基于GIS的惠州市土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征研究

为了解惠州市土壤中多环芳烃的空间分布特征,采集了该市不同区县42个不同土地利用类型的表层土壤样品,并结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术分析惠州市土壤多环芳烃的空间分布特征,探清惠州市土壤多环芳烃的残留现状、来源和扩散趋势等,为惠州市土壤多环芳烃的污染治理奠定理论基础。结果表明,土壤中多环芳烃总量介于35.40~534.5μg·kg-1,平均值为123.09μg·kg-1。空间分布分析结果显示,Chr和Bkf具有强烈的空间相关性;Nap、Ace、Acy、Flu、Phe、Ant、Fla、Baa、Daa和Bbf具有中等空间相关性;Pyr、Bap、I1p和Bgp空间相关性很弱。趋势分析显示,16种多环芳烃在东西和南北方向上呈现出明显的增减规律性。Nap和Bkf由东向西、由南向北逐渐升高,而Flu、Pyr、Baa、Bbf、Ipy、Daa则恰好相反;Acy、Ace、Ant均由东向西、由南向北急剧升高,与Phe、Fla的变化趋势恰好相反;Chr和Bap在东西、南北方向没有明显趋势变化;Bgp在东西方向上,由东向西逐渐下降,而在南北方向上,呈明显的倒U形。利用GIS软件地统计模块进行了普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging)插值,结果显示16种多环芳烃组分分布特征各不相同,Ace、Acy和Ant等3种多环芳烃组分含量呈现出自西北向东南方向递增的趋势;Phe、Fla、Pyr、Bkf、Chr、I1p、Daa和Bgp等则恰好相反;Nap、Bbf和Bap等没有明显的分布趋势。Nap最高含量区面积很小,Bap高含量区面积较大,Baa在整个惠州市含量均较低,但在惠城区出现明显的岛状高含量分布区。以上结果反映了不同区域多环芳烃来源的不同,而多环芳烃的来源与当地经济社会发展情况及产业结构关系密切,主要包括工业"三废"、交通废气、石油燃烧和、生活垃圾焚烧等。     

中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量及来源解析

以表层土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)为研究对象,查阅2000—2016年间发表的101篇中国主要地区表层土壤多环芳烃的文献,系统分析了中国主要地区表层土壤中PAHs的含量、组分、分布特征及主要来源,为中国土壤多环芳烃污染防治提供科学依据。结果表明:中国主要地区表层土壤中16种优控多环芳烃总量(中位值)(∑PAHs)为515.70 ng·g~(-1),和其他国家相比处于中等水平。16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在表层土中以菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Fla)和萘(Nap)的含量(中位值)最高,苊烯(Acy)、苊(Ane)以及茚苯并(1,2,3,-cd)芘(Inp)含量(中位值)最低;∑PAHs含量(中位值)地域分布表现为西北地区华北地区东北地区华东地区华中地区华南地区西南地区。表层土壤PAHs组成以高环(4环及以上)为主,占60.06%,不同地区PAHs的组成不同;通过对16种检出PAHs进行聚类分析,得出中国主要地区PAHs主要有煤炭燃烧源、油类燃料燃烧源、焦油生产源、石油源和生物质燃烧源等5个来源。结合同分异构体比值法和污染物特征指数法,进一步对22个省区表层土壤PAHs进行聚类分析,得出新疆、天津、陕西表层土壤PAHs主要来源于液化石油燃料及原油的污染,燃料成分主要为汽油;福建、吉林、山西、贵州和江西表层土壤中PAHs主要来源于草、木材、煤炭及生物质燃烧;北京、湖北、黑龙江、安徽、西藏、江苏、广东、浙江、湖南、山东、宁夏、重庆及香港等表层土壤PAHs则主要来源于液体化石燃料、生物质及煤炭的燃烧,燃料成分为煤炭和汽油。     

合山煤矸石堆周边土壤中多环芳烃的空间分布特征

选取广西合山的一座煤矸石堆,研究其周边土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的空间分布特征。沿西南、东北、东南3个方向,采集距煤矸石堆不同距离不同深度的土壤样品。结果表明:在该研究区域内16种优先控制PAHs均有检出,5~15、45~55和85~95 cm深度土壤PAHs总含量范围分别为1 152.0~11 146.4、241.8~4 867.7和116.4~2 666.0μg·kg-1,存在严重的生态风险;平面上,随距矸石堆距离由近及远,土壤中PAHs含量由大到小变化,垂向上,由浅到深,PAHs含量也呈递减变化,且沿程与垂向上的变化趋势都是先急后缓;土壤中PAHs含量的平面分布主要受控于风向和坡度,垂向分布受控于PAHs本身的水溶性和土壤性质;通过相关分析认为Nap、Phe、Fle、Bbf、Chr和Fla这6种化合物是研究区煤矸石堆周边土壤中PAHs的特征化合物类型,重环PAHs相较于轻环PAHs受除煤矸石堆以外的其他污染源的影响较小。     

生活垃圾堆填区周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征

土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染日益受到关注,PAHs是垃圾渗滤液中的主要有害成分之一.以苏北某市城郊结合部露天垃圾堆放场为对象,采用高效液相色谱法分析周边农田土壤中16种PAHs的含量特征及分布规律.结果表明,垃圾场周边农田土壤PAHs含量总体表现为随距垃圾堆体的距离增大而降低的趋势.土壤中PAHs总量(平均值为1 208.5μg·kg-1)明显高于未污染土壤(509.25μg·kg-1),其中显著提高了土壤中难降解、难挥发的4环芳烃的含量,按照欧洲农业土壤PAHs含量与分布标准,达到中等或中等以上PAHs污染水平,说明垃圾堆填场周边农田土壤存在PAHs的污染风险.     

焦化厂污染场地表层土壤有机-矿质复合体中多环芳烃的分布

采用湿法物理分级方法将湖南省某焦化厂遗留场地表层土壤分成4种粒级的有机-矿质复合体组分,即粘粒(<2μm)、粉粒(2—20μm)、细砂(20—200μm)和粗砂(>200μm),并研究了美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在其中的分布特征及土壤不同有机-矿质复合体组分中有机质和矿物质组成的差异对PAHs赋存分布的影响.研究结果表明,不同粒级有机-矿质复合体中PAHs的含量顺序为粗砂>粉粒>细砂>粘粒,低环PAHs(环数≤3)在粘粒中的含量较高,达到56.3%,而高环PAHs(环数≥4)在粉粒、细砂和粗砂中的分布较高含量分别是79.37%、72.7%和71.63%,各粒级矿质复合体中PAHs含量与土壤有机碳有较好的相关性.通过对有机-矿质复合体进行X射线衍射分析发现,场地土壤粘粒和粉粒中粘土矿物含量较高,这也在一定程度上影响了污染物质在其中的分布.     

天津市土壤多环芳烃污染特征、源解析和生态风险评价

采用气相色谱-质谱联机方法(GC-MS)分析了天津市不同功能区10个采样点表层土壤样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,并对其污染特征、来源和生态风险进行了分析.结果表明:天津市土壤中16种多环芳烃的总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为142—1.49×103ng·g-1,平均浓度765 ng·g-1,Bap浓度范围7.06—118 ng·g-1,平均值37.6 ng·g-1.∑PAHs浓度均值呈工业区近郊区城区远郊区趋势.采用PAHs成分谱、污染物的特征比值和主成分分析的污染来源解析结果表明:工业区PAHs主要来源于焦化、煤和天然气的燃烧,以及机动车的污染排放;城区和郊区土壤中PAHs除来自于煤和焦炭的燃烧外,机动车污染是一个非常重要的污染源.根据荷兰土壤质量标准,所有采样点均有PAHs单体超标,其中西青、津南、北辰、汉沽、塘沽和大港采样点超过荷兰土壤标准规定的10种多环芳烃的苯并(a)芘(Bap)毒性当量浓度(TEQ Bap10)限值33 ng·g-1,说明天津近郊区和工业区土壤已受到PAHs的污染,存在潜在的生态风险.     

黔南州土壤中多环芳烃的污染现状及来源分析

采集贵州省黔南州12个县、市的表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品99个,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析,探讨了表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况及来源.结果表明,16种PAHs均有不同程度检出,12个县市土壤中∑PAHs平均含量在42.4～163.1 ng·g-1之间,含量最高的是都匀市,最低的是惠水县,全州平均值为68.7ng·g-1.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于较低水平,各地污染程度有一定差距.在组成上,4环以上PAHs所占比例较高.根据2～3环和4～6环PAHs含量所占比例及菲(Phe)/蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Flua)/芘(Pyr)比值,可以推断全州范围内PAHs主要来自工业燃煤、生活用煤的不完全燃烧和汽车尾气的污染等,污染水平与地区生产、生活方式密切相关.通过以上研究结果,可初步了解黔南州土壤中PAHs的污染现状,为以后土壤污染防治提供参考.     

山西省典型燃煤污染区土壤中多环芳烃风险评价

在山西省临汾市南部燃煤污染代表性区域(1034 km~2)采集了128个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对样品中PAHs的生态风险和人体健康风险进行了评价。结果显示,16种PAHs的质量分数为(723.2±1 230)μg·kg~(-1),组成成分以4~6环为主。根据Maliszewska-Kordybach分级评价标准,研究区域土壤中78.12%的样品受到PAHs不同程度的污染。基于内梅罗综合污染指数法评价结果,研究区域83.59%的样点存在PAHs污染,其中古城镇和新城镇60%以上的采样点达到了重度污染级别。基于毒性当量因子(Toxic Equivalency Factor,TEF)风险评价法的生态风险评价结果显示,荷兰土壤质量标准所涉及到的10种PAHs的苯并(a)芘(Bap)毒性当量浓度(Bap toxic equivalent quantity,TEQ_(Bap))为(67.50±137.7)μg·kg~(-1),其中42.19%的样点超过荷兰土壤TEQ_(Bap10)的标准限值,古城镇和新城镇土壤中PAHs平均超标3倍以上。对研究区域的暴露人群分别进行非致癌风险及致癌风险评价,结果显示研究区域土壤中的PAHs不会对成人和儿童产生明显的非致癌风险。而在古城镇、新城镇、陶寺乡、景毛乡和永固乡,土壤中PAHs引起的综合致癌风险已超过可接受致癌风险(10~(-6)),对人群健康构成了潜在威胁,需引起重视;其他研究区域的致癌风险仍在可接受范围(10~(-6))之内。     

某钢铁企业表层土壤中多环芳烃含量特征与生态风险评价

采集我国某大型钢铁企业22个表层土壤(0—20 cm)样品,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析了其中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并采用荷兰、加拿大土壤标准及苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)对PAHs生态风险进行评价.结果表明,土壤中∑16PAHs含量范围为21.0—20062.0μg·kg~(-1),平均值为2564.7μg·kg~(-1),单体以Flu、Pyr的含量最高,较之背景点土壤中PAHs含量,平均富集系数为22.9(Bk F)—304.0(Flu).与国内同类研究相比,该钢铁厂表层土壤中PAHs污染处于中等水平.各采样点中PAHs组成主要以4环为主,占31.9%—100%,5环组分仅次于4环.相关性分析表明,PAHs低环(2—3环)与中环(4环)组分之间相关性更强,且二者与TOC相关性较高环组分显著.50.0%的采样点超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,该钢铁厂表层土壤已处于中等风险水平,污染主要集中在球团厂、焦化厂、炼铁厂和厂前交通繁忙区.其土壤潜在风险已呈增加趋势,有必要进行能源结构改造并加强污染监控.     

江苏省部分地区农田表土多环芳烃含量比较及来源分析

采集江苏省兴化市、吴江市、宜兴市、南京市六合区的农田表层(0-15 cm)土壤样品共30个,用高效液相色谱测定土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,土壤中∑PAHs含量介于45.6～2 286.8 μg·kg-1之间.兴化市、吴江市土壤中PAHs平均含量分别为1 370.3、801.1 μg·kg-1,污染严重;宜兴市、南京市六合区土壤中PAHs平均含量分别为210.8、126.7 μg·kg-1,为轻微污染或无污染.根据不同环数PAHs相对丰度和菲(Phe)/蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Fla)/芘(Pyr)比值以及对4地的实际调查,发现调查区土壤样品中PAHs来源复杂,主要有机动车尾气排放,煤、草和木材的燃烧以及石油泄漏等.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.