常温生产工艺、使用高效低耗设备、提高工艺水的重复利用率和增加蒸气的使用量、提高余热回收利用率等合理化建议。     

基于生命周期评价法的贝壳资源化利用环境效益分析 ——以大连市为例

以贝壳为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)法对贝壳的常规处理方法和3种资源化利用方法的环境影响进行比较。结果表明,处理1kg贝壳,方案0(填埋)的环境影响值为1.04×10-14;方案1(代替水泥生产中使用的石灰石)的环境影响值为-3.78×10-12;方案2(代替浸没式生物滤柱中的陶粒填料)的环境影响值为-1.85×10-14;方案3(代替砂作为建筑材料)的环境影响值为3.62×10-14。方案1与其他3种方案相比环境效益最大。方案0中填埋过程的环境影响贡献最大,贡献率为56.60%;方案1、方案2、方案3中环境影响最大的环节是贝壳粉碎过程,贡献率分别为85.72%、93.55%、98.48%;3种资源化利用方案主要避免原材料开采过程的环境影响。     

北京和上海典型复合包装废物处置环境影响比较

采用生命周期评价法研究比较了北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响。通过现场和资料调研的方式获得此阶段的能量物质的输入输出和环境外排数据。结果表明:北京和上海两地纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段的环境影响潜值分别为-0.428 Pt和9.776 Pt,其主要集中在气候变化、土地占用和无机物对健康的损害三方面;每提高10%的回收率,其环境影响潜值北京和上海可分别降低5.446 Pt和5.799 Pt;上海地区纸塑铝复合包装处置阶段对环境的影响在任何同回收率的情况都要高于北京地区,其主要原因是上海地区填埋产生的温室气体释放量过大和再生企业距离打包点较远。     

生物质能利用技术控制污染物排放的作用

化石燃料燃烧利用过程中排放的大量毒害气体和CO2对生态环境造成重大危害,由此产生的环境问题越来越引起世界各国的关注,相应的控制排放技术不断发展,其中生物质能利用由于其CO2零排放成为最有发展潜力的技术之一.采用LCA方法,选择生物质气化联合循环发电、生物质热裂解发电、生物质与煤混烧发电3种方案与燃煤发电进行了对比,分析生物质利用过程减排温室气体CO2、毒性气体(SOX、NOX)的作用.结果表明,在生产1 kW*h电能的生命周期中,3种生物质发电方案的CO2排放量远远小于燃煤发电,特别是生物质气化联合循环发电和生物质热裂解发电两种方案减排CO2达到了87%～94%.由于生物质低硫和低氮特性,该两种方案中NOX和SOX的减排量也非常显著,即使是生物质与煤按1∶9(质量比)混燃都可以达到25.2%和8.9%的减排效果.综合而言,生物质能的利用,不论是气化、热解或者共燃都是减排CO2、NOX和SOX有效措施.     

Ranking potential impacts of priority and emerging pollutants in urban wastewater through life cycle impact assessment

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), a feature of the Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, is used in this work outside the LCA framework, as a means to quantify the potential environmental impacts on ecotoxicity and human toxicity of wastewater containing priority and emerging pollutants. In order to do this, so-called characterisation factors are obtained for 98 frequently detected pollutants, using two characterisation models, EDIP97 and USES-LCA. The applicability of this methodology is shown in a case study in which wastewater influent and effluent samples from a Spanish wastewater treatment plant located in the Mediterranean coast were analysed. Characterisation factors were applied to the average concentration of each pollutant, obtaining impact scores for different scenarios: discharging wastewater to aquatic recipient, and using it for crop irrigation. The results show that treated wastewater involves a substantially lower environmental impact when compared to the influent, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are very important contributors to toxicity in this wastewater. Ciprofloxacin, fluoxetine, and nicotine constitute the main PPCPs of concern in this case study, while 2,3,7,8-TCDD, Nickel, and hexachlorobenzene are the priority pollutants with highest contribution. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that the new characterisation factors are based on very limited data, especially with regard to toxicology, and therefore they must be seen as a first screening to be improved in the future when more and higher quality data is available.     

Life Cycle Assessment as Part of Sustainability Assessment for Chemicals (5 pp)

Background LCA is the only internationally standardized environmental assessment tool (ISO 14040-43) for product systems, including services and processes. The analysis is done ‘from cradle-to-grave’, i.e. over the whole life cycle. LCA is essentially a comparative method: different systems fulfilling the same function (serving the same purpose) are compared on the basis of a ‘functional unit’ - a quantitative measure of this function or purpose. It is often believed that LCA can be used for judging the (relative) sustainability of product systems. This is only partly true, however, since LCA is restricted to the environmental part of the triad ‘environment/ecology - economy - social aspects (including intergenerational fairness)’ which constitutes sustainability. Standardized assessment tools for the second and the third part are still lacking, but Life Cycle Costing (LCC) seems to be a promising candidate for the economic part. Social Life Cycle Assessment still has to be developed on the basis of known social indicators.Method and Limitations LCA is most frequently used for the comparative assessment or optimization analysis of final products. Materials and chemicals are difficult to analyse from cradle-to-grave, since they are used in many, often innumerable product systems, which all would have to be studied in detail to give a complete LCA of a particular material or substance! This complete analysis of a material or chemical is evidently only possible in such cases where one main application exists. But even if one main application does exist, e.g. in the case of surfactants (chemicals) and detergents (final products), the latter may exist in a great abundance of compositions. Therefore, chemicals and materials are better analysed ‘from cradle-to-factory gate’, leaving the analysis of the final product(s), the use phase and the ‘end-of-life’ phases to specific, full LCAs.Conclusion A comparative assessment of production processes is possible, if the chemicals (the same is true for materials) produced by different methods have exactly the same properties. In this case, the downstream phases may be considered as a ‘black box’ and left out of the assessment. Such truncated LCAs can be used for environmental comparisons, but less so for the (environmental) optimization analysis of a specific chemical: the phases considered as ‘black box’ and left out may actually be the dominant ones. A sustainability assessment should be performed at the product level and contain the results of LCC and social assessments. Equal and consistent system boundaries will have to be used for these life cycle tools which only together can fulfil the aim of assessing the sustainability of product systems.     

城市污水处理环境效益量化分析

运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法对西安市北石桥污水净化中心污水处理工艺从其原材料开采和加工开始直到污水厂施工建设、处理运行以及废弃拆除的生命周期全过程资源消耗、能耗和环境影响进行了识别和量化分析，同时结合一维水质稀释模型，提出污水处理环境效益估算模型。采用最大污染权重因子对模型进行计算，结果表明，采用深度处理比常规二级处理多产生1 708.52×10⁹kJ的环境正效益。     

Applying waste management scenarios in the Peloponnese region in Greece: a critical analysis in the frame of life cycle assessment

The aim of this paper is to apply life cycle assessment in the waste management sector, in order to compare the environmental performance of different waste management methods. The methods that are studied are: landfilling, aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment, incineration and recycling, focusing on mass and energy balances and the environmental performance of each applied scenario. The Peloponnese Region in Greece was selected as a case for the application of this methodology and more specifically its largest municipalities, where a significant amount of waste is presented. The conducted LCA study proves the necessity of the adoption of an integrated waste management system and indicates its principal objectives by measuring environmental impacts. Thermal scenario contributes significant to the mitigation on the Greenhouse Gases. On the other hand, separation at source and recycling practices provides significant benefits to the abiotic depletion impact.     

Ecological assessment of the environmental impacts of the kerosene burning in jet turbines and its improvement assessment

The burning of kerosene in jet turbines is investigated for two reference flights with a Boeing 747-400 and an Airbus A320-200, representing the typical Lufthansa planes for long and middle distance. The ecological evaluation is performed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Formation of condensation trails, which is a specific environmental impact caused by air traffic, has to be considered in addition to established LCA impact categories. Based on the ecological assessment, an improvement assessment is performed. Environmental performance of diesel fuel during the combustion in car engines is analysed based on available publications. The relevant parameters for the environmental impact of the combustion of diesel (aromatics content, reduction of sulphur content, the reduction of the density and raising of the cetane number) are discussed with regard to improvements of the exhaust qualities of kerosene. A reduction of the aromatics content promises to improve the emission of soot which should be further investigated.     

生命周期评价研究进展

生命周期评价作为一种评价产品、工艺过程或活动在整个生命周期中环境影响的工具,在国际上广受关注。现对它的概念、发展历程、技术框架、特征及存在问题作简单的介绍,并对其未来发展作了展望。     

从LCA角度评价塑料用品与木制用品对环境的影响

通过对一次性塑料与纸制用品（木制品）的评价研究的基础上，对木制品与塑料制品从生命周期评价（LCA）的角度上对问题作进一步的探讨和研究，得出结论为塑料制品为环保型产品。     

Life cycle assessment of a large water treatment plant in Turkey

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this study is to assess the environmental sustainability of a large water treatment plant through life cycle assessment (LCA)...     

Assessment models and dynamic variables for dynamic life cycle assessment of buildings: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Life cycle assessment (LCA) is widely used to quantify the environmental performance of buildings. Recently, the potential temporal variations in the...