潜流、垂直流人工湿地污染物净化效果及耐污染负荷冲击能力研究

依托建立在新沂河河漫滩上的人工湿地中试工程进行现场试验,研究分析潜流和垂直流2种人工湿地对污染河水的净化效果及其耐污染负荷冲击能力。结果表明:在相同的进水高锰酸盐指数浓度条件下,垂直流对高锰酸盐指数的净化效果明显优于潜流;2种人工湿地对NH4+-N的去除率均比较高(平均去除率均高于80%),且没有明显差异;2种人工湿地构造不同引起的水流运行方式及截留、过滤作用的差异对高锰酸盐指数的去除影响较大,而对NH4+-N去除的影响较小;进水污染负荷变化对人工湿地污染物去除的影响显著,垂直流耐高锰酸盐指数污染负荷冲击能力明显强于潜流,而对NH4+-N污染负荷变化,两者都表现出了较强的耐受能力,差异不明显。     

潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河水的处理功效

为了研究潮汐流人工湿地对高污染河流污染物的去除效果及其影响因素,实验构建了潮汐流人工湿地系统。运行春夏两季以来,系统对TN、NH3-N、TP、COD和BOD5的平均去除率分别为49.14%、48.34%、79.40%、81.52%和83.39%;其中系统对TN和NH3-N的去除受到温度的影响,且温度变化对NH3-N去除效果的影响大于TN;在实验周期内,系统对TN、TP、COD和BOD5的去除均受进水污染负荷的影响,但却有着较好的抗负荷冲击能力;潮汐流人工湿地能够显著提高系统内溶解氧,使其不再成为去除污染物的限制性因素。     

2种改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中氮的去除

为研究改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中不同形态氮(NH+4-N,NO-3-N,NO-2-N,TN)的去除效果及径流中氮负荷对氮去除率的影响,实验分别以聚氨酯泡沫和人工草皮为改良材料,以降雨径流中的氮为处理对象进行室内模拟研究。结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统及草皮土壤渗滤系统对TN,NH+4-N均具有较好的净化效果,并表现出良好的耐冲击负荷能力。TN平均去除率分别为72.65%和71.07%,NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.10%和99.09%。2种渗滤系统对NO-3-N去除效果均较差,表现为-420.07%和-171.66%的负去除率。聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对NO-2-N的平均去除率为87.29%,高于草皮土壤渗滤系统53.77%的平均去除率。总体上,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对径流中氮的去除效果优于草皮土壤渗滤系统,具有较好的应用前景。     

3种不同基质潜流湿地对磷的去除效果

基质是潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统的重要组成部分,直接影响到系统的处理效果.本文研究了由沸石、页岩陶粒和碎石3种不同基质构建的潜流式人工湿地对磷的去除效果.结果表明,在设计水力停留时间3 d,连续进出水情况下,碎石单元对磷的去除效果最好,页岩陶粒单元次之,沸石单元效果最差,平均去除率分别为95%、60%和35%.在潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统运行初期观察到磷释放现象,沸石单元最为明显.进水磷浓度较低时,磷的去除率随浓度升高而升高,当正磷、总磷浓度分别升高到2.4～2.5和3.1～3.3 mg/L时,正磷、总磷的去除率开始迅速下降.     

高速泳动床对村镇微污染水体的预处理效果

利用高速泳动床反应器作为预处理装置处理村镇微污染水体,出水进入组合人工湿地。结果表明,实验阶段高速泳动床在HRT为1.2 h时,尽管泳动床进水各污染物浓度较低,但反应器对COD、TN和TP仍具有较明显（P〈0.05）的去除效果,平均去除率分别为11.3%、14.6%和25.8%。高速泳动床反应器对氨氮去除效果尤为明显,去除率达到46.9%。此外,高速泳动床反应器内硝化作用较强,出水中硝态氮含量平均增加率为45.5%,弥补了后续人工湿地硝化作用不强、除氨氮效果不佳的缺点。     

高速泳动床对村镇微污染水体的预处理效果

利用高速泳动床反应器作为预处理装置处理村镇微污染水体,出水进入组合人工湿地。结果表明,实验阶段高速泳动床在HRT为1.2 h时,尽管泳动床进水各污染物浓度较低,但反应器对COD、TN和TP仍具有较明显(P<0.05)的去除效果,平均去除率分别为11.3%、14.6%和25.8%。高速泳动床反应器对氨氮去除效果尤为明显,去除率达到46.9%。此外,高速泳动床反应器内硝化作用较强,出水中硝态氮含量平均增加率为45.5%,弥补了后续人工湿地硝化作用不强、除氨氮效果不佳的缺点。     

3种负荷对模拟垂直流人工湿地去除氮、磷效果的影响

为探讨水力负荷、有机负荷和悬浮物固体负荷对垂直流人工湿地基质去除氮、磷效果的影响,采用了人工土柱模拟实验的方法,对不同数值的水力负荷、有机负荷(COD)和悬浮固体负荷单因素影响条件下垂直流人工湿地出水中TN、TP的浓度进行了监测。实验结果表明,在3种负荷单一因素影响条件下,垂直流人工湿地处理出水中TN、TP的浓度均随着负荷的增加而增加,即降低水力负荷、有机负荷、悬浮固体负荷均有利于降低垂直流人工湿地处理出水中TN、TP的浓度。当水力负荷为50 cm/d,垂直流人工湿地TP的去除率较高,达到71.52%;当有机负荷为50 g/(m2·d),TN的平均去除率较高,达到41.84%;当悬浮固体负荷为75 g/(m2·d),TP的平均去除率较高,达到92.13%。因此,在水力负荷实验中,当水力负荷为50 cm/d,垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较佳;在悬浮固体实验中,当悬浮固体负荷为75 g/m2·d,垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较好;在有机负荷实验中,当有机负荷(COD)为50 g/(m2·d),垂直流人工湿地对氮、磷去除效果较好。     

冬季组合工艺处理灌溉尾水的运行效果

采用水耕蔬菜人工湿地与垂直流人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水灌溉尾水,针对冬季灌溉尾水量大,而系统处理效果下降问题,对组合工艺进行了运行效果及水力负荷等工艺参数的优化研究。大棚对系统能起到一定的保温效果,系统进出水水温均高出未采取保温强化措施系统2℃左右。在冬季水耕蔬菜人工湿地与垂直流人工湿地受温度影响,污染物去除效能显著下降,随着水力负荷的增大,水耕蔬菜人工湿地对COD、TN及TP的平均去除率和去除负荷呈先增加后减小趋势,其对COD、TP的平均去除率均在0.3 m~3/(m~2·d)附近达到最大,分别为33.4%和11.5%,TN的平均去除率在0.4 m3/(m~2·d)附近达到最大,为8.5%;垂直流人工湿地随着水力负荷的增大,对COD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的平均去除率的变化趋势与水耕蔬菜人工湿地相似,在0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)处达到最大,分别为56.3%、29.3%、23.8%和31.3%。上述结果与人工湿地在其他温度较高季节去除率一般随水力负荷降低而呈上升趋势的结果显著不同,表明在冬季依靠一味降低水力负荷无法达到提高系统去除效能的目的。     

水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响

水力负荷对湿地的去污效果有直接影响,但目前的研究一般限于去除率方面,缺少对污染物去除总量影响的研究。为综合考察水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响,以某会议中心富营养化景观水体生态修复工程中的2#人工湿地为研究对象,研究了其在水力负荷分别为1.03、1.37m/d时的水质净化效果。结果表明:当水力负荷由1.03m/d提高到1.37m/d时,2#人工湿地仍具有较好的COD、TN和TP去除效果;COD和TN的总平均去除率略有下降,但水力负荷为1.37m/d时的COD和TN总平均去除量比水力负荷为1.03m/d时总平均去除量分别高28.29%和20.96%,对COD和TN总量的控制效果显著;TP的去除受水力负荷的影响较小,在两种水力负荷条件下均具有较高的去除率。     

间歇式运行对人工湿地处理富营养化湖水的影响

针对五里湖富营养化水体,进行了中试规模人工湿地间歇式运行与连续式运行处理效果的比较研究,现场试验采用0.8 m3/m2·d的水力负荷.研究表明,采用间歇进水方式增强了人工湿地的复氧能力,出水溶解氧(DO)含量为2.6～4.5 mg/L,较连续进水方式平均提高了51.06%.间歇式进水对TN和NH4 -N的去除影响较大,与连续进水方式相比去除率分别提高了51.5%和30.5%;而对NO3-N、TP和CODMn的去除影响较小.采用间歇式运行TN的出水浓度较连续式运行稳定,受季节变化和进水浓度的影响较小,出水浓度＜2 mg/L;而间歇式运行对TP和CODMn出水浓度的稳定性影响不大.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.