环保行政行为申请法院强制执行的几个问题

随着环保行政执法责任制的推行，依法行政日渐深入人心，行政执法力度不断加强。在加强行政法制建设过程中，环保执法人员愈来愈意识到对具体行政行为采取“强制执行”这一法律手段的重要性，以使行政执法工作真正做到“一执到底”。然而，尽管《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》及《环境保护行政处罚办法》等分别对具体行政行为的强制执行作了规定，但环保执法实践中对强制执行的认识仍较为模糊。本文就此谈点粗浅的看法。１具体行政行为“起诉不停止执行”原则辩析我国《行政诉讼法》第４４条规定：“诉讼期间，…     

加强思想道德建设与提高环保执法水平初论

主要探讨了加强思想道德建设,对环境执法队伍建设和提高环保执法人员自身素质方面的作用。     

环境执法面临的问题和对策

介绍了当前环境执法面临的主要问题，如基层执法人员业务素质不高；地方保护主义干扰环保执法；缺乏必要的强制手段等，简要分析了其中的原因，并提出相应的对策，如建设高素质、高水平的执法队伍；从立法上赋予环境保护行政主管部门强制的执行权；提高群众的环境法律意识，加强其参与环境执法的程度；加快管理体制创新，逐步完善和理顺环境管理体制等。     

阿特拉津在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

概述了阿特拉津在土壤中的迁移、降解及其对植物的影响等环境行为，阐述了土壤组成、土壤pH值以及温度、湿度等因素对各种环境行为过程的影响，并结合目前国内外的研究现状，提出了阿特拉津环境行为新的研究方向。     

现阶段环境监测在市场经济中的地位浅析

环境监测是一项政府行为，如何在社会主义市场经济条件下，正确处理“政府行为”与市场经济的矛盾，已成为各级环保部门共同探讨的、需要妥善解决的问题。因此，根据经济学的有关理论，对环境监测这一领域在社会主义市场经济中所处的地位、作用作了全面论述，并对理解环境监测的“政府行为”提出看法和见解。     

有机有毒污染物在土壤及底泥系统中的吸附/解析行为研究进展

本文对有机有毒污染物在土壤及底泥系统中的吸附／解析行为的研究进展进行了较系统的阐述，其中包括基本概念及原理，动力学模型，与吸附／解析行为相关的作用，研究新方法及有机有毒污染物的定量结构－活性关系。     

微波解吸技术及其应用

通过实验数据对活性炭的升温行为进行了定量描述并对微波解吸动力学模式进行了分析。结果表明，活性炭升温行为可分为2个阶段进行描述，微波解吸再生载乙醇活性炭的速度很快，1 min即可达到80％以上的脱附率，一般3～4min后脱附率达90％以上，整个解吸过程所用的时间不到6min。     

LAS对土壤中多环芳烃吸附行为的影响

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）对PAHs在士壤中吸附行为的影响。结果表明，LAS改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附／解吸平衡，吸附态LAS可提高土壤对PAHs的吸附，而溶解态LAS则增加了PAHs的表观溶解度，这2种作用的综合结果改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附系数。凶此，文中用表观吸附系数来描述PAHs在土壤-水-LAS体系中的综合吸附行为。     

土壤中重金属污染的研究进展

介绍了土壤重金属的污染及其特点，重金属对环境危害和在土壤中的化学行为，最后论述了土壤重金属元素的背景值。     

土壤有机农药污染的降解机理与生物修复技术

通过对有机农药在土壤中的环境行为与迁移转化规律综合分析研究，探讨了有机农药污染土壤的生物修复技术，并对生物修复技术进行了前瞻性研究。     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death,age, and season

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 microg/m3 particulate matter (PM) of median diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO2; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O3; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO2 (daily maximum concentration for O3, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM10 and SO2. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O3. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death,Age, and Season

Abstract

A comprehensive, systematic synthesis was conducted of daily time-series studies of air pollution and mortality from around the world. Estimates of effect sizes were extracted from 109 studies, from single- and multipollutant models, and by cause of death, age, and season. Random effects pooled estimates of excess all-cause mortality (single-pollutant models) associated with a change in pollutant concentration equal to the mean value among a representative group of cities were 2.0% (95% CI 1.5-2.4%) per 31.3 μg/m³ particulate matter (PM) of median diameter <10 μm (PM₁₀); 1.7% (1.2-2.2%) per 1.1 ppm CO; 2.8% (2.1-3.5%) per 24.0 ppb NO₂; 1.6% (1.1-2.0%) per 31.2 ppb O₃; and 0.9% (0.7-1.2%) per 9.4 ppb SO₂ (daily maximum concentration for O₃, daily average for others). Effect sizes were generally reduced in multipollutant models, but remained significantly different from zero for PM₁₀ and SO₂. Larger effect sizes were observed for respiratory mortality for all pollutants except O₃. Heterogeneity among studies was partially accounted for by differences in variability of pollutant concentrations, and results were robust to alternative approaches to selecting estimates from the pool of available candidates. This synthesis leaves little doubt that acute air pollution exposure is a significant contributor to mortality.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

剩余污泥浓缩脱水投药量优化和模型建立

应用高分子阳离子絮凝剂（CPF-100）和聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对污水厂剩余污泥进行浓缩脱水实验，研究表明：CPF-100的浓缩脱水效果优于PAM；当CPF-00投加量为1．16‰时，污泥沉降性能改善程度为37．51％；且在CPF-100投加量逐渐增大的初始阶段，污泥沉降性能改善程度随投加量的增加而增大，但CPF-100投加量也不宜过大，当CPF-100投加量超过1．16‰后，反而会使浓缩脱水效果变差。同时，建立了污泥沉降性能改善程度与絮凝剂CPF-100投加量、沉降时间之间的数学模型，其能较好地反映污水厂剩余污泥的浓缩脱水效果。     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Experimental and statistical validation of SPME-GC-MS analysis of phenol and chlorophenols in raw and treated water

A procedure based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated in order to analyse 10 phenols in water samples. The optimised conditions were obtained using polyacrylate fibre (PA), 20ml of sample volume, 10% NaCl, pH 4.0 and direct extraction at 35 degrees C and 1000rpm, for 40min. The linear range and quantification limits for these compounds by SPME-GC-MS were defined. An evaluation of the main uncertainty sources of this method is included, which allows expanded uncertainties in the 9.4-35% range for the majority of the compounds. The main source of uncertainty is associated with matrix effects. The validated method is suitable for monitoring the production and distribution of potable water and was used, in field trials, for the analysis of samples from main intakes of water (surface or underground) and from water supply system of a large area (Lisbon and neighbour municipalities).     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.