广州地区稻田甲烷排放通量研究

1993～1994年连续2a在广州东郊采用自动采样和气相色谱分析系统测量了稻田甲烷的排放率,首次获得了华南地区赤红壤类型稻田甲烷排放特征和排放通量?结果表明:广州地区稻田甲烷排放率的日变化和季节变化随气温?灌溉状态及水稻不同生长期而变化,早稻甲烷平均排放量为1.6mg/(m2·h);晚稻为1.25mg/(m2·h),排放率较国内其他观测点低?在当地常规干湿灌溉方式下,估算得到广东和广西两省稻田甲烷排放总量约为0.26Tg/a?      

Characteristics of methane emission from wetland rice–duck complex ecosystem

The effects of rice–duck complex ecosystem on methane emission were investigated through two experimental approaches of plot and field experiments in subtropical region of China. Compared with conventional rice fields, the rice–duck ecological planting and breeding model significantly decreased the methane emission from paddy fields. Methane emission flux from rice–duck complex ecosystem presented distinct diurnal and seasonal variations. The diurnal variation in methane emission flux was basically consistent with daily temperature change, and methane emission flux reached a peak from 12 noon to 2 p.m. But the seasonal variation patterns of methane emission flux were not completely consistent between early rice and late rice. The peak of methane emission flux for early rice and late rice, respectively, appeared in the young panicle differentiation stage and the full tillering stage. Moreover, the seasonal fluctuation range of methane emission flux from early rice was smaller than that from late rice, and the total amount of methane emission from late rice also significantly higher than that from early rice. These results clearly indicate the possibility of reducing methane emission under wetland rice–duck complex ecosystem.     

Response of CH4 emission of paddy fields to land management practices at a microcosmic cultivation scale in China

The terrestrial ecosystem may be either a source or a sink of CH4 in rice paddies, depending, to a great extent, on the change of ecosystem types and land use patterns. CH4 emission fluxes from paddy fields under 4 cultivation patterns (conventional plain culture of rice(T1), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice(T2), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice and wheat (T3), and rice-wheat rotation(T4)) were measured with the closed chamber technique in 1996 and 1998 in Chongqing, China. The results showed that differences existed in CH4 emission from paddy fields under these land management practices. In 1996 and 1998, CH4 emission was 71.48% and 78.82% (T2), 65.93% and 57.18% (T3), and 61.53% and 34.22% (T4) of that in T1 during the rice growing season. During the non-rice growing season, CH4 emission from rice fields was 76.23% in T2 and 38.69% in T]. The accumulated annual CH, emission in T2, T3 and T4 in 1996 decreased by 33.53%, 63.30% and 65.?3%, respectively, as compared with that in TI. In 1998. the accumulated annual CH4 emission in T], T2, T3 and T4 was 116.96g/m^2, 68.44g/m^2, 19.70g/ms and 11.80g/m^2, respectively. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties, in thermal and moisture conditions in the soil and in rice plant growth induced by different land use patterns were the dominant causes for the difference in CH4 emission observed. The relative contribution of various influencing factors to CH, emission from paddy fields differed significantly under different land use patterns. However, the general trend was that chlorophyll content in rice leaves, air temperature and temperature at the 5 cm soil layer play a major role in CH4 emission from paddy fields and the effects of illumination, relative humidity and water layer depth in the paddy field and CH4 concentration in the crop canopy were relatively non-significant. Such conservative land use patterns as no-tillage and ridge culture of rice with or without rotation with wheat are thought to be beneficial to reducing CH4 emission from paddy fields and are, therefore, recommended as a significant solution to the problems of global(climatic) change.     

江浙沪地区稻田CH4排放及减排措施

根据ＩＰＣＣ Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（１９９５）提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区水稻田的ＣＨ４排放统计计算，并所得数据进行评估和分析。通过计算得到江浙沪地区水稻田ＣＨ４排放为１．７７Ｔｇ，占总ＣＨ４排放的５３．６％，提出了该地区减少水稻田ＣＨ４排放的措施。     

种植杂交稻对甲烷排放的影响及评价

早、中、晚稻三季24h稻田甲烷监测结果表明,种植杂交稻没有明显增进福田甲烷排放的作用．甲烷释放总量在3个种植季节中,除连作晚稻的杂交稻田比常规稻田高11．6％外,早稻、单季稻杂交稻田分别低于常规稻田6．4％和8．9％．稻田甲烷每周日平均释放量在水稻生长前期（移栽后5～7周）杂交稻高于常规稻,孕穗至收获期杂交稻低于常规稻．温度对甲烷释放影响十分明显．在不同水稻种植季节,稻田甲烷释放模式各不相同．经测定,杂交稻田的土壤产甲烷细菌数量及土壤产甲烷潜力明显高于常规稻田,其中产甲烷细菌数可相差数倍至2个数量级．试验结果还表明,种植水稻明显增加了稻田甲烷排放量,与侵水稻田相比．植稻田甲烷排放量增加了41．4％．     

2015年中国地区大气甲烷排放估计及空间分布

CH₄是仅次于CO₂的重要温室气体,也是重要的化学活性气体.定量估算我国甲烷的排放量及分析其空间分布特征,对于控制温室气体排放,减缓温室效应具有重要意义.本文以2015年中国官方统计年鉴资料为基础,利用IPCC排放清单指南、国内外排放因子研究结果及动力学模型方法,从能源活动（煤炭开采和油气系统）、农业活动（反刍动物、稻田排放和秸秆露天燃烧）、自然源排放（自然湿地和植被排放）、废弃物处理（固体废弃物、工业污水和生活污水）和人工湿地等几个主要方面,对中国地区的CH₄排放进行定量估计.结果表明：中国地区2015年CH₄排放总量为61.59 Tg,其中以农业活动和能源活动为主要排放源,排放量分别达到20.42 Tg和20.39 Tg,占总排放量比例分别约为33.2%和33.1%.CH₄自然源考虑了植被和自然湿地排放,排放量为11.77 Tg,占比为19.1%;废弃物处理产生的CH₄排放量为8.64 Tg,占比为14.0%;人工湿地排放量为0.37 Tg,占比为0.6%.从空间分布来看,CH₄排放具有较明显的不均匀性,大值区主要集中在华北、西南及东南地区,而西北地区的排放量则相对较低,主要与各地的资源环境、人口密度和经济情况密切相关.     

大气中甲烷的化学行为

甲烷作为重要的温室气体,其化学行为日益引起人们的关注。稻田排放、牲畜排放和沼泽排放等是大气甲烷重要的源;与OH自由基的反应是其主要的汇。甲烷在大气中的浓度以每年1%的速度增长,其不仅影响气候的变化,而且引起大气中OH,O₃等浓度的变化,是非常重要的化学物种。      

The relationship between the methane seasonal cycle and regional sources and sinks at Tae-ahn Peninsula,Korea

Methane measurements from weekly air samples collected at Tae-ahn Peninsula, Korea (TAP) present new constraints on the regional methane source strength of eastern Asia. Analysis of atmospheric trajectories shows that the lowest methane values observed at Tae-ahn are associated with southeasterly flow off the tropical Pacific Ocean and are similar to those observed at Cape Kumukahi, Hawaii. During June to August, northwesterly flow from the peat-rich wetlands located in the maritime provinces of the Far East former Soviet Union elevates methane at TAP by ∼80 ppb above the annual mean. Analysis of the Tae-ahn observations using a 3-D atmospheric methane model suggests that methane emission rates from the Far East Soviet wetlands may be ∼2 times those of Alaskan wetlands. Also, the relative maximum in May June at Tae-ahn constraints global CH₄ emissions from rice cultivation to ∼100 Tg yr⁻¹.     

北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷排放的研究

观测不同农业管理条件下,北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷的排放通量。以当地农民所惯用的管理方式为代表,排放通量为８．７ｍｇ／（Ｍ＾２．ｈ）。甲烷排放有季节性变化,以分蘖期和扬花期为峰值,土壤氧化还原电位的变化与甲烷排放有很好的相关性,施用过量的有机肥会增加排放,采用科学的间歇灌溉方式可以增产并降低甲烷的排放旱直播技术虽可大大降低甲烷和但影响水稻产量,有待进一步的研究。     

水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放

通过建立野外采样系统,对一个生长周期内水稻土释放的挥发性含硫气体进行了检测.研究结果表明:水稻土中释放的含硫气体主要为COS、CS₂和DMS,并有少量的DMDS.估算出的各含硫气体的释放通量分别为81.11、6.33和10.71 mg·(m²·a)^-1.我国水稻土释放含硫气体的通量为(S)0.013662 Tg/a,全球为(S)0.07992Tg/a     

Effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate on production and emission of methane in a tropical rice soil

Agricultural sources of atmospheric methane include flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies. However, certain soil nutrient management and cultural practices offer opportunities to reduce methane emissions. The effect of application of ammonium thiosulphate, a potential source of nitrogen and sulphur and also an inhibitor of nitrification and urease on methane production and emission from flooded alluvial (Typic Haplaquept) rice soil in India, was examined. Methane production and emission from control and urea-amended soil samples were almost identical. Application of ammonium thiosulphate to laboratory-incubated flooded soil (30 and 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil) and flooded rice fields (45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹) effected a distinct inhibition of methane production and emission. Ammonium thiosulphate stimulated the population of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to a greater extent at 60 μg N g⁻¹ soil than at 30 μg N g⁻¹ soil. In ammonium thiosulphate-applied rice field plots, mean methane efflux decreased by about 38 and 60% at 45.6 and 60 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively, over that of control. Inhibition of methane production by ammonium thiosulphate is, at least in part, due to the stimulation of SRB. Results suggest the mitigation potential of ammonium thiosulphate on methane emission from flooded rice paddies.     

控制稻田甲烷排放的农业管理措施研究

１９９０～１９９２年连续３ａ,对北京和南京具有代表性稻田进行了甲烷排放通量测定。结果表明,甲烷排放日变化规律受土壤理化性质、农业管理措施、气候变化等影响而变化,在下午１５:００～１８:００出现高峰值￣(１－６),甲烷排放季节变化规律在分蘖期和孕穗期两次出现高峰。采取不同的农业管理措施对稻田甲烷排放的影响显著:间歇灌溉对烤田后的稻田能降低甲烷排放又可增加水稻产量;南方地区垅作栽培有利于减少冬水田甲烷排放,北方地区旱种可减少甲烷排放;有机肥能促进甲烷排放,稻田分蘖期和孕穗期施用硫酸铵和尿素能抑制甲烷排放。      

Modeling the impact of mitigation options on methane abatement from rice fields

The enhanced concentration of methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere is significantly responsible for the ominous threat of global warming. Rice (Oryza) paddies are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH₄. Abatement strategies for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields offer an avenue to reduce the global atmospheric burden of methane and hence the associated menace of climate change. Projections on population growth suggest that world rice production must increase to meet the population’s food energy demand. In this scenario, those mitigation options are advocated which address both the objectives of methane mitigation and increased production of rice simultaneously. In this paper, we have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of such options in reducing and stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CH₄ while increasing rice yield. In modeling process, it is assumed that implementation rate of mitigation options is proportional to the enhanced concentration of atmospheric CH₄ due to rice fields. Model analysis reveals that implementation of mitigation options not always provides “win-win” outcome. Conditions under which these options reduce and stabilize CH₄ emission from rice fields have been derived. These conditions are useful in devising strategies for effective abatement of CH₄ emission from rice fields along with sustainable increase in rice yield. The analysis also shows that CH₄ abatement highly depends on efficiencies of mitigation options to mitigate CH₄ emission and improve rice production as well as on the implementation rate of mitigation options. Numerical simulation is carried out to verify theoretical findings.     

节水灌溉模式对稻田CH4排放规律的影响

基于水稻节水灌溉技术和密闭静态箱技术田间原位采集甲烷气样,试验研究了水稻节水控制灌溉模式对稻田CH₄排放规律的影响.结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH₄排放呈现明显的下午极大值型日变化,CH₄排放高峰主要出现在下午13:00,淹水处理CH₄排放峰值在1 d中各个时刻的出现具有一定的随机性.控制灌溉稻田CH₄排放呈现明显的单峰型季节排放规律,排放高峰发生在分蘖前期,比淹水处理提前了10 d.所以,控制灌溉模式在水稻返青期后的水分调控及生产性用水等水管理措施对稻田CH₄排放的影响至关重要.控制灌溉水稻全生育期的稻田CH₄排放总量为24.46 g·m^-2,比淹水稻田减少了39%,平均排放率为7.96 mg·(m²·h)^-1,但返青期和分蘖前期的CH₄平均排放率比淹水稻田高,在以后的各个生育阶段均低于淹水稻田.     

运行微生物燃料电池减排稻田土壤甲烷的研究

为了研究稻秆还田条件下运行微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)是否能有效减排稻田甲烷,本研究将添加质量分数0.5%稻秆的土壤装入MFCs反应器,淹水并种植水稻后运行MFCs.待水稻经历苗期、分蘗期、晒田期、灌浆期和成熟期共98 d后,停止MFCs运行.在MFCs运行过程中实时连续记录电压,每周一次采用静态箱法搜集并检测反应器的甲烷排放通量.结果表明,MFCs电流在分蘗期逐步升高并达到峰值,并且运行MFCs显著降低添加稻秆土壤在苗期和分蘗期的甲烷累积排放通量.原因可能与产电菌和产甲烷菌竞争有机底物有关.MFCs运行98 d后,水稻株高、地上和地下部分生物量,以及产量未受显著影响.本研究为稻田CH_4减排提供了一种潜在的绿色可持续的技术.     

煤焦化生产过程甲烷排放初步研究

本研究选取山西省具有代表性的焦化厂,通过在废气排放烟囱上采集燃烧室废气和装煤/出焦废气,初步研究了煤焦化过程甲烷排放特征。结果显示燃烧室废气中CH4占∑(CH4+NMHC)的比例远高于装煤和出焦废气。基于EPA AP-42排放因子的计算方法,煤焦化三个工段的CH4排放因子为228.5±56.1g/t。结合中国机械炼焦炉焦炭产量,2004年中国机械炼焦CH4排放为0.03Tg/a,占中国总CH4排放的0.1%,可能是山西省除煤炭开采外的重要甲烷排放源,该值还需再进一步的工作中完善和验证。     

增氧对不同秸秆还田稻田田面水养分动态及温室气体排放的影响

秸秆还田对于改善土壤结构、培肥土壤和提高农作物产量与品质有着重要意义,但秸秆还田会增加甲烷排放和面源污染物排放等环境风险,如何减少秸秆还田带来的负面效应是亟需解决的难题.系统比较了增氧对不同碳氮比秸秆还田稻田水稻生长期内田面水碳氮含量和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,不同秸秆还田均明显增加了稻田田面水中化学需氧量(COD),虽略微降低了N₂O排放,但显著促进了稻田甲烷的排放和全球增温潜势,大小表现为：麦秸还田>油菜秸秆>蚕豆秸秆还田;秸秆还田处理提高了水稻产量,但统计未达显著水平.增氧处理不显著影响水稻产量,使秸秆还田后田面水COD降低15%～32%,稻田甲烷排放显著降低10.4%～24.8%,稻田GWP显著降低9.7%～24.4%,其中麦秸还田处理下增氧效果最佳.结果发现增氧措施在秸秆还田稻田尤其是麦秸还田稻田温室气体减排与降低COD排放风险中的潜在作用及其应用可能性.     

稻油不同轮作模式对农田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以南方稻区不同轮作模式为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-油菜轮作处理的甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放特征,并估算稻田增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地CH₄平均排放量分别为135.25,55.64、5.05和1.89 kg ·hm^-2,稻季CH₄排放占不同轮作周年CH₄排放的91.8%~98.5%,稻田土壤水溶性有机碳与CH₄排放呈显著正相关,常规晚稻稻田CH₄排放比杂交晚稻高18.7%（P<0.05）;双季稻田、一季中（晚）稻田、油菜地和休闲地N₂O平均排放量分别为0.94、0.64、1.38和0.24 kg ·hm^-2,油菜地的N₂O排放占周年排放的57.2%~70.2%,双季稻和一季稻处理的冬闲农田N₂O排放占周年排放的17.8%和30.6%,杂交稻和常规稻稻田N₂O排放无显著性差异;双季稻-冬闲和双季稻-油菜的GWP处理高于稻-油和稻-冬闲处理,稻季排放CH₄的GWP占轮作周年GWP排放的71.2%~90.9%;GHGI以稻-稻-油菜最高,稻-油和稻-冬闲处理较低,综合环境效益和经济效益,建议南方稻区选择杂交晚稻-油菜的种植模式,有利于南方多熟制稻田的温室气体减排.     

基于不同土壤数据单元法的DNDC模型对太湖地区水稻土CH4排放模拟研究

利用农业土壤痕量气体排放模型DNDC(DeNitrification-DeComposition),以整个太湖地区37个县234万hm2水稻土为例,分析了3种不同土壤数据单元法对CH4排放模拟的影响.其中,1∶5万图斑单元法土壤属性来自1∶5万土壤数据库,图斑为最小模拟单元;1∶5万"县级"单元法土壤属性也取自1∶5万土壤数据库,"县"为最小模拟单元;1∶1 400万"县级"单元法土壤属性取自国内同类研究使用最多的1∶1 400万土壤图和《中国土种志》,"县"为最小模拟单元.结果表明,虽然1∶5万图斑单元法大多数县的CH4排放量都在1∶5万"县级"单元法最大与最小值范围之间,但整个地区总排放量(以C计,下同)相差达到1 680 Gg;而1∶1 400万"县级"单元法CH4排放量与1∶5万图斑单元法相比,尽管整个地区总排放量只相差180 Gg,但各"县级"单元之间的估算差异却很大,这一方面说明了土壤数据的详细程度是保证地球生物化学模型模拟精度的重要因子,另一方面也说明在区域CH4排放量估算模拟中使用更详细的土壤资料是非常必要的.     

乌梁素海湖泊湿地植物区甲烷排放规律

运用静态箱法,对内蒙古乌梁素海不同水位的芦苇群落（Phragmites australis）和龙须眼子菜群落（Potamogeton pectinatus）的甲烷排放通量进行2 a（2003～2004）野外观测.发现龙须眼子菜群落（沉水植物）甲烷平均排放速率为(3.44±1.60) mg·(m²·h)^-1, 仅为芦苇群落（挺水植物）的平均排放速率的21.94%.高水位芦苇的排放速率要大于低水位芦苇群落.芦苇群落的甲烷排放具有明显的季节性和日变化规律,并且5 cm土壤温度和光合有效辐射分别是影响季节性和日变化的主要环境因子.根据观测数据和植物的分布面积,计算得出乌梁素海2003和2004年的甲烷排放量为1 024.6　t和1 156.7　t.