低潮位降雨及其径流对淤泥质潮间带颗粒物输运的影响研究综述

低潮降雨及其径流能够扰动淤泥质潮间带表层沉积物并夹带极大量颗粒物输入潮间带水体,这一过程被视为潮间带物质循环的“热点”,近年来备受关注。本文综合1978年至2018年针对降雨及其径流扰动和输运淤泥质潮间带物质的文章,阐释降雨在淤泥质潮间带物质输运过程中的作用及其导致的生态效应。这些研究发现降雨之所以能扰动和夹带沉积物首先是因为低潮期的雨滴冲击可以破坏并排出黏性沉积物,而后续形成的径流则向下坡方向转移被扰动的沉积物;其次,低潮降雨通常导致淤泥质潮间带径流中悬浮颗粒物浓度增大两倍以上,最高甚至增大到100倍,而潮汐和浅水波扰动则不能产生类似的效应;再次,附着在颗粒物上的有机质和金属等物质成分会出现与颗粒物浓度相一致的响应过程;最后,被降雨扰动的颗粒物在潮汐的输送下可能通过潮沟-潮下带系统从潮间带净输出至近岸水体。总而言之,在全球变化大背景下极端降雨事件趋于增加,因此降雨及其径流对淤泥质潮间带物质循环的影响应更加引起人们的关注。     

长江口潮间带淤泥质沉积物粒径空间分异机制

为了解淤泥质潮间带沉积物粒径空间分异规律及其控制因素,于2005 年9 月、2006 年9 月在长江口崇明东滩进行了沉积物取样分析及相关的水动力观测和盐沼植物粘附悬沙的实验.结果表明,潮间带沉积物呈自海向陆(表层样)和自下向上(柱状样)变细的趋势,一般光滩沉积物粒径>50µm,盐沼上部沉积物粒径<25µm;沿岸方向上,茂密盐沼的沉积物较之稀疏盐沼细;盐沼中的流速和波高较之相邻光滩减少50%以上;植物粘附悬沙干重达39~369g/m².对上述沉积物空间变化格局的形成机制分析认为,在光滩上主要是由于底床摩擦导致的水动力向岸衰减,在盐沼中则是植物和底床共同摩擦导致的水动力减弱以及植物茎叶对细颗粒悬沙的粘附.人类活动在改变盐沼植物特征的同时也会改变沉积物粒径的空间分异.     

上海南汇潮滩表层中多环芳烃分布特征及环境意义

利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析了上海南汇淤泥质潮滩６，８两月表层沉积物中有机污染物多环芳烃，结果表明，该区在６月和８月８潮滩中ＰＡＨ组化芘，苯并芘及黄蒽具有较高的含量，并且在ＰＡＨ总量中所占比重也产大，在潮滩沉积物中已呈明显富集的趋势。     

长江口潮滩沉积物中PCBs及其空间分布

应用具^63Ni电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪，分析了长江口潮滩沉积物PCBs，及其在不同微地貌单元的分布趋势：高潮滩＞中潮滩＞低潮滩，PCBs与ToC存在线性相关关系，并与＞63μm的颗粒物体积百分含量呈显著线性相关关系，推测沉积物中PCBs以低氯同系物为主。大型排污口附近、水动力弱的高潮滩PCBs相对富集。比较国内外不同地区，本区PCBs污染并不严重，但检出率为100％，新生沙岛九段沙潮滩同样检出PCBs污染，因此应当密切关注长江口潮滩环境中PCBs污染的发展。     

挡水物附近污染带的数值模拟研究

拟建崇海公路大桥位于长江口北支上段，东距北支入海口约70km，该河段河床宽浅，沙洲众多，河势多变，长江口潮型属浅海不规则半日潮，桥位附近青龙港平均涨潮历时3．06h，落潮历时9．19h；涨潮平均流速一般大于落潮平均流速。为了分析公路大桥建设对长江海门段流场和浓度场的影响程度和范围，并考虑到该水域水深较浅。低潮时大量露滩的特点，采用基于无结构网格的具有普遍适用性、守恒性、逆风性等优点的有限体积Osher格式建立二维水量、水质数学模型。在桥墩处理上，改变传统的用网格贴合挡水物的方法，直接将桥墩作为陆地边界生成无结构网络。由建桥前后的流速对比图可以发现靠近桥墩的水域流速减小，而墩间流速增大，这与实际情境十分吻合，说明将桥墩作为陆地边界的处理办法是可行的，对比建桥前后的污染带，发现建桥后桥位下游污染带有所减小，但不明显，这与建桥后流场的变化有很大关系。建桥后桥墩起一定阻水作用，涨落潮时桥位下游流速均存在 减小的趋势，而且岸边正好位于桥墩的密集区域，流速减小更为明显，这一区域流速值的减小范围在0.28m/s以内。由于对时间项的离散采用显格式，受计算稳定性的限制，时间步长必须取得很小，从而需要消耗大量计算时间，这是今后模型值得改进的地方。     

太古宙和元古宙时期的地壳演化──从地壳地震学获得的证据

通过分析整个世界太古宇和元古宇地区的地震波速模型，发现太古宇地区地壳的厚度为35km左右（碰撞带边缘除外），而元古宇地壳的厚度则显然要大得多，大致为45km，并且在其基底有一较厚的高速层（＞7km/s）。我们认为有两种模式可以解释这些差异。第一种模式把这种差异归因于上地幔成分的改变。太古宇地幔中的温度较高，因而导致了科马提熔岩的喷发，结果使得岩石圈过分贫化而不能产生大量的玄武质熔体。元古宇地壳是在富地幔之上发育而成，经后的部分熔融作用造成质武玄岩浆的底侵和地壳膨胀。第二种模式认为，在太古宇高温地幔中的对流作用由于过分的紊乱而不能支撑稳定的长寿命俯冲带。到了元古宙时期，由于地幔已足够冷却，因而形成了大量的岛弧和陆弧，同时由于玄武岩浆的底侵作用而形成了上述的高速玄武岩基底层。     

长江口滨岸潮滩沉积物中磷的环境地球化学特征

研究了长江口滨岸潮滩表层沉积物中磷的分布、形态等环境地球化学特征。结果表明该地区表层沉积物中磷的含量水平在18．0-31．4μmol/g之间，最大值出现在浦东白龙港污水排放口附近，长江口滨岸潮滩沉积物中磷的分布呈现明显的空间和季节性变化规律，这主要与潮滩不同地段磷的来源、沉积物质地的差异，以及水动力、环境介质条件和生物作用的时空变化密切相关。此外，沉积物中磷的形态分级研究表明大部分沉积磷以无机磷形式存在，其中无机磷又以钙结合磷为主；有机磷比例较少。其次，潮滩沉积物表层上覆水中可溶磷的浓度一般都大于沉积物间隙水，沉积物-水界面中磷主要以累积作用过程为主。     

上海市沿海滩涂土地资源圈围与潮滩发育演变分析

上海市62%的土地是近2 000 年来长江来沙堆积而成, 尤其近50 余年来, 采用围垦-促 淤-围垦等有效的拦沙造地方式, 圈围滩涂1.01×105hm2, 为缓解上海城市发展所需的土地资源紧 缺、促进工农业发展和城市基本建设发挥了巨大的作用。论文将GIS 平台获取大量滩涂变化的基本 数据和长期现场观测资料相结合, 总结并提出: 充分利用长江来沙资源, 采用中高潮滩种青和工程 促淤拦沙圈围方法, 可加速潮滩淤涨发育和滩涂土地资源增长, 而低滩工程促淤虽然不利于潮滩地 形快速恢复, 但可快速获得大片土地资源。因而, 保证了50 余年来上海市在圈围土地与基本保持沿 海潮滩湿地面积总量变幅较少方面取得双赢效果。     

长江河口南支岸潮滩底质重金属污染与评价

本文根据长江河口从江苏浒浦至上海宝山石洞一线九个采样点（断面）的潮滩底质样品资料，作了颗粒分析、粘土矿物分析、放射性强度和同位素（２１０Ｐｂ）测试，以及重金属检测等，并对潮滩底质重金属环境质量作出了综合评价。文章指出，由于上海西区污水干线（石洞口污水排放口）岸边排放上海工业废水和生活污水的影响，石洞口排放口附近滩表层底质的重金属污染已十分严重，污染的程度依次为：铅、铜、镉、锌、铬、排污口出口处上游     

江西峡江马埠地区Manica植物化石的发现及其意义

在峡江县马埠地区进行1：5万峡江县幅区调工作中，在原石溪组之下发现一套岩性底部为灰白色石英质砾岩与灰白色含砾石英砂岩互层，下部为猪肝，土黄，青灰色粉砂岩，含粉砂质泥岩，含碳质泥岩，间夹少量薄层细砂岩，发育平行层理，中部为浅灰色石英质砾岩与灰色粗中粒长石岩屑砂岩互层，上部为紫红色含角砾硫纹质弱熔结凝灰岩组合的地层，并采获植物化石Manica。其时代属早白垩世，其岩石地层单位划归石溪组下部。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.