UASB＋MBR工艺处理城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液试验研究与问题讨论

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)与膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液进行处理试验研究。当渗滤液CODCr为1491～2965mg／L，该组合工艺对CODCr、BOD5、NH3-N的平均去除率分别达到73％、98．3％和61．7％。文中还对渗滤液CODCr的降解性能、厌氧-好氧工艺的合理组合等问题进行了讨论分析。     

固定化微生物厌氧移动床——好氧法处理偶氮染料废水

在分离获得的三株高效脱色菌组成的混合脱色菌种基础上，利用固定化微生物 氧移动床与好氧生物氧化法结合的工艺处理人工配制的偶氮染料废水，在１５－１８℃的条件下，当原水ＣＯＤ浓度为１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ＝１５８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度４００倍，厌氧水为停留时间８ｈ，好氧容积负荷率４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３（填料），ｄ时，色度及ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为９６．９％及９３．４％。     

微生物菌剂对不同废水的适配试验

采用15种不同的微生物菌剂,以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水等为基质,分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率,以单位菌剂对不同基质的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷活性为指标,比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性.根据测定结果选择活性高的菌剂,在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验.结果表明,不同菌剂对同一种废水的好氧或厌氧活性不同,同种菌剂对不同废水的好氧和厌氧活性不同.废水的连续处理试验取得良好的处理效果.No.8菌剂处理葡萄糖配水,系统有机负荷最高可达(COD)10.8 g L-1d-1,COD去除率可达90%以上;采用No.10菌剂处理氨氮配水,好氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )1.42 g L-1d-1,厌氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )0.3 gL-1d-1,系统NH4-N 去除率可达90%以上.图2表3参8     

组合工艺处理甘薯燃料乙醇糟液

采用固液分离—改良型UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床反应器)厌氧消化—SBBR(序批式生物膜反应器)好氧生化—高效复合絮凝组合工艺处理甘薯燃料乙醇糟液,处理出水各项敏感环境因子均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准.在改良型UASB进水COD36720～43890mgL-1、SS8370～11400mgL-1条件下,维持反应温度(35±3)℃,其容积负荷可达到28.86～34.5g(COD)L-1d-1,对COD、SS、VFA去除率分别为92%～93%、89%～91.5%、96%～98%.在12～30℃时,厌氧消化液SS360～530mgL-1,BOD400～530mgL-1,NH3-N120～163mgL-1,S2-40～50mgL-1,经两级SBBR好氧生化处理后,分别降低到40～60mgL-1、250～310mgL-1、7.2～13.8mgL-1、低于0.5mgL-1.考察3种絮凝剂的混凝效果,以高效复合絮凝剂效果最好,生化处理出水经该絮凝剂混凝处理后,COD、TP和色度分别降低到低于100mgL-1、0.5mgL-1和40倍.     

造纸黑液的微生物酸化和两相厌氧消化处理的研究

本文研究了造纸黑液的微生物酸化和厌氧消化处理过程。利用厌氧微生物的产酸过程预处理黑液,降低其pH值,使之适合于厌氧处理,是一种简便可行的预处理手段;用两相厌氧系统处理黑液,在水力停留时间.2～2.7天,进水浓度为20890～32144mg/L;有机负荷为7.65～13.46kgCOD/m~3·d时,COD去除率为61.7～69.7％,BOD_5去除率为88.9％～91.0％;每去除1gCOD产气率为0.39～0.55L;沼气中甲烷的含量为61.5％～66.6％,出水pH为7.0～7.4。处理过程运行稳定,受进水的影响小,废水不需要进行中间调节,为造纸黑液的厌氧处理提供了一种新的工艺。文中还研究了厌氧处理过程中有机酸的积累问题。     

电化学氧化处理丙烯腈废水及对可生化性的提高

以丙烯腈废水为研究对象,进行废水预处理对提高废水的可生化性和后续好氧生物处理效率的研究。实验采用电化学氧化法对难降解丙烯腈废水处理效果进行了单因子试验,分析了电压、电解时间、氯离子质量浓度对废水色度及CODcr的去除效果,以及对废水可生化性的影响。实验结果显示,电化学氧化法在电压5V,pH为3.00,反应时间6h,搅拌速率为250r·min^-1,氯离子质量浓度为5000mg·L^-1的条件下,对CODCr1156mg·L^-1,色度512倍的丙烯腈废水中CODcr去除率达到60%,色度的去除率达到90%,并使废水的可生化性明显提高。CODCr去除率和色度去除率随电解时间、电压增加而增大,电解时间达5h、电压大于5V以后使水电解副反应更容易发生,对有机物的降解速率减小,同时随电解时间延长,能耗逐渐增大,处理成本增大;氯离子质量浓度对电解效果影响较大,适量增大氯离子质量浓度,可以提高CODCr的去除率。     

Fenton——聚硅铝铁处理生活垃圾压滤液研究

为了降低生活垃圾压滤液污染负荷,为后续生化处理的正常运行创造良好条件,针对垃圾压滤液污染特性,以CODCr去除率为指标,通过正交实验和单因素实验研究了Fenton—聚硅铝铁混凝法处理城市生活垃圾压滤液的最优反应条件和处理效果。结果表明:采用该工艺处理垃圾压滤液时,pH值对CODCr去除率影响最大,其次是PSAF,再次是H2O2和FeSO4,在最优反应条件下,浊度去除率达到95.3%,CODCr去除率达到86.7%,BOD5去除率达到81.6%,浊度、CODCr、BOD5分别下降到86NTU、4201 mg.L-1、855 mg.L-1。     

移动床生物膜反应器在污水处理中的应用研究

应用好氧移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水，厌氧复合生物反应器处理高浓度有机废水，厌氧－好氧移动床生物膜工艺处理食品废水的试验均取得良好的效果。试验结果表明，该工艺具有处理效率高，出水水质稳定，耐冲击负荷能力强，占地少，结构紧凑，维护管理简单的特点。     

硝基苯废水的厌氧-好氧基本实验与工艺理论分析

根据含硝基苯（ Ｎ Ｂ） 废水的水质特性,利用自然驯化和诱变驯化得到的两株厌氧菌 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｄｉｓｔａｓｏｎｉｓ（ 吉氏拟杆菌） 和 Ｂａｃｔｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ ｍｅｒｄａｅ（ 屎拟杆菌） ,采用厌氧填充床－ 好氧污泥床相结合的 Ａ／ Ｏ 工艺使 Ｎ Ｂ 得到彻底降解．研究表明：利用吸附能力强的活性炭作为厌氧填充床的载体,可以在短期内使高效菌挂膜;在影响填充床厌氧处理效果中,ｔ Ｈ Ｒ和进水ｐ Ｈ 值是主要影响因素,而 Ｎ Ｂ 质量浓度ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 和θ／ ℃次之．实验结果表明：进水ρ（ Ｎ Ｂ） 为３００ ～８００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ, Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ 值为１ ５００ ～３ ５００ ｍｇ／ Ｌ,色度为１００ ～２５０ 倍,经过厌氧填充床控制ｔ Ｈ Ｒ＝ ２４ ｈ ,硝基苯转化率大于９０ ％ , Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为２０ ％ ～３０ ％ ;在好氧污泥床中继续曝气１２ ｈ ,则总 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ 去除率为６０ ％ ～７０ ％ ,色度去除率大于７０ ％ ．连续９０ ｄ 用氯霉素制药厂实际废水处理运行结果亦显示本工艺的可行性．     

人工增氧型复合湿地污染物净化效果

针对传统人工湿地负荷低、硝化能力弱和易堵塞的缺点,结合曝气生物滤池与人工湿地强化理论的研究成果,自主开发了人工增氧型复合湿地工艺,即生物接触氧化预处理+微曝气垂直流湿地+水平潜流湿地。通过对滇池北岸城郊混合制污水处理的模型试验,分析该工艺流程各净化单元的污染物去除效果。结果显示,人工增氧型复合湿地对不同水力负荷和污染负荷都体现了较强的缓冲调节能力和较高的净化效果。对污染物的总去除率分别为SS 94.5%、CODCr71.3%、氨氮72.3%,在进水总氮10.0 mg.L-1条件下实现了41.9%的总氮去除率,出水总氮均值为5.8 mg.L-1。     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.