在气升式要逆环流反应器中运用振荡气升操作进行甘油发酵

在耐高渗酵母Candida krusei发酵生产甘油的过程中,为在基本不增加投资或操作强度的基础上进一步提高甘油的产率,本文采用了一种气升式可逆环流反应器,空气可以通过反应器底部的中心喷嘴或环隙喷嘴交替地进入反应器内,从而形成振荡气升操作。实验表明,与最佳的稳态中心气升操作相比,周期性振荡气升操作可以显著提高甘油的产率,但对残糖消耗速度无明显影响。图2表1参8     

气升式反应器中微生物对H2S的脱除研究

筛选驯化得到具有高效脱硫性能的菌群,在气升式反应器中进行了H2S脱除实验研究. 在温度为28 ℃、初始pH 8.0的条件下考察了不同通气量对反应体系中H2S脱除能力、脱除效率的影响以及H2S进气负荷和通气量对SO2-4生成率的影响. 结果表明,最佳通气量为0.2 L/min.在此通气量下,当H2S进气负荷为5.76 kg m-3 d-1时,脱除负荷可达5.62 kg m-3 d-1,而脱除率可以保持在97.8%以上;当H2S负荷为4.37～4.93 kg m-3 d-1时, H2S去除率可达到99%以上,且主要副产物为单质硫.通过增大进气负荷、降低通气量可以获得较高的单质硫回收率.图3表2参15     

气液混合放电对水中阿特拉津的降解

采用气液混合放电降解水溶液中的阿特拉津,考察了放电输出功率、溶液pH值和Fe2 浓度对阿特拉津降解的影响,并初步探讨了其降解动力学.结果表明,提高放电输出功率、降低溶液pH值均能提高阿特拉津的降解率.相同实验条件下,添加Fe2 显著提高了阿特拉津的降解率,在Fe2 添加量分别为0.2,0.6,2.0 mmol·1-1时,随着Fe2 浓度的升高阿特拉津的降解率也不断提高.阿特拉津在气液混合放电反应器中的降解符合一级反应动力学.阿特拉津降解过程中的中间产物主要通过以下4种途径产生:脱烷基作用、烷基氧化作用、脱氯羟化作用和脱氯羟化-氧化作用.     

反应性气体观测中标准气的误差问题及建议

通过制定严格的质量保证和质量控制措施,在实验室对不同的国产标准气与同一的具有NIST标准的进口标准气进行定量比对.结果发现,国内不同厂家生产及同一厂家生产不同批次的标准气,特别是SO2和NO标准气,其出厂浓度与比对后的浓度间存在较大的偏差.在所有比对结果中,有2/3的SO2标准气样品超过±5%的相对偏差,有1/3的SO...     

城市气挟菌污染源研究

本文对天津市气挟菌污染源加以分析,垃圾堆场、污水处理系统及工业区是主要非点源污染源.监测主要污染源的产毒黄曲霉及粪源性肠道菌类表明除来自垃圾、污水外,在工业区中绒毛加工、制革、调料酿造及饲养业是重要来源.气挟菌量与人群密度及活动量有正相关趋势(n=6,r=0.95)但与居住楼层高低无关(n=5,r=0.25).球菌及球杆菌是机体常住菌,占室内降尘及飘尘菌的50%以上,推测两种尘菌是互为因果,尘菌与人体常住菌亦是气挟菌来源.试验分离粪源肠道菌63株占鉴定数的73%,产毒黄曲霉76株占12.5%.建议改进垃圾及污水处理系统;改革不卫生的工业流程;广种杀菌树种可降低气挟菌量.     

混合培养微生物利用甘油补料发酵生产乙醇研究

采用浸麻芽孢杆菌和红曲菌990691用甘油混合发酵生产乙醇.结果表明,分批发酵中高浓度的甘油对乙醇发酵有着较强的抑制作用,分批发酵最佳甘油浓度为0.217 mol L-1.在分批发酵的基础上补料发酵,考察了不同甘油浓度的补料液和不同补料时间对乙醇发酵的影响.最终确定乙醇补料发酵较优的工艺条件为:反应器1 L,装液量700 mL红曲发酵液,甘油初始浓度为0.217 mol L-1,以补料方式每隔60 h分5次补加0.217 mol L-1甘油浓度的红曲发酵液,每次补加100 mL,发酵培养360 h.当乙醇最高浓度达0.221 mol L-1,乙醇总产率0.628 mmol h-1,乙醇/甘油转化率达87%(mol mol-1).与分批发酵相比,补料发酵很大程度解除了高浓度甘油的抑制作用,有效地利用了甘油,提高了乙醇的产量,且乙醇产率较为稳定.     

重气连续泄漏扩散的盐水模拟实验

根据相似理论,分析了用盐水模拟方法研究意外泄漏的重气在大气中扩散过程的可行性,通过假设重气为不可压缩气体以及在均匀温度场中扩散等条件,推导出模拟实验的准则数.采用缩比模型的盐水模拟实验,对重气在大气中的扩散速度及浓度变化进行了分析,证实了重气扩散过程中的重力沉降、密度分层以及近源区分叉等现象.实验表明,在满足主导准则数相等的条件下,盐水在清水中的扩散可以较好地再现重气在大气中的扩散特征.     

川西冕宁断层土壤气特征

断层土壤气是揭示断层性质和构造活动的重要地球化学手段,亦是研究断裂带释放气体对环境影响的重要观测途径.本文通过安宁河断裂带冕宁地区春季、夏季和秋季的三期断层土壤气观测,获取了Rn、CO_2和Hg的浓度和分布特征.研究结果表明,安宁河断裂带冕宁地区地下气体Rn、CO_2和Hg释放具有不均匀性,土壤气测线从西至东主要有3个土壤气体异常区段,可能揭示出安宁河断裂带上的3组主要破碎带位置.不同季节下,土壤气CO_2和Hg浓度具有差异性,与温度和降雨有一定关系,显示出CO_2和Hg浓度的季节效应.在土壤气Rn、CO_2和Hg浓度较高的区域,居民生活应采取相应防护措施.本文结果为分析断裂带释放气体特征及对环境和生活的影响提供了地球化学参考依据.     

氧化石墨烯复合气凝胶吸附油类污染应用的基础研究

油类污染对生态环境会造成严重且长期的影响,目前已成为世界性的挑战之一.在常用的处理方式中,原位燃烧易造成二次污染,生物修复手段往往是耗时的,而传统的吸油材料在应对高黏度的油污时具有较大的局限性.为此,本研究通过简单的60℃水热反应配合冷冻干燥,设计并制备了一种由氧化石墨烯和聚氨酯丙烯酸酯组成的复合气凝胶.利用SEM和拉曼光谱等技术表征了氧化石墨烯(GO)-聚氨酯丙烯酸酯复合气凝胶的微观结构和化学组成,结果表明氧化石墨烯成功嵌入到聚氨酯丙烯酸酯气凝胶中,且该复合气凝胶具有疏松多孔的结构.利用氧化石墨烯的光热效应,该复合气凝胶在光照下将太阳能转化为热能,降低油污的黏度,提升流动性,从而有效提高复合气凝胶对油污的吸附速率.在光照5 min条件下,该复合气凝胶可吸收约24倍自重的高黏度硅油.这项工作针对高黏度油污吸附的难点,设计了一种合成简便,具有一定应用价值的新型纳米复合气凝胶.     

垃圾填埋气对植物生长影响初探

以11种上海常见绿化植物的盆栽幼苗为对象,在上海顾村垃圾填埋场就填埋气对这些植物幼苗生长和生理特征的影响进行了初步分析和比较。研究测定的形态指标和生理指标主要包括：生长势、存活率、株高变化、叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量。结果表明：1）距离填埋气排放口越近的植物生长越差,存活率越低,株高变矮。2）距离填埋气排放口越近的植物叶绿素含量越小,脯氨酸含量越高。3）狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）等植物出现了受害后的恢复性生长,暗示了其对垃圾填埋气良好的适应性,而蚊母树（Distylium racemosum）存活率低且生长势差,暗示了其对垃圾填埋气的极度不适应。本研究的结果可以为在高浓度填埋气环境下对垃圾填埋场进行近自然植被恢复提供一定的研究基础。     

Flow characteristic and wastewater treatment performance of a pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch

A pilot-scale airlift oxidation ditch using bubble diffuser and baffle as aerator was operated in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to investigate its flow characteristic and wastewater treatment performance. Compared with the conventional oxidation ditch process, effective depth and oxygen utilization efficiency of this new process was improved by underwater aeration. Furthermore, it had a reversed velocity distribution, which decreased from the bottom to the top on vertical section. Velocity measurement showed that a velocity over 0.2m/s at the bottom was sufficient to prevent sludge settlement during long term operation. Application of these concepts would save land area and energy consumption by about 25%―50% and 55%, respectively. In this new system, organic biodegradation and nitrification could be well achieved. Denitrification could occur steadily in the straight part by adjusting the airflow rate. An average TN removal rate of 63% was achieved with dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations between 0.6mg/L and 1.5mg/L. The main pollutants in the effluent could meet the strictest discharge standard (COD<50mg/L, NH₄⁺―N<5mg/L, and TN<15mg/L) in China now.     

Coupled aerobic and anoxic biodegradation for quinoline and nitrogen removals

Quinoline (C₉H₇N) commonly occurs in wastewaters from the chemical, pharmaceutical, and dyeing industries. As quinoline is biodegraded, nitrogen is released as ammonium. Total-N removal requires that the ammonium-N be nitrified and then denitrified. The objective of this study was to couple quinoline biodegradation with total-N removal. In a proof-of-concept step, activated sludge was sequenced from aerobic to anoxic stages. The ammonium nitrogen released from quinoline biodegradation in the aerobic stage was nitrified to nitrate in parallel. Anoxic biodegradation of the aerobic effluent then brought about nitrogen and COD removals through denitrification. Then, simultaneous quinoline biodegradation and total-N removal were demonstrated in a novel airlift internal loop biofilm reactor (AILBR) having aerobic and anoxic zones. Experimental results showed that the AILBR could achieve complete removal of quinoline, 91% COD removal, and 85% total-N removal when glucose added as a supplemental electron donor once nitrate was formed.     

Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in aerobic granules formed in sequencing batch airlift reactors

The purpose of this study was to investigate nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria isolated from aerobic granules. Aerobic granules were formed in an internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and biodegradation of NH₃ ^?-N was analyzed in the reactor. Bacteria were isolated and determined from aerobic granules using selected media. The growth properties and morphology of bacteria colonies were observed by controlling aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the culture medium. It was found that bacteria in aerobic granules were diverse and some of them were facultative aerobes. The diversity of bacteria in aerobic granules was a premise of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

两种电化学-硫自养集成脱硝工艺的对比

研究了两种电化学 硫自养集成脱硝工艺去除饮用水中的硝酸盐 ,结果表明 ,在同样的条件下 ,当无石灰石反应器的最小电流高于石灰石反应器约 2mA时 ,两种反应器均能取得 90 %以上的NO-3 N去除率 ,并且反应器出水中不存在NO-2 N的积累 .同时 ,无石灰石反应器硫段出水中Ca2 的浓度没有增加 ,避免了出水中的硬度问题 ;而石灰石反应器硫段出水中Ca2 的浓度有所增加 ,造成电化学段的除垢负担 .在同样水力停留时间下 ,无石灰石反应器出水中SO2 -4 的浓度低于石灰石反应器约 1 5mg·l- 1 ;电流高于 3mA时 ,两种反应器出水的pH值均维持在 7左右 .另外 ,无石灰石反应器的出水指标优于石灰石反应器 ,表明在两种集成工艺中 ,硫自养段不填充石灰石的集成工艺优于硫段装填石灰石的集成工艺 .     

产1,3-丙二醇新型基因工程菌的构建

以甘油为底物转化生产1,3-丙二醇的生物合成途径中,往往由于还原力NADH的不足,限制了1,3-丙二醇的合成,引起中间代谢产物3-羟基丙醛累积,进而抑制甘油脱水酶的活性,阻碍菌体的生长,严重影响1,3-丙二醇的合成途径.为了解决合成途径中还原力不足这一主要矛盾,本文以大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌染色体DNA为模板克隆得到yqhD和dhaB、dhaT基因,构建双启动子表达载体pEtac-dhaB-tac-yqhD及表达载体pUC-tac-dhaT,成功共转入E.coli JM109,得到可利用两种辅酶(NADH、NADPH)将片油转化为1,3-丙二醇且传代稳定的重组大肠杆菌双质粒系统,发酵结果表明,1,3-丙二醇产量提高了28.6%.图6表1参17     

Control of sludge settleability and nitrogen removal under low dissolved oxygen condition

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) is an energy-saving condition in activated sludge process. To investigate the possible application of limited filamentous bulking (LFB) in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), two lab-scale SBRs were used to treat synthetic domestic wastewater and real municipal wastewater, respectively. The results showed that prolonging low DO aeration duration and setting pre-anoxic (anaerobic) phase were effective strategies to induce and inhibit filamentous sludge bulking, respectively. According to the sludge settleability, LFB could be maintained steadily by adjusting operation patterns. Filamentous bacteria content and sludge volume index (SVI) were likely correlated. SVI fluctuated dramatically within a few cycles when around 200 mL·g^-1, where altering operation pattern could change sludge settleability in spite of the unstable status of activated sludge system. Energy consumption by aeration reduced under low DO LFB condition, whereas the nitrification performance deteriorated. However, short-cut nitrification and simultaneous nitrification denitrification (SND) were prone to take place under such conditions. When the cycle time kept constant, the anoxic (anaerobic) to aerobic time ratio was determining factor to the SND efficiency. Similarity keeping aerobic time as constant, the variation trends of SND efficiency and specific SND rate were uniform. SBR is a promising reactor to apply the LFB process in practice.     

Geographic shifts in the highland cooking banana (Musa spp., group AAA-EA) production in Uganda

Summary

Between 1970 and 1990 Uganda witnessed the decline of the highland cooking banana from traditional growing areas in the central region, coupled with crop expansion in the country's southwest. Apprehension that the factors leading to loss of sustainability in the central region may be replayed in extant production areas has raised concern about the future of the cooking banana in Uganda. Consequently, a multi-disciplinary study was conducted at nine central and six southwestern sites to document shifts in cooking banana production and to elucidate the causes behind these shifts.

Cooking banana production in central Uganda sites fell from 18% of total food crop and 7% of total cash crop production in the 1970s to 4% and 2%, respectively, in the 1990s. Farmers identified reduced labour availability and management, increasing pest pressure and declining soil nutrient status as the major causes of decline. On-farm verification confirmed farmers' observations: weevil levels were the highest yet found in Uganda, while foliar samples indicated deficiencies in magnesium, nitrogen, and potassium. Soil nutrient deficiencies, however, appear to be a direct outcome ofreduced management rather than ‘soil exhaustion’ as postulated by farmers.

In southwestern Uganda, the importance of the cooking banana as a cash crop has quadrupled since 1970. Banana first penetrated the region because of its ease of production and stability of yield. High yields attracted traders and urban market demand drove further crop expansion. With current market incentives, banana management standards have been high. Under current levels of management, it is unlikely that farmers in southwestern Uganda will experience a similar process of decline as that which occurred in the central region. However, concern remains aboqt lack of replenishment of nutrients leaving the farm in the form of fruits sold for market, a nutrient loss which may eventually lead to non-sustainability of the cropping system.     

投加硝化菌的活性污泥工艺硝化效率特性

研究了在活性污泥工艺中用投加硝化菌的方法提高硝化效率的特性，试验用富氮废水生成硝化污泥，并将其剩余硝化污泥投加于处理初沉市政污水的活性污泥工艺试验装置，研究结果表明，投加硝化菌能降低常规活性污泥工艺硝化的泥龄要求、改善硝化效果以及减少为低温稳定运行而增加的硝化反应器容积。     

氯霉素生产废水处理中UASB的两种启动方式比较

Ｕ Ａ Ｓ Ｂ 反应器两种启动方式的比较研究结果表明，采用混合废水和氯霉素废水启动均能达到预期的目的；但采用混合废水启动可缩短２３ ％ 的时间．生产中选用何种启动方式应而地制宜     

Treatment of azo dye Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch ractor system

We studied the biodegradation of Orange II in a sequential anaerobic and aerobic-sequencing batch reactor system. Granular activated carbon was used either packed into a column or added directly into the anaerobic reactor to investigate the treatment performance between the two operation conditions. We found that the circulation of mixed liquor between the anaerobic reactor and the carbon-packed column enhanced the chemical oxygen demand from 28 to 52% and Orange II removal efficiencies from 88 to 96%, under simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation process. The morphology of microbes was observed under an electron-scanning microscope.