对水泥企业生产环境负荷之浅析

基于生命周期理论，采用CNI环境影响评价方法对我国水泥生产的环境负荷进行了定量分析。结果表明：水泥生产的环境影响主要体现在温室效应、不可再生能源消耗和不可再生资源消耗，其环境负荷分别占对应环境影响类型世界总负荷的2.76％，2.34％和1.39％，2006年我国水泥生产的环境负荷约占世界总负荷的1.28％，其中，立窑生产工艺、湿法回转窑生产工艺和新型干法生产工艺的环境负荷分别为0.84％，0.12％和0.32％。通过行业结构调整，用新型干法生产工艺取代其他落后的生产工艺，可使我国水泥生产的环境负荷降至世界总负荷的1％左右。     

UASB反应器处理天然气厂检修废水的负荷变化试验研究

本文以某天然气净化厂检修废水为研究对象，采用上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器对该废水进行处理。当进水COD浓度已达最大时，小范围改变进水有机负荷，观察出水VFA、pH、COD及产气量的变化情况，研究负荷变化对该反应器的影响，最终确定反应器能承受的最适负荷。     

准好氧矿化垃圾处理渗滤液的工艺参数研究

利用准好氧矿化垃圾柱，通过室内模拟试验，采用正交试验方法研究准好氧矿化垃圾柱处理渗滤液的最佳工艺参数。研究表明，本试验最佳工艺参数为水力负荷0.023L/kg矿化垃圾·d，进水周期24h，有机负荷0．33g／kg矿化垃圾·d，氨氮负荷0.028g／kg矿化垃圾·d。其中水力负荷是影响矿化垃圾柱处理效果的关键因素。     

基于GIS的农业非点源污染负荷时空分异研究——以宁波市章溪河流域为例

应用基于CIS AreView的AnnAGNPS模型，进行了宁波市章溪河流域的非点源污染负荷的时空分异研究。结合航片解译，利用ArcGIS9．0、TOPAZ模块等建立了研究区非点源污染空间数据库；结合现场资料、相关文献收集，并利用模型参数的CIS提取技术，建立了研究区非点源污染属性数据库。结果表明：在空间分布上，各子流域吸附态氮空间分异较大，溶解态磷的空间分异最小，不同土地利用类型中林地和果园相比农田非点源污染负荷小，不同土壤类型中，水稻土比黄壤和红壤的污染负荷大；在时间分布上，非点源污染负荷主要集中在汛期，超过全年的55％，枯水期低于全年的4％。     

电除尘改造成袋式除尘器后运行故障分析

山西漳泽电力股份有限公司漳泽发电分公司4#电除尘器改造成袋式除尘器后，在运行中出现阻力居高不下的情况，以及在低负荷运行时发生引风机失速等故障。测试结果显示，引风机的失速与除尘器无关，而与机组负荷有关。经采取调整机组负荷、改变清灰方式、处理环链机构故障等相应措施，机组运行基本保持稳定。     

不同水力负荷条件下的人工湿地污染处理效果分析

本文研究了水力负荷对抚仙湖北岸典型人工湿地净化河道污水处理效率的影响。研究表明,TN、TP及SS去除率随着水力负荷的增加而下降,COD去除率受水力负荷的影响程度相对较小。综合考虑水力负荷对氮磷、有机物及悬浮物等水质净化效果的影响,如果不考虑其它因素,仅从系统处理效果的角度选择水力负荷,人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m3/m2·d以下。     

基于多定权因子排序法对工业污染量化评价--以都江堰市为例

工业在发展的同时必须坚持环境效益与经济效益的统一。本文以多定权因子排序法对都江堰市的工业行业进行了环境污染负荷影响量化评价，以行业产生单位产值所需的环境负荷为评价结果。结果表明该方法用于确定各行业的环境的负荷影响以及对选取适合当地发展的工业行业具有一定的指导意义，还可以进一步明确行业的发展方向。     

我国南方主要酸沉降区临界负荷研究

以马尾松为指示植物，对韶关的土壤进行了长期淋溶模拟并记录其化学状态。结果发现，土壤溶液的pH值下降到4.0，Bs值下降到几乎为零，有较大量的A1离子溶出。最后选取土壤溶液pn〉4.0、KS〉10％和[Al^3＋]〈0.1mmol／L为临界化学指标，参考国内外应用广泛的MAGIC模型和SMART模型，确定韶关酸沉降临界负荷（S的临界负荷）为14.1keq／hm^2.a。     

成都市工业废水污染物等标负荷特征分析

不同污染物对于环境的污染程度不一样,简单比较排放量,无法准确判断不同种类污染物对环境影响的差异。本文利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,结合2011年成都市环境统计数据,对全市工业废水污染物排放的等标负荷特征进行分析,找出影响环境的主要污染物、主要污染区域及主要污染行业,以期为全市各项环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

电动汽车快速充电负荷模型构建方法

随着电动汽车大规模的发展,给电网带来了不小的冲击和影响,尤其电动汽车快速充电对电网电压稳定性的影响,准确的负荷模型对研究电压稳定性研究尤其重要。本文分析了电动汽车充电对电网电压稳定性影响。基于快速充电配置建立了电动汽车快速充电的静态负荷模型,通过仿真分析了快速充电器中的整流变换器Rs及Rl对电网电压稳定性的影响。仿真也分析了电动汽车快速充电负载模型与常规的P,Z,I负载模型对电网电压稳定性的影响,结果表明本文所建立的电动汽车负载模型比把电动汽车建立为常规的恒功率、恒流和恒阻抗负载模型有更低的负荷裕度,对电压稳定性影响更高。     

饮马河流域长春段污染现状与水环境负荷演变特征

为研究饮马河流域长春段水质污染现状和污染负荷演变特征,以饮马河流域长春段的五个国考断面为水质监测点,通过对国考断面水体水质中含有的COD、NH3-N、TP浓度的检测分析,研究区域的水质污染现状和不同水期对污染负荷的影响规律,同时对2020年各考核断面的污染负荷进行估算。经估算,在2020年,计算单元总的COD负荷年排放量约为27503.22 t/a,NH3-N负荷年排放量约为2769.39 t/a,TP负荷年排放量约为485.65 t/a;其中,COD负荷的主要污染来源为城市径流,占比约为40.12%,NH3-N负荷的主要污染来源为农田径流,占比约为48.16%,TP负荷的主要污染来源为农田径流,占比约为46.07%。研究结果表明,砖瓦窑桥、刘珍屯、靠山南楼、十三家子大桥等断面水环境中COD、NH3-N、TP年均浓度超过了水质考核标准;不同水期对饮马河大桥断面污染负荷的影响较小,枯水期对其他断面污染负荷的影响占主要贡献。     

废水回用工艺中曝气生物滤池的特性研究

以页岩陶粒为滤料,对曝气生物滤池的运行性能进行了研究。通过考察水力负荷对COD、氨氮去除效果的影响试验,容积负荷对COD去除效果试验,BAF对浊度的去除效果、抗冲击能力试验;结果显示:COD最佳水力负荷为7.0m3/h,NH4+-N最佳水力负荷为5.0m3/h,COD最佳容积负荷为5.89kg/(m3.d);进水浊度平均为12.7NTU,出水浊度平均为3.5NTU时,平均去除率为72.4%。水力冲击负荷对硝化菌的影响较小,而对异养菌影响较大。     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways‐baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.     

Estimation of Catchment Nutrient Loads in New Zealand Using Monthly Water Quality Monitoring Data

Causes of variation between loads estimated using alternative calculation methods and their repeatability were investigated using 20 years of daily flow and monthly concentration samples for 77 rivers in New Zealand. Loads of dissolved and total nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated using the Ratio, L5, and L7 methods. Estimates of loads and their precision associated with short‐term records of 5, 10, and 15 years were simulated by subsampling. The representativeness of the short‐term loads was quantified as the standard deviation of the 20 realizations. The L7 method generally produced more realistic loads with the highest precision and representativeness. Differences between load estimates were shown to be associated with poor agreement between the data and the underlying model. The best method was shown to depend on the match between the model and functional and distributional characteristics of the data, rather than on the contaminant. Short‐term load estimates poorly represented the long‐term load estimate, and deviations frequently exceeded estimated imprecision. The results highlight there is no single preferred load calculation method, the inadvisability of “unsupervised” load estimation and the importance of inspecting concentration‐flow, unit load‐flow plots and regression residuals. Regulatory authorities should be aware that the precision of loads estimated from monthly data are likely to be “optimistic” with respect to the actual repeatability of load estimates.     

基于源流域水量水质模型研究小流域营养物管理方案

采用澳大利亚源流域水量水质模型模拟东山小流域内2001-2010年9种不同土地利用类型产生的降雨径流及总氮和总磷的污染负荷,模拟结果为:流域内多年平均径流量为6 150万m3/a,总氮输出负荷为270 t/a,总磷负荷为22 t/a。模拟结果表明:水产养殖塘和高地茶果树是东山地区主要的营养物来源。通过三个情景方案的模拟,说明当地环境管理方案可以有效地削减入湖的营养负荷,其中第二个情景方案的削减量最大,总氮和总磷负荷分别削减了18%和25%。     

Integration of SWAT and HSPF for Simulation of Sediment Sources in Legacy Sediment‐Impacted Agricultural Watersheds

A total maximum daily load for the Chesapeake Bay requires reduction in pollutant load from sources within the Bay watersheds. The Conestoga River watershed has been identified as a major source of sediment load to the Bay. Upland loads of sediment from agriculture are a concern; however, a large proportion of the sediment load in the Conestoga River has been linked to scour of legacy sediment associated with historic millpond sites. Clarifying this distinction and identifying specific segments associated with upland vs. channel sources has important implications for future management. In order to address this important question, we combined the strengths of two widely accepted watershed management models — Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for upland agricultural processes, and Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF) for instream fate and transport — to create a novel linked modeling system to predict sediment loading from critical sources in the watershed including upland and channel sources, and to aid in targeted implementation of management practices. The model indicates approximately 66% of the total sediment load is derived from instream sources, in agreement with other studies in the region and can be used to support identification of these channel source segments vs. upland source segments, further improving targeted management. The innovated linked SWAT‐HSPF model implemented in this study is useful for other watersheds where both upland agriculture and instream processes are important sources of sediment load.     

A Tool for Automated Load Duration Curve Creation1

Abstract: A recent study by the Texas Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Task Force has recommended the use of load duration curves as a primary tool in calculating bacterial TMDLs. This method is attractive because it effectively integrates flow regimes into TMDL analyses, clearly communicates data through a method that is understandable to the general public, and has been successfully applied in TMDL studies in other states. To ease the creation of load duration curves, an automated load duration curve creation tool called LDCurve has been created within a Microsoft Excel framework. Web services and a webscraper are used to retrieve U.S. Geological Survey streamflow data and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality water quality data. Data are imported to the spreadsheet, combined to create flow and load duration curves, and plotted. Final steps result in a preliminary estimate of the overall load reductions needed to meet water quality standards in the modeled segment. LDCurve is currently only applicable in the state of Texas, but may be updated to model water quality throughout the nation using analogous web services from the EPA STORET database. By using automated data retrievals and computations, the LDCurve tool reduces the amount of time required to create curves and calculate load reductions to a matter of minutes. LDCurve and all supporting materials are available online for free download at: http://tools.crwr.utexas.edu/LDCurve/ .     

ANALYSIS OF LAKE-BOTTOM SEDIMENT TO ESTIMATE HISTORICAL NONPOINT-SOURCE PHOSPHORUS LOADS1

ABSTRACT Bottom sediment in Hillsdale Lake, Kansas, was analyzed to estimate the annual load of total phosphorus deposited in the lake from nonpoint sources. Topographic, bathymetric, and sediment-core data were used to estimate the total mass of phosphorus in the lake-bottom sediment. Available streamflow and water-quality data were used to compute the mean annual mass of phosphorus (dissolved plus suspended) exiting the lake. The mean annual load of phosphorus added to the lake from point sources was estimated from previous studies. A simple mass balance then was used to compute the mean annual load of phosphorus from non-point sources. The total mass of phosphorus in the lake-bottom sediment was estimated to be 924,000 kg, with a mean annual load of 62,000 kg. The mean annual mass of phosphorus exiting in the lake outflow was estimated to be about 8,000 kg. The mean annual loads of phosphorus added to the lake from point and nonpoint sources were estimated to be 5,000 and 65,000 kg, respectively. Thus, the contribution to the total mean annual phosphorus load in Hillsdale Lake is about 7 percent from point sources and about 93 percent from nonpoint sources.