加拿大环境产业发展对我国的启示

环境产业具有良好的生态效益和经济效益。发展环境产业是治理环境污染、应对生态危机的治本之策、长远之计。加拿大环境产业已成为支撑本国经济社会发展的支柱产业，本文分析了加拿大政府、企业和科研机构在环境产业发展中相互合作发挥的重要作用，对我国环境产业的改革和发展具有一定的启示。     

加拿大的环境产业

本文是根据加拿大统计局于1997年对加拿大环境产业所作调查进行的归纳总结,介绍了近几年来,加拿大环境保护产业发展迅速,为加拿大的经济发展和环境保护作出了巨大贡献。并由此对中国环保产业的定义、分类,产业调查方法和预测研究提出了建议。     

Canadian mineral policy debated : Industry reaction to a major federal initiative

The debate on mineral policy between the Canadian federal government and the mining industry is reviewed and policy-making emerges as necessarily an adversarial process. The Canadian federal system provides major obstacles to the formulation of a national mineral policy but does not exclude it. It is argued that industry should play a more pro-active part in mineral policy formulation, seeking with governments a clear hierarchical list of priorities against which discrete policy decisions can be evaluated.     

Copper smelting and refining

Detailed research by the Commodities Research Unit (CRU) reveals a wide variation in direct operating costs at copper smelters and refineries. The cost curve for smelters is almost a straight line, indicating that so far there has been no levelling of costs as there has been in the mining industry. Operating costs at smelters using reverberatory furnaces are well below costs at plants using modern technology, but this apparent paradox is shown to be a reflection of location. CRU argues that costs are an important determinant of smelter/refinery competitiveness, but that other factors such as location and tariffs are also significant. Operating margins world-wide show enormous variations, but companies' increasing interest in their processing operations, coupled with changes in tariffs, are predicted to lead to a much more competitive market.     

再生铜行业环境管理问题的若干思考和建议

随着我国铜冶炼(原生铜和再生铜)行业对含铜二次资源需求量的增加,集废旧资源回收、拆解和分选、二次资源出售、铜再生利用于一体的产业链逐渐发展壮大起来。然而高能耗、高污染、低质量、低产出的特点在再生铜行业依然存在,环境监管政策和标准也不健全不完善。随着人们对美丽生态环境诉求的增加,必须加强有色金属行业的环境管理。本文对再生铜行业发展和环境管理做了一些思考,特别是对再生铜行业环境管理存在的问题进行了分析,并针对问题提出了几点政策性建议,以期为我国再生铜产业的环境友好发展和环境监管提供借鉴。     

The evolution of the Canadian mining industry: The role of regulatory punctuation

In this study, we analyze the evolution of Canada's mining industry from 1929 to 2006, focussing on the determinants of the number of firms in the industry and why this number changed over that period. Most empirical studies of industry evolution have focused on manufacturing industries that share similar structural characteristics. Perhaps because of this, extant models of industry evolution tend to ignore industry-specific and national-specific factors that can cause atypical trajectories, that is, heterogeneous industry evolution. Initial inspection of the Canadian mining industry shows that it is atypical in that it exhibits “negative skew” over time in the number of firms rather than the typical “positive skew.” We review two dominant theoretical approaches to industry evolution: the density-dependence theory and variants of industrial organization economics. We also consider possible sources of industry evolution heterogeneity, focussing particularly on “regulatory punctuation”. Using Canadian mining data, we find that the traditional models do not fully explain the changes in population size in Canada's mining industry. As a result, we introduce a number of hybrid models. The results from these hybrid models suggest that Canadian-specific regulatory punctuations, particularly the introduction of significant new taxes, environmental legislation, and incentives have shaped the trajectory of mining firm participation.     

SX-EW copper and the technology cycle

Technology is viewed to advance through a series of cycles, starting with the emergence of a major breakthrough, followed by a period of ferment as alternate designs and improvements rapidly appear, leading to a dominant design, and then a long plateau period of minor incremental change. In this paper, the technology cycle model is applied to the history of solvent extraction electrowinning (SX-EW) processing of copper ore, which, along with other innovations, has transformed the US copper mining industry. The general framework of the technology cycle model holds, although there are differences relating to the specific nature of SX-EW processing.One particularly interesting difference is that SX-EW initially was complementary to the original method of ore processing, known as flotation. Only in recent years has it directly challenged flotation in the processing of supergene or transitional ore. In addition, the analysis shows that the SX-EW process helped the US producers maintain their competitiveness for at least a decade before the process was widely adopted by their main competitors, the Chilean producers. This raises questions about the widely held assumption that research and development of new innovations can provide firms and countries with little or no competitive advantage because new technologies diffuse very rapidly in today’s global economy.     

International mining taxation issues and comparisons

This paper presents the quantitative results of recent research on Canada's minerals and metals industry, and its international competitiveness for mineral investment. The information and analysis presented are derived from the work of a Canadian government-industry task force that was created in 1991, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Mineral Industry (IGWG). Much of this work deals with mining taxation in several Canadian provinces. More importantly, an attempt is made to evaluate the total tax burden that the mining industry must bear, on a project basis, at all levels from exploration through refining operations in many important competitor countries. While the focus of the paper is on an international comparison of mining taxation, some non-tax issues relating to Canada's competitiveness for mineral investment are addressed .     

Pursuing environmental excellence for competitive advantage: Whirlpool's super-efficient refrigerator

Environmental advocates, as well as the environmental professionals in industry, are exploring a new opportunity to motivate improvements to environmental management systems. This new opportunity arises from the possible link between environmental excellence and competitive advantage. When this link exists in a given industry or market, the business person's enthusiasm for environmental initiatives is much greater. However, this link is not present unless a company's key customers consider environmental performance and product environmental characteristics when making purchasing decisions. There are a number of reasons to pursue environmental excellence, but it is not correct to assume that competitive advantage will automatically occur. This article discusses the conditions that are necessary to achieve the link between environmental excellence and competitive advantage. Whirlpool's success in winning the $30 million Super Efficient Refrigeration Program (SERP) competition will also be discussed as a test case for determining whether environmental excellence can lead to competitive advantage in the appliance industry.     

加拿大石油开采业清洁生产及其对中国的启示

文章论述了加拿大石油开采业环保管理和清洁生产现状,与我国石油开采业的相关现状做了对比,提出对中国石油开采业清洁生产的启示和建议。     

我国铜矿资源形势及其可持续供应对策

通过对我国铜矿资源的供需形势进行分析,得知其安全供应问题已经处于高度紧张状态,年进口量在不断增加,对外依存度在不断升级,进而成为制约我国铜工业健康发展的"瓶颈".为了保障我国铜矿资源可持续安全供应与促进铜工业的健康发展,就其可持续供应的对策问题进行了探讨.     

The measurement of resource rents: An application to Canadian nickel

Once the ‘risk’ of the industry is recognized, there are at least two sources of higher-than-normal returns to investment in mineral extraction: Ricardian rents to resources with different economic qualities and monopoly rents. An estimate of the relative importance of these sources in the Canadian nickel industry over the period 1961-74 is made and it is found that Ricardian rents and, for one firm, monopoly rents, were important.     

Pricing behaviour and market power in North American non-ferrous metal industries

The paper considers the degree to which declining market power explains modifications in pricing behaviour observed since the late 1970s in the North American aluminium, copper, lead and zinc industries. More precisely, it relates those changes in pricing policies to the price elasticity of demand facing the dominant strategic group in each industry, the cost elasticity of supply and to the management's ability to coordinate or internalize conduct decisions. The results suggest that the firms in the copper and lead industries do not hold as a group any form of market power. In the case of the aluminum industry, a notable increase in the price elasticity of demand since the end of the 1970s, a sustained decrease in the concentration ratio and a rigid production process are weakening the presence of market power in that industry. The results are inconclusive in the case of the zinc industry since the determinants of market power move in opposite directions.     

旅游产品竞争力分析--以黄鹤楼为例

旅游发展的核心在于旅游竞争力的强弱.为了提升旅游产品的竞争力,利用案例研究方法,以武汉黄鹤楼为例,通过分析比较黄鹤楼与国内同类旅游产品的竞争力状况,揭示黄鹤楼市场竞争的优势与不足,为提高武汉市旅游发展竞争力提供一个研究案例.     

Copper Overcapacity and the Adjustment Process

This article analyses overcapacity in the world copper industry during the 1980s and reviews projections of mine capacity to 1990 and 1996 by the research staffs of the World Bank, the International Wrought Copper Council, and the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries. The process of restoring demand-supply balance in the copper industry is analysed under alternative assumptions for rates of growth in world consumption and certain conclusions are reached on the implications for copper prices during the 1990s.     

Policy quandary: the Canadian nickel industry in recession

The world nickel industry has been in an almost continuous state of recession since 1975. Major Canadian nickel producers have reported losses in recent years, although these have largely been due to losses from lateritic operations and other ventures, and detrimental pricing policies that have been adopted in recent years. Despite this slump, however, Canada's rich sources of nickel put the country in a good position to profit from an upturn in the nickel industry. With certain safeguards a nickel study group is seen as a useful approach to the difficult situation faced by policymakers.     

New mine capacity from yet-to-be found copper deposits

The copper industry in the USA is declining, but exploration for copper has been particularly promising in western Montana. The potential copper mine capacity of the area was estimated by using an interdisciplinary geological-economical assessment technique that categorizes deposits on the basis of development probability. Development probability is quantified and aggregated into potential new mine supply curves, which summarize resource potential of the region. The results suggest that copper resources in Montana and elsewhere are potentially large and that these resources probably will be mined at higher copper prices. This mineral assessment technique increases the usefulness of traditional methods for planners and policy makers.     

重庆含铜废物利用行业技术准入研究

因缺失含铜废物利用技术准入规范,从业企业良莠不齐,制约了该行业的良性发展。通过分析重庆市含铜废物利用现状、存在问题,从含铜废物利用项目选址用地、建设规模、产品质量、技术工艺、设施建设、准入许可及环境管理等方面提出准入门槛规定,以期为含铜废物利用行业良性发展提供参考。     

Canadian applications in resources analysis

Resource analysis is defined for this article as the process of integrating geological, technological, economic and other information to identify possible options and constraints in resource-based economic systems. The authors consider as examples two cases. In the first, energy resource options are considered in assessing available technological paths towards the specific target of providing energy for vehicle transport. In the second case, factors affecting the general use of Canadian copper resources are considered in an attempt to identify those that may provide limits to the exploitation of the resource.     

Is the Intensity of Copper Use Still Declining in the USA?

This article examines several deficiencies in the standard procedure for calculating the intensity of metal use. It then investigates the possibility that the long-term decline in the intensity of copper use in the USA, which has persisted for more than four decades, has in recent years come to an end, even though the standard measures of intensity of use indicate a continuation of the downward trend, albeit at a slower rate. If true, the implications are significant for the copper industry worldwide, because the USA is the largest national market for copper. In addition, consumption trends in many other countries in some respects follow those in the USA. The results do provide some support for the hypothesis that intensity of copper use in the USA is no longer falling. They also indicate that the standard procedure significantly underestimates USA copper consumption and in turn intensity of use.