三峡库区降雨径流水体中铜、锰、镍、锌、铅含量及分布特征

本文按时段和随机采集了三峡库区降雨径流水体样品，测定了水体中Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量，统计结果表明：Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ在径流水体中的含量趋于平均，变异系数较小。随产流时间的变化，水体中５种元素的变化规律不明显     

试论新疆人口、资源、环境、经济协调发展几个问题

本文从新疆人口不断增长对自然资源、生态环境、经济发展的影响作了分析，指出了人口增长过快是不合理开发利用资源和引起生态环境破坏的重要原因。新疆地区同样存在着人口、自然资源、生态环境、经济发展不够协调的问题。但由于新疆为待开发地区，今后在协调人口、资源、环境、经济发展上比内地一些省区尚有较大余地，并对如何协调发展提出了几点设想和建议。     

金昌市沙尘暴中重金属Ni、Cu、Pb、Cd、As分布及污染分析

就金昌市沙尘暴中的Ni、Cu、Ph、Cd、As的污染现状及污染特征进行了调查研究。分析结果表明，金昌市环境空气中Ni、Cu的污染水平较高，冶炼烟气是主要的污染源。另外，沙尘暴的发生加剧了重金属的污染程度，其污染源仍为本地工业污染。     

新技术、新产品、新工艺

啤酒灌装线用浓缩型杀菌润滑剂 据有关资料初步统计，我国现有啤酒厂８００多家，年产啤酒总量约２３００万t，另有白酒饮料、罐头、酱油、醋等产量也相当大。近年来，随着啤酒和碳酸饮料的产量逐年增加，并相继引进了国外的高速灌装线，从原来的每小时０.８－１.５万瓶提高到目前每小时４－６万瓶的速度，高速灌装采用的润滑剂都是自动喷淋来润滑链条，而传统润滑剂一般都采用皂液类产品。此类产品对环境有一定的污染性，润滑效果较差，无法用在高速线上自动喷淋，只能满足在２万瓶以内的生产线上使用。因此，近年来高速线用润滑剂只能大量…     

安徽省资源、环境、经济系统协调发展评价

以系统科学思想为基础，根据1990-2005年间安徽省的资源、环境与经济发展的实际情况，构建了一套分层次的协调发展评价指标体系，并运用主成分方法、坎蒂雷赋权法将相应层次的指标进行综合，根据协调发展的含义建立数学模型，从协调度、协调发展度、协调发展趋势指数的角度定量分析了安徽省资源、环境、经济系统协调发展的状况。该研究思路可作为其它地区在进行同类分析时提供参考。     

湖南、云南、湖北积极引导环保公众参与

（湖南）日前，保护母亲河环保青年志愿者交流活动在湖南举行。湖南省环保厅与省直属机关工委、团省委、省直团工委及省环境监测中心站负责人参加了活动，与环保职院、交通职院、生物机电职院、水利水电职院等省直高职院校的青年环保志愿者进行了交流。     

ICP-AES法测定土壤中铜、钒、镍和铬

在HNO3-H2O2-HF体系中微波消解土壤样品，用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤中的铜、钒、镍、铬，设定了最佳的样品处理条件和仪器条件，该方法测定铜、钒、镍、铬检出限分别为0．01mg／kg、0．05mg／kg、0．5mg／kg、0．10mg／kg，回收率为98．4％～102．0％，方法简便、准确。     

具有开发前景的药用植物活性成分──紫杉醇、β－胡萝卜素、三七皂甙、小蘖碱、齐墩果酸

本文对紫杉醇、β－胡萝卜素、三七皂甙、小蘖碱、齐墩果酸的来源、分布、含量、应用、市场及提取分离等方面作了简要概述，指出了开发利用途径．     

具有开发前景的药用植物活性成分──穿心莲内酯、水飞蓟素、颅通定、利血平、薯芋皂素

本文对穿心莲内酯、水飞蓟素、颅通定、利血平、薯芋皂素的来源、含量、分布、应用、市场及提取方法等方面作了简要概述，指出了开发利用途径。     

特高含硫油气田废水中阴离子（F－、Cl－、Br－、SO）的离子色谱测定

论述了用国产的低压离子色谱仪、电导检测器作为测定特高含硫油气田废水中Ｆ－、Ｃｌ－、Ｂｒ－、ＳＯ离子的可行性，并讨论了分析条件、最低检出限、精密度、准确度以及干扰等，及对国家标样及实际样品进行了测定。结果表明该法简单、快速、灵敏、准确，是目前较为理想的测定特高含硫油气田废水中无机阴离子的方法。     

Woodland restoration in Scotland: ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change

In the latter half of the 20th century, native pine woodlands in Scotland were restricted to small remnant areas within which there was little regeneration. These woodlands are important from a conservation perspective and are habitat for numerous species of conservation concern. Recent developments have seen a large increase in interest in woodland restoration and a dramatic increase in regeneration and woodland spread. The proximate factor enabling this regeneration is a reduction in grazing pressure from sheep and, particularly, deer. However, this has only been possible as a result of a complex interplay between ecological, political and socio-economic factors. We are currently seeing the decline of land management practices instituted 150-200 years ago, changes in land ownership patterns, cultural revival, and changes in societal perceptions of the Scottish landscape. These all feed into the current move to return large areas of the Scottish Highlands to tree cover. I emphasize the need to consider restoration in a multidisciplinary framework which accounts not just for the ecology involved but also the historical and cultural context.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

Atrazine, isoproturon, mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone adsorption onto iron oxides

Iron oxides are important components influencing the adsorption of various inorganic and organic compounds in soils and sediments. In this study the adsorption on iron oxides of nonionic and ionic pesticides was determined as a function of solution pH, ionic strength, and pesticide concentration. The investigated iron oxides included two-line ferrihydrite, goethite, and lepidocrocite. Selected pesticides comprised atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)], mecoprop [(RS)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and bentazone [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. The adsorption of the nonionic pesticides (atrazine and isoproturon) was insignificant, whereas the adsorption of the acidic pesticides (mecoprop, 2,4-D, and bentazone) was significant on all investigated iron oxides. The adsorption capacity increased with decreasing pH, with maximum adsorption reached close to the pKa values. The addition of CaCl2 in concentrations from 0.0025 to 0.01 M caused the adsorption capacity to diminish. The adsorption of bentazone was significantly lower than the adsorption of mecoprop and 2,4-D, illustrating the importance of a carboxyl group in the pesticide structure. The adsorption capacity on the iron oxides increased in the order: lepidocrocite < goethite < two-line ferrihydrite. The maximum adsorption capacities of meco-prop and 2,4-D on goethite were found to be equivalent to the site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups on the faces of the dominant (110) form, suggesting that singly coordinated hydroxyl groups are responsible for adsorption. Differences in adsorption capacities between iron oxides can be explained by differences in the surface site density of singly coordinated hydroxyl groups. The maximum measured adsorption capacity of mecoprop on two-line ferrihydrite was equivalent to 0.2 mol/mol Fe.     

CLIMATE,SNOW COVER,GLACIERS, AND RUNOFF IN THE TIEN SHAN,CENTRAL ASIA1

ABSTRACT: The Pica Shan, a mountainous region located on the northern periphery of central Asia, has a wide range of climatic and hydrological conditions. On the basis of long term data from 348 meteorological and glaciological stations, the annual distribution of precipitation in different regions and elevational zones of the Tien Shan was calculated. Major climatic features are the entrance of moisture during spring-summer, small winter precipitation, decrease of precipitation towards the east and the center of the mountains or with distance up valleys, and increase of precipitation with altitude up to crest-lines of ranges. Annual total evaporation from snow can be 50–60 mm per year, reaching 30 percent of snow accumulation. Four main groups of rivers were identified: rivers with mainly snow nourishment, rivers with mainly glacial nourishment, rivers with mainly rain nourishment, and rivers with mainly ground water nourishment. Coefficient of runoff variation in Tien Shan's rivers is about 0.20, and coefficient of glacial runoff variation is about 0.15. Glacial runoff is 15–20 percent of the total volume of river runoff.     

Environmental concentrations of agricultural herbicides in Saskatchewan, Canada: bromoxynil, dicamba, diclofop, MCPA, and trifluralin

Herbicides are the most commonly used group of agricultural pesticides on the Canadian Prairies and, in 1990, more than 20000 Mg of herbicides were applied in the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. The present paper reports on environmental concentrations of five herbicides currently used in the prairie region. The herbicides bromoxynil [3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile], dicamba [3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid], diclofop [(RS)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propanoic acid], MCPA [(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid], and trifluralin [alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-isopropyl-p-toluidine] were measured in the atmosphere, bulk atmospheric deposits, surface film, and dugout (pond) water at two sites near Regina, Saskatchewan, during 1989 and 1990. All five herbicides were detected in air and surface film and all but trifluralin were detected in the bulk atmospheric deposits and dugout water. Trifluralin was most frequently detected in air (79% of samples) whereas bromoxynil was present in maximum concentration (4.2 ng m(-3)). MCPA was present in maximum levels in bulk atmospheric (wet plus dry) deposits (2350 ng m(-2) d(-1)), surface film (390 ng m(-2)), and dugout water (330 ng L(-1)), whereas dicamba was most frequently detected in surface film (47%) and dugout water (97%). The highest quantities of the herbicides tended to be present during or immediately after the time of regional application.     

Sustainability,eco-efficiency,life-cycle management,and business strategy

This article outlines some of the rationale for integrating environment and sustainablility issues into core business practises and provides some guidance on how companies can begin to take a strategic view when selecting environmental management tools. Two of these tools, life cycle management and eco-efficiency, are outlined in brief.© 1999 Five Wind International. Reprinted with permission by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

NUTRIENT MASS BALANCE AND TRENDS,MOBILE RIVER BASIN,ALABAMA, GEORGIA,AND MISSISSIPPI1

ABSTRACT: A nutrient mass balance — accounting for nutrient inputs from atmospheric deposition, fertilizer, crop nitrogen fixation, and point source effluents; and nutrient outputs, including crop harvest and storage — was calculated for 18 subbasins in the Mobile River Basin, and trends (1970 to 1997) were evaluated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Agricultural nonpoint nitrogen and phosphorus sources and urban nonpoint nitrogen sources are the most important factors associated with nutrients in this system. More than 30 percent of nitrogen yield in two basins and phosphorus yield in eight basins can be attributed to urban point source nutrient inputs. The total nitrogen yield (1.3 tons per square mile per year) for the Tombigbee River, which drains a greater percentage of agricultural (row crop) land use, was larger than the total nitrogen yield (0.99 tons per square mile per year) for the Alabama River. Decreasing trends of total nitrogen concentrations in the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers indicate that a reduction occurred from 1975 to 1997 in the nitrogen contributions to Mobile Bay from the Mobile River. Nitrogen concentrations also decreased (1980 to 1995) in the Black Warrior River, one of the major tributaries to the Tombigbee River. Total phosphorus concentrations increased from 1970 to 1996 at three urban influenced sites on the Etowah River in Georgia. Multiple regression analysis indicates a distinct association between water quality in the streams of the Mobile River drainage basin and agricultural activities in the basin.     

Accumulation, release, and solubility of arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium in wetland sediments

This study was undertaken to determine the fate of As, Mo, and V (trace elements, TEs) in the sediments of a constructed wetland in use for the remediation of potentially toxic trace element-contaminated agricultural drainwater. After three years of wetland operation, sediment cores were collected to determine changes in TE concentrations as a function of depth and the effects of varying water column depth. All TE concentrations were highest in the top 2 to 4 cm and decreased with depth. Molybdenum accumulated in the wetland sediments, up to levels of 32.5 +/- 4.6, 30.2 +/- 8.9, and 59.3 +/- 26.1 mg kg(-1) in the top 1 cm of sediment at water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm, respectively. In the top 2 cm of sediment, As accumulated (28.2 +/- 3.0 mg kg(-1)) only at the 60-cm water depth. Below 2 cm, as much as 10 mg kg(-1) of As was lost from the sediment at all water depths. In most cases, V concentrations decreased in the sediment. In this wetland system, the lowest redox potentials were found near the sediment surface and increased with depth. Thus, in general As, Mo, and V concentrations in the sediment were highest under more reducing conditions and lowest under more oxidizing conditions. Most of the accumulated Mo (73%) became water soluble on drying of samples. This has important implications for systems undergoing changes in redox status; for instance, if these wetland sediments are dried, potentially large amounts of Mo may be solubilized.     

RIO GRANDE VALLEY,COLORADO, NEW MEXICO,AND TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The Rio Grande Valley National Water-Quality Assessment study unit encompasses about 45,700 square miles in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas upstream from the gaging station Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas, and includes surface-water closed basins east of the Continental Divide in New Mexico, and the San Luis Closed Basin in Colorado. The mean annual precipitation ranges from less than 6 to more than 50 inches; potential evapo-transpiration ranges from less than 35 to more than 80 inches per year. Land use is mainly rangeland, forest land, and cropland. Total irrigated acreage in 1990 was about 914,000 acres and water use was about 3,410,000 acre-feet. Two structural settings are found in the study unit: alluvial basins and bedrock basins. The alluvial basins can have through-flowing surface water or be closed basins. The discussion of streamflow and water quality for the surface-water system is based on four river reaches for the 750 miles of the main stem. The quality of the ground water is affected by both natural process and human activities and by nonpoint and point sources. Nonpoint sources for surface water include agriculture, hydromodification, and mining operations; point sources are mainly discharge from wastewater treatment plants. Nonpoint sources for ground water include agriculture and septic tanks and cesspools; point sources include leaking underground storage tanks, unlined or manure-lined holding ponds used for disposal of dairy wastes, landfills, and mining operations.