典型城市机动车排气污染防治研究

机动车尾气污染日益加剧,对城市环境空气质量造成严重影响。文中分析了江苏省几个重点城市机动车排气污染的现状及原因,从政策、技术等多方面提出了一系列具体的防治对策。     

基于可拓法的城市机动车尾气污染综合控制体系评价

将可拓法应用于城市机动车尾气污染综合控制体系评价。在分析北京市机动车尾气污染控制体系评价指标的基础上,建立了评价的物元模型,该模型充分考虑北京市机动车和交通控制的综合指标。计算结果表明：北京市机动车尾气污染综合控制体系评价等级为III级,机动车尾气排放对城市环境产生一定的影响.本法简单易懂,能确切反映城市机动车尾气污染综合控制措施的实施效果,为城市机动车尾气污染综合控制提供了一种新的思路。     

小议机动车尾气污染的控制对策

随着城市机动车保有量的不断增长,机动车尾气污染问题已经成为城市空气污染最重要的来源,控制机动车尾气污染也已经成为改善城市大气环境质量的当务之急.本文力图通过对发达国家机动车尾气控制的经验的借鉴及中国目前状况的对比分析,为降低中国机动车尾气污染排放提供些思考和建议.     

重庆市采取措施控制机动车排气污染

为改善环境空气质量 ,重庆市政府在制定了重庆市机动车排气污染防治管理办法后 ,今年又审议通过了进一步控制主城区尘污染的通告。市环保局和市公安局按照通告要求 ,采取了措施进一步控制机动车排气污染。一是成立强有力的领导班子 ,负责组织实施全市机动车排气和喇叭噪声污染防治工作。二是明确工作重点 ,强化在用车排气污染控制。对机动车年检尾气严格把关 ,强化车辆报废制度 ,严查黑烟污染车辆 ,做好路检尾气执法工作 ,及时配备机动车尾气检测设备 ,在主城区设立机动车尾气路检点 ,确保路检达标率超过 75%。三是继续开展查处黑烟车辆专项…     

余杭区机动车尾气污染现状及防治对策

机动车业的发展和普及,为人们的生活带来许多方便。但是,随着机动车数量的不断增加,排气污染对城市环境的影响越来越明显。对机动车污染现状的分析,探讨如何控制机动车尾气污染的措施和方法。     

破“霾伏”,深圳该如何出招

我国已连续三年成为世界机动车产销第一大国,机动车尾气污染成为空气污染的重要来源,也是造成灰霾、光化学烟雾污染的重要原因.监测表明,我国城市空气已开始呈现出煤烟和机动车尾气复合污染的特点. 今年以来,全国各地雾霾天气频发,人们对机动车尾气污染的危害有了更深认识,各地政府更是纷纷出台措施或制定方案,对机动车尾气污染进行防治.作为国内较早开展机动车尾气污染控制的城市,深圳在机动车尾气污染防治工作上,有何经验?而面对日益严峻的大气污染形势,深圳在机动车尾气防治工作上又该如何出新招?     

机动车尾气污染分布规律调查

为了解机动车尾气污染分布规律,开展了机动车尾气对金华市空气质量影响的专项调查.结果表明,城市空气中机动车尾气污染物浓度大小与车流量、车辆类型、大气温度和扩散高度相关,交通干线两旁的机动车尾气污染较为严重.     

遥感技术在机动车排气检测和监管中的探析

随着汽车工业的迅速发展,汽车保有量的急剧增加,机动车排气的污染已成为城市空气质量危害的主要来源,在霾污染下,减排机动车污染更加急迫.政府在对机动车污染防治方面也想尽了各种办法,然而,当今一些地方在机动车排气检测方面仍然是弄虚作假,屡见不鲜,作假的方法各种各样,怎样摆脱人为的弊病,从根本上解决尾气检测中的不良行为,保证环保监管到位.利用遥感技术及时发现高排放的机动车在检测线上的检测状况,并通过数据比对,进行信息化管理.     

济南市机动车排气污染特征及对市区PM2.5的影响

从济南市机动车年检线上利用稀释通道方法采集了小型汽油车、中型汽油车、中型柴油车和大型柴油车4类机动车排气载带PM_(2.5),分析测量了样品中水溶性离子、金属元素、有机C(OC)和元素C(EC)的含量,明确了济南市机动车排气的化学组分特征,得到了济南市机动车排气污染现状以及排放特征.计算了4类机动车排气载带颗粒物的OC/EC值,小型汽油车、中型汽油车、中型柴油车和大型柴油车排气载带颗粒物中OC/EC值分别为15.79、4.34、1.93和0.39,其中小型汽油车、中型汽油车的OC/EC值均大于2,表明汽油车的尾气大于柴油车的尾气污染.而小型汽油车OC/EC值高达15.79,说明小型汽油车尾气中存在严重的二次污染.金属元素特征分析表明Ti、Mn、Fe、Al在济南市机动车尾气颗粒物PM_(2.5)中含量较高,尤其是Mn和Ti,因此,这4种金属元素可作为济南市机动车尾气源的标志元素.PMF模型解析表明,机动车排气源对济南市环境空气PM_(2.5)的贡献率为17.5%,由此可以通过控制济南市小、中型汽油机动车数量、改善油品和改善机动车排气系统来降低对PM_(2.5)的贡献率,从而减少市区空气中PM_(2.5)的浓度.     

机动车排气检测质量保证与管理

近几十年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,我国城市机动车数量急剧增长,机动车的污染现象也逐年增高.我市共有机动车32万辆,排气检测线路8条.机动车排气检测是机动车污染排放控制管理的基础环节,然而当前机动车排气检测存在着许多不规范现象,必须采取有效措施如建设网络监管系统等,提高环保部门对机动车排气污染的监管能力.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.