我国证券市场体制性缺陷与投资风险分析

与国民经济长期高增长相背离,证券市场出现了深幅下跌,投资者承受了巨大的投资风险,究其原因,体制性缺陷是重要因素之一。笔者认为,我国证券市场的体制性缺陷主要表现在市场经济环境不够完备、法律法规体系不十分健全、监管体制不力、证券市场的功能定位扭曲、股权分置问题久拖难决等方面。目前该体制性缺陷是导致我国证券市场长期下跌的重要原因,也给证券投资者带来了巨大的投资风险。只有加快改革、完善法律和监管体制,我国证券市场才能具有投资价值并健康发展。     

Entrepreneurial motivation: A review of the literature and an agenda for future research

Given the substantial impact that new ventures have on the global economy, understanding what motivates entrepreneurs is of both practical and theoretical importance. Although research on the nature, causes, and consequences of entrepreneurial motivation has grown rapidly, it has evolved in distinct theoretical silos that tend to isolate motives based on the phase of business development (e.g., initiation, growth, and exit) rather than acknowledge that individuals often traverse all these phases and experience multiple types of motivation throughout their entrepreneurial journey. To advance the study of motivation in the fields of entrepreneurship and organizational behavior and provide a means through which these advancements can contribute to our understanding of how motivation drives the start-up, growth, and exiting of businesses, we organize and review the extant literature on entrepreneurial motives based on the phases of the new venture process. In doing so, this article develops a roadmap of the current state of entrepreneurial motivation research and its nomological network and provides suggestions to guide future research in extending our understanding of motivation in the entrepreneurship domain as well as in traditional organizational settings.     

近年安全科学研究动态及理论进展

为找准当前及未来安全科学研究发展的新转向、新热点、新起点、新领域及安全科学理论研究最新走向,基于历史唯物主义和科学发展观,主要运用思辨法、典型文献综述法与对比分析法,对近年安全科学的研究动态及理论进展做了回顾和评述。首先,依次围绕安全人因科学、安全自然科学、安全技术科学、安全社会科学和安全系统科学5个方向,扼要阐述了这些安全科学研究方向的研究热点、研究转向及理论进展和主要发展趋势。其次,以中南大学安全理论创新与促进研究中心(STIPC)近年的主要安全科学理论研究成果为例,依次从安全科学新分支、安全新理论、安全科学方法论、安全科学原理、理论安全模型、比较安全学、相似安全系统学、安全文化学和安全信息学9个方面,归纳了相关的最新理论研究进展。结果表明,近年安全科学研究热点与重点已发生重大转向,安全科学理论研究紧跟安全科学发展与实践需求,安全科学正在逐步走向成熟和充实。     

After-effects of job-related stress: Families as victims

In recent years, the unique stress experienced by those who do ‘people work’ has been acknowledged by the helping professions as a widespread problem and has been recognized by social scientists as a topic requiring systematic research. This paper begins by briefly reviewing research on the type of job stress experienced by workers in the helping professions. Then, a study of 142 police couples is reported, illustrating the effects of job stress on family life. In a survey study, police officers and their wives described family interactions. Officers who were experiencing stress, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, were more likely to display anger, spend time off away from the family, be uninvolved in family matters, and to have unsatisfactory marriages. An examination of the coping patterns used to deal with the stress of police work highlights differences between coping strategies used by husbands versus wives.     

人工纳米材料生物效应研究进展

人工纳米材料(MNMs)由于其所具有的独特性质能满足当前工业发展的多样化需求,近年来获得迅速的发展.目前,越来越多的MNMs已被投放市场,给人们生活带来巨大的变化和进步.但是有关MNMs是否对环境和健康产生不利影响的问题,同样引起了人们广泛的关注.通过总结近年来的相关研究资料,一方面探讨了生物对MNMs的暴露途径;另一方面,从MNMs对动物细胞、肺组织和脑组织的毒性效应,MNMs在生物体内的转移、积累以及皮肤对MNMs的吸收等角度,对MNMs的生物效应进行综述.同时,发现MNMs本身独特的物理化学性质和MNMs的表面修饰是影响MNMs生物效应的重要因素.此外,借鉴超细颗粒的研究结果探讨了MNMs生物效应可能的作用机制.最后展望了纳米毒理学的发展.     

Founder need to belong,tertius iungens orientation and new venture performance

In this study, we examine the role of founders' need to belong and tertius iungens orientation (i.e., the tendency of bringing people together and coordinating among others) in the context of new ventures. We propose and document evidence that a founder's tendency to engage in tertius iungens oriented networking is positively associated with new venture performance. We also reveal that a founder's need to belong is a significant motivational antecedent of the founder's tertius iungens orientation. Further, the need to belong–networking orientation linkage is stronger for founders in new ventures at the early product development stage than those at the late product development stage. We tested our hypotheses using survey data collected with a two‐wave sample of new ventures in China. We discuss the theoretical significance of studying the need to belong and tertius iungens orientation for social networks and entrepreneurship literatures, as well as the practical implications for managing a successful new venture.     

对人的认识和假设是人机工程学的基石

人机系统是以人为中心的系统，对人的认识和假设是人机工程学的基石。本文提出了人是生物人、经济人、社会人的复合体的新观点。由于对人的特质的认识还存在着许多“盲区”和“误区”，这就给人机工程学的完善和发展带来了许多不定因素和困难     

How does the social context fuel the proactive fire? A multilevel review and theoretical synthesis

The role of social context (e.g., leadership, team climate, and organizational support) in shaping employee proactive behavior has received considerable attention and has been investigated across multiple forms of proactive behavior. However, the research has not been well integrated. In this review, we adopt a multilevel approach to synthesize what is known about how social context factors influence employees' proactive behavior, as well as what mechanisms underpin these effects. Our analyses show that leader‐, team‐, and organization‐related social context factors mainly influence employee proactivity through shaping “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states (i.e., proactive motivational states) via individual‐, team‐, and cross‐level processes. That has been most frequently investigated is the effect of the discretionary social context, particularly leadership, on proactive behavior. We also review the interaction effects between social context factors and other factors on employee proactive behavior and found inconsistent support for the motivational‐fit perspective that stimuli with the same directions enhance each other's effect. We offer a research agenda to advance theoretical insights on this important topic.     

业务外包环境下的企业安全管理

涉及承包商的生产安全事故不断发生,需要关注企业安全管理所处的业务外包环境以及外包环境对企业安全管理的深刻影响。分析和研究表明:当前的业务外包环境存在着供需关系不平衡、供需信息不对称、配套资源制约、风险转嫁思想和现象等种种与业务外包相关的问题,都在很大程度上影响着企业安全管理。目前,改善业务外包环境下的企业安全管理可从3方面入手:其一,加强立法与监管、调控风险因子组合;其二,引导企业增强社会责任感;其三,完善企业业务外包管理措施。当前在业务外包环境下加强承包商管理是政府和生产经营单位安全管理工作的重要内容,但影响业务外包环境下企业安全管理的因素还有涉及更广泛的内容。     

城市安全生产影响因素及其预测分析——以上海为例

为研究我国城市安全生产的影响因素及预测城市安全生产的发展趋势,以上海市为例,对2004—2010年期间与安全生产相关的数据进行灰色关联度分析,提取影响安全生产状况的主要经济社会因素,并与工矿商贸死亡人数之间建立回归模型。研究结果表明,工矿商贸死亡人数与第二产业比重、GDP增长率、教育支出占GDP比重以及私营及个体工商户比例均呈现负相关。基于2007—2011年各月份上海市的安全生产死亡人数,运用Winters乘法模型,预测上海市安全生产发展趋势。     

健康风险暴露评价研究进展

综述了国内外健康风险暴露评价的最新研究进展,重点讨论了对人体进行直接监测的生物监测技术和对环境中污染因子进行间接监测并利用数学模型进行暴露剂量计算的间接方法。生物监测方法通过测定人体生理介质(如血液、尿液)中的污染物质及其代谢产物含量确定人体对环境污染物的暴露情况,监测结果反映了风险因子通过所有暴露途径进入人体的总暴露剂量。为了利用生物监测结果评价人体暴露安全性,近几年建立了生物监测等效值的概念,推导确定化学物质的生物监测等效值发展迅速。环境监测和数学模型间接方法通过对不同暴露媒介中风险因子的浓度监测和特定暴露途径的量化研究,同时利用精确的暴露计算模型(如空气分散模型、地下水扩散模型)计算人体对污染物的暴露剂量。生物监测和环境监测技术及数学模型的发展使健康风险评价和管理的暴露参数更加精确,降低了风险评价的不确定性。还介绍了利用数学模拟和剂量重建等方法插补历史空白暴露数据的方法。     

Interrole conflict,family support and marital adjustment of employed mothers: A short term,longitudinal study

Previous research has found that employed mothers experience conflict between the roles of mother and employee, and that interrole conflict is negatively correlated with marital adjustment. Furthermore, research has shown that social support and personality hardiness moderate the interrole conflict/marital adjustment relationship. However, a longitudinal assessment of the effect of interrole conflict on marital adjustment has not been conducted, nor has the moderating role of social support and hardiness been considered within the same analysis. To address these two issues, the interrole conflict, family support, personality hardiness and marital adjustment of 51 employed mothers were assessed twice, three months apart. Using hierarchical regression analyses, interrole conflict and family support exerted main effects on marital adjustment at time 1, More importantly, a significant interrole conflict/family support interaction predicted change in marital adjustment over three months. High family support exerted a negative impact on marital adjustment when interrole conflict was high. The alternative hypothesis that initial levels of marital adjustment predict change in interrole conflict was tested but not supported.     

For the sake of my family: Understanding unethical pro-family behavior in the workplace

Unethical behaviors are prevalent and costly in organizations, and much recent research attention has been paid to different forms of workplace unethical behaviors. We contend that the extant research has overlooked an important form of workplace-related unethical behaviors: unethical behaviors that are conducted to benefit one's family but which violate societal and organizational moral rules, a construct we label as “unethical pro-family behavior” (UPFB). Our paper systematically conceptualizes UPFB and develops a scale for it. Drawing upon social cognitive theory, we argue that employees with stronger family financial pressure are more likely to employ moral disengagement mechanisms to deactivate moral self-regulation, resulting in higher levels of UPFB. Additionally, we argue that the proposed relationship is more pronounced when employees have high family motivation but is mitigated when employees have high organizational identification. Two studies are conducted for this paper. In Study 1 (N = 328 for Sample 1; N = 243 for Sample 2; N = 279 for Sample 3; N = 267 for Sample 4), we demonstrate that our UPFB scale has good construct validity and that our construct is differentiable from relevant constructs. In two time-lagged survey samples in Study 2 (N = 255 for Sample 1; N = 233 for Sample 2), we find support for our hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.     

Acciphilia on the road: An analysis of severe collisions

Introduction

Although prior studies of road traffic accidents have found between-group differences in risk, little attention has been given to the encounter between drivers involved in severe collisions.

Method

The present study empirically evaluates two different possible causes of "social accidents," which are defined as collisions between two or more drivers where some faulty social interaction might be assumed, and which are the most prevalent cause of road injuries. The analyses use merged Israeli collision records from 1983 to 2004 with data from two national censuses, thus providing an unprecedented empirical basis to study the social foundations of car accidents. The data are used to adjudicate between two alternative hypotheses: the heterogeneity hypothesis (socially different drivers tend to collide) versus the homogeneity hypothesis (socially similar drivers tend to collide).

Results

Multivariate analyses provide preliminary support for the latter hypothesis. Given an accident, there are more collisions among drivers from the same broad educational group, and the factors that influence this correlation are independent of geography. The paper thus leads to the idea that severe collisions reflect a sociological or ecological process that is akin to acciphilia.

Impact on Industry

The preliminary findings suggest that variation between drivers may be preferable to similarity, since apparently there is a greater tendency toward collisions between similar drivers.     

环境中大肠杆菌快速生物检测技术研究进展

大肠杆菌作为水质卫生学指标,在环境水质监测中起着非常重要的指示作用.近年来为了克服大肠杆菌常规监测方法的不足,基于现代生物技术原理展开的环境中大肠杆菌的快速检测技术是国内外的研究热点.本文对环境介质大肠杆菌的分子生物学监测方法、免疫学检测方法等的原理及其在环境领域中的应用进行了综述和分析,并在此基础上对大肠杆菌的仪器化发展进行了展望.指出以现代生物技术为核心的并结合现代仪器技术的大肠杆菌快速检测技术将具有良好的应用前景,大肠杆菌的快速检测技术应向操作简单、快速、高灵敏度以及低成本方向发展.     

应急管理综合统计指标体系设计与构建——基于北京市应急管理实践探索

为解决我国近些年应急管理体制改革背景下出现的现行统计指标与现行应急管理职责职能不匹配、业务需求不协调的问题,更好地适应我国应急管理新形势新任务新要求,在梳理北京市应急管理综合统计指标体系演化脉络的基础上,从应急管理业务职能入手,构建包含3个层级、11大类、523项统计指标的应急管理综合统计指标体系及相关工作机制,且经过北京多年的实践应用和持续改进表明,该综合统计指标体系具有较好的科学性和适用性,对其他同类应急管理主体单位的综合统计指标体系建立具有一定的启示和借鉴作用。     

对新农村建设中农信社业务发展的思考

面对农村金融市场日益激烈的竞争环境和新农村建设对农信社业务发展提出的新要求,农信社要更加关注、全面分析业务发展中存在的问题,树立支农新理念;重视市场调研,准确定位;加大业务发展创新力度;强化服务水平和质量,以加快农信社业务的发展。     

煤工尘肺患者生存质量与家庭功能和社会支持的关系研究

为了解煤工尘肺患者的生存质量的现状及其与家庭功能和社会支持之间的关系,采用SF-36量表、家庭功能评定量表和社会支持评定量表对212名煤工尘肺患者进行问卷调查。单因素分析显示,煤工尘肺患者在SF-36量表的躯体疼痛、总体健康、活力、情感职能、精神健康5个维度的得分与对照组的差异有统计学意义（p〈0.05）。生存质量得分与家庭功能得分呈负相关,生存质量得分与社会支持得分呈正相关。以生存质量得分为因变量,以家庭功能和社会支持的分量表得分为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析显示,生存质量的影响因素为社会支持利用度、家庭功能的总的功能、情感介入、社会支持的客观支持和问题解决。研究结果表明,煤工尘肺患者生存质量较低,与其家庭功能和社会支持有密切关系,需要从家庭功能和社会支持采取综合措施,提高煤工尘肺患者的生存质量。     

Little things that count: A call for organizational research on microbusinesses

The purpose of this Incubator is to encourage organizational researchers to attend to the most common type of business in the United States—the microbusiness. After defining and describing these businesses, we propose research questions on defining and managing performance, organizational citizenship, and work–family conflict in this novel business setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Type of employment,work–family conflict and well‐being: a comparative study

The study examined the impact of work and family role characteristics on work–family conflict, and indicators of psychological well being among self‐employed and organizationally employed women and men. Results show that employment type and gender have independent main effects on several of the study variables. Self‐employed persons enjoy greater autonomy and schedule flexibility at work, and report higher levels of job involvement and job satisfaction than those employed in organizations. However, they also experience higher levels of work–family conflict, and lower family satisfaction than organizational employees. The findings suggest that there are trade‐offs between the costs and benefits of self‐employment, and that business ownership is not a panacea for balancing work and family role responsibilties. Directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.