有机膨润土吸附苯胺的性能及工艺条件的优化

以钙基膨润土为原料，钠化后用溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）进行有机改性，制得有机膨润土。在单因素吸附实验的基础上，采用L16（4^4）正交实验法对有机膨润土吸附水中苯胺的工艺条件进行了优化研究。结果表明，当矿物的粒径小于74／μm、振荡速度为150r／min、吸附液为25mL，并且以此三者为固定因素时，其优化工艺条件为有机膨润土投加量2．0g，温度40℃，pH7，吸附时间1．5h。     

阴/阳离子有机膨润土制备及其对苯酚吸附性能的实验研究

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对辽宁黑山钙基膨润土进行不同工艺的阴/阳离子有机膨润土制备,并探讨其对被苯酚污染的地下水的吸附机理及其影响因素,为阴/阳离子有机膨润土在污染地下水修复新技术--渗透反应格栅(PRB)中应用的可行性提供必要的技术参数.研究结果表明,制备阴/阳离子有机膨润土的最佳工艺是加入3.0%(质量分数)的Na2CO3钠化,以120CTMAB/15SDS的投加量对其进行阴/阳离子有机改性;阴/阳离子有机膨润土对水中有机物具有协同去除效应;阴/阳离子有机膨润土Na-ACOMMT对苯酚吸附的最佳条件是投加60 g/L、80～100目的Na-ACOMMT,在温度20℃、pH为6～8、振荡转速200 r/min的条件下振荡30 min,此时苯酚的去除率高达78.74%,且吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程;Na-ACOMMT可通过多次吸附(累积吸附量为0.045 9 mg/g)达到降低成本的目的.但是Na-ACOMMT吸附被苯酚污染的地下水时,可能会有微量阴/阳离子表面活性剂的解吸.     

有机膨润土吸附处理苯胺基乙腈生产废水

采用自制的有机膨润土对苯胺基乙腈生产废水进行吸附预处理实验,分别考察了废水pH、有机膨润土投加量、吸附温度及吸附时间等因素对吸附率的影响。结果表明,有机膨润土对苯胺基乙腈生产废水进行吸附预处理是可行的,其较优的工艺条件为:有机膨润土投加量为20 g/L、废水pH为6.0、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为60 min,在此条件下COD及苯胺去除率分别达到了23.3%及54.4%,可生化性BOD5/COD由难以测量出可提高到0.11左右。     

微波强化有机改性膨润土对磷的吸附特性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)在微波辐射条件下对浙江临安膨润土进行改性,制得有机改性膨润土,利用其含磷模拟废水进行处理,考察了不同的工艺条件如有机改性剂用量、微波辐射强度、辐照时间、吸附时间、改性膨润土投加量、pH值对废水中磷去除效果的影响。结果表明:在有机改性剂用量为3 mmol/g,微波辐照强度为96 W/g,微波辐照时间8 min为最佳制备条件。改性膨润土用量为12 mg/L,反应时间为15 min,溶液pH为7及常温条件下,改性膨润土对浓度为50 mg/L的含磷废水去除率达到97.3%,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

有机膨润土吸附苯胺的性能及其在水处理中的应用

分别用氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)和溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)改性的有机膨润土吸附处理水中的苯胺,研究了两种有机膨润土吸附处理苯胺的性能及适宜条件.结果表明,有机膨润土对苯胺的去除率比原土增大了十几倍,CTMAB-膨润土、CPC-膨润土及原土的饱和吸附容量分别为130mg/g、87.5mg/g及37.5mg/g.     

改性膨润土对废水中六价铬的吸附过程研究

以广西宁明膨润土为原料,利用微波干法制备钠化膨润土和有机膨润土,并用制备的改性膨润土对含Cr（Ⅵ）模拟废水进行吸附实验。结果表明,在pH=5．6（为废水初始pH）,加土量为2g／L,吸附时间为30min的条件下,有机膨润土对含50mg／L的Cr（Ⅵ）废水的去除率达95％。有机膨润土吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的机理主要为离子交换吸附及络合物沉淀吸附,钠化膨润土对Cr（Ⅵ）主要为表面吸附。     

有机膨润土的制备及其在6-硝废水处理中的应用

以CTMAB为改性剂制备有机膨润土,并用改性后的膨润土吸附6-硝废水.膨润土改性条件为:液固体积(mL)质量(g)比6∶1,pH值为1,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为1 h进行酸活化;将上述酸活化的膨润土按膨润土阳离子交换容量的100%加人CTMAB,反应时间为80 min得到有机膨润土;6-硝废水吸附条件为:取上述有机...     

有机膨润土负载纳米TiO_2的制备及其对盐酸土霉素的吸附能力

以钛酸丁酯和有机膨润土为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法制备了有机膨润土负载纳米TiO_2吸附剂。通过XRD、BET、SEM等方法对吸附剂进行表征。结果表明,纳米TiO_2已负载在有机膨润土上,有机膨润土负载纳米TiO_2材料的层间距发生了明显变化,且其比表面积增加。同时对影响吸附盐酸土霉素的因素进行了考察,吸附剂最佳制备条件为煅烧温度300℃,煅烧时间4 h,TiO_2含量80%,在pH=6,盐酸土霉素溶液浓度为25 mg·L~(-1),吸附时间为5 h时,对盐酸土霉素的吸附率可达97.3%。     

粉末状和颗粒状有机膨润土对克百威的吸附

用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)制得粉末状CTMAB阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-膨润土)和CTMAB-SDBS阴阳离子有机膨润土(简称CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土),并利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋固定化技术将2种粉末状有机膨润土制成颗粒状有机膨润土,研究了粉末状与颗粒状有机膨润土对水中克百威的吸附性能.结果表明:粉末状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的吸附效果较好,最终去除率分别为90.9％和92.5％,颗粒状CTMAB-膨润土和CTMAB-SDBS-膨润土对克百威的最终去除率分别为55.5％和60.3％；有机膨润土对克百威的吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程；颗粒状有机膨润土吸附克百威最多可重复利用6次.     

DSB+CPB复合改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附

为研究两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土的吸附除磷性能及其机理,采用不同比例两性表面活性剂——十二烷基二甲基磺丙基甜菜碱(DSB)和阳离子表面活性剂溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对膨润土进行了有机复合改性,制得DSB+CPB复合改性膨润土,利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶红外分析(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、接触角(CA)以及热重分析(TGA)等手段对膨润土土样进行了表征,并用吸附等温模型和动力学方程拟合其吸附过程,探讨了改性比例、pH和温度等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:DSB改性能提高膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附能力,当加入CPB复合改性后,可进一步促进DSB改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附能力,且吸附能力均随改性比例的增大而增强;对于0.5 DSB和1.0 DSB的改性膨润土,其与CPB最佳复合比例均为DSB+1.5CPB,最大吸附量分别为原土的7.81倍和8.19倍;改性膨润土对磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温模型和伪二级吸附动力学方程,其吸附能力随pH的升高而降低,且吸附为物理和化学吸附同时存在的自发吸热熵增过程。上述研究结果可为两性-阳离子表面活性剂复合改性膨润土吸附除磷提供参考。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.