超高压液相色谱-串联质谱测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯

建立了地表水中6种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。样品直接过膜上样,用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定地表水中的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯。结果表明,6种PAEs线性相关性良好,方法最低检出限为0．01～ 0．05μg/L,低、中、高三个浓度的加标回收率在87．4％～106．9％之间。该方法方便、准确、灵敏度高,适合地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测分析。     

淮南市平山头水源地水中PAEs污染情况分析

以淮南市平山头水厂水源4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）：邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）为研究对象，研究了水源地水中PAEs的污染情况。研究结果表明：DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP的检出率分别为50％、83．3％、83．3％、100％，DBP的达标率为100％；DMP、DEP、BBP、DBP对∑4PAEs污染的贡献率依次为：5．2％、3．7％、20．1％、71．1％，说明平山头水厂水源地水中PAEs污染主要以DBP为主。水源地各采样点∑4PAEs的含量范围0．632～1．623μg／L，其采样断面平均浓度顺序为：上游〉中游〉下游。     

Phosphorus runoff from two water sources on a calcareous soil

Phosphorus (P) in irrigation runoff may enrich offsite water bodies and streams and be influenced by irrigation water quality and antecedent soil surface conditions. Runoff, soil loss, and P fractions in runoff using reverse osmosis (RO) water or mixed RO and well water (RO/ Tap) were studied in a laboratory sprinkler study to evaluate water source effects on P transport. A top- or subsoil Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid), either amended or not amended with manure and/or with cheese whey, with Olsen P from 20 to 141 mg kg(-1) and lime from 108 to 243 g kg(-1), was placed in 1.5 x 1.2 x 0.2-m-deep containers with 2.4% slope and irrigated three times from a 3-m height for 15 min, applying 20 mm of water. The first irrigation was on a dry loose surface, the second on a wet surface, and the third on a dry crusted surface. Surface (ca. 2 cm) soil samples, prior to the first irrigation, were analyzed for Olsen P, water-soluble P (Pws), and iron-oxide impregnated paper-extractable P (FeO-P) analyses. Following each irrigation we determined runoff, sediment, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-microm filtered sample, and FeO-P and total P in unfiltered samples. Soil surface conditions had no effect on P runoff relationships. Water source had no significant effect on the relationship between DRP or FeO-P runoff and soil test P, except for DRP in RO runoff versus water-soluble soil P (r2 = 0.90). Total P in RO runoff versus soil P were not related; but weakly correlated for RO/Tap (r2 < 0.50). Water source and soil surface conditions had little or no effect on P runoff from this calcareous soil.     

嘉陵江C市段源水中有机污染物定性研究

采用XAD-2树脂富集水中有机物，用GC＼MS进行定性分析。对嘉陵江C市段水源水中有机污染物进行分析，共检出有机污染物13种，其中以多环芳烃，邻苯二甲酸酯类为主，并且有3种物质为中国环境优先控制污染物，分别是邻苯二甲酸二辛酯，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、荧蒽。     

成都地区慈竹生长状况及其与环境因子关系的初步分析

通过对成都市城区边缘及郊区6个样地慈竹林竹株的实地观测和取样分析,发现成都市城区边缘及青白江区的慈竹普遍生长不良,不同竹龄竹株的高度和胸径都比无郊崇州市怀远的慈竹要小,发育不良竹株竹杆内硅的含量显著高,初步分析硅的过多积累可能是慈竹竹杆脆化的一个明显指标;发育不良的慈竹竹杆含水量也普遍比生长状况好的慈竹竹杆含水量高。从样地土壤样品分析发现,慈竹生长不良的样地土壤偏酸或者偏碱。成都市区的降水普遍偏酸,降水中过高的SO4^2-,NO3^-,Cl^-和F^-离子成分也可能是导致慈竹生长不良的环境因素。     

Identifying sources and assessing potential risk of heavy metals in soils from direct exposure to children in a mine-impacted city, Changsha, China

Heavy metal pollutants in soils can usually enter the human body and pose heath risks through a soil-crop-human body pathway (indirect exposure) or soil-human body pathway (direct exposure). Previous studies often neglected the direct exposure in human health risk assessment, especially for children. We collected surface soil samples from urban and suburb areas in Changsha City, China, to analyze the content ofAs, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A combination of principal component analysis, geostatistics, and triangulated irregular network (TIN) model was successfully used to discriminate the sources of heavy metals. The direct exposure method, sequential indicator simulation, and geographical information system (GIS) technologies were used to perform a health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to children living in the study area. Results show that heavy metal contamination in Changsha may originate from coal usage and industrial activities. One thousand equiprobable realizations suggest that not all sites within the study area may be suitable for housing or allotments without remediation. Most high hazard indexes are located in the suburb and mining areas. Moreover, arsenic presents a high health risk in comparison with other elements. Compared with inhalation and dermal contact in direct soil exposure, soil ingestion is the largest contribution to potential health risks for children. This study indicates that we should attach great importance to the direct soil exposure for children's health.     

Determining sources of dissolved organic carbon and disinfection byproduct precursors to the McKenzie River, Oregon

This study was conducted to determine the main sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors to the McKenzie River, Oregon (USA). Water samples collected from the mainstem, tributaries, and reservoir outflows were analyzed for DOC concentration and DBP formation potentials (trihalomethanes [THMFPs] and haloacetic acids [HAAFPs]). In addition, optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured to provide insight into DOM composition and assess whether optical properties are useful proxies for DOC and DBP precursor concentrations. Optical properties indicative of composition suggest that DOM in the McKenzie River mainstem was primarily allochthonous--derived from soils and plant material in the upstream watershed. Downstream tributaries had higher DOC concentrations than mainstem sites (1.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.3 mg L(-1)) but comprised < 5% ofmainstem flows and had minimal effect on overall DBP precursor loads. Water exiting two large upstream reservoirs also had higher DOC concentrations than the mainstem site upstream of the reservoirs, but optical data did not support in situ algal production as a source of the added DOC during the study. Results suggest that the first major rain event in the fall contributes DOM with high DBP precursor content. Although there was interference in the absorbance spectra in downstream tributary samples, fluorescence data were strongly correlated to DOC concentration (R2 = 0.98), THMFP (R2 = 0.98), and HAAFP (R2 = 0.96). These results highlight the value of using optical measurements for identifying the concentration and sources of DBP precursors in watersheds, which will help drinking water utilities improve source water monitoring and management programs.     

Hydrochemistry of drinking water sources and water purifiers in relation to epidemiological study in Hisar,North-West India

The concern related to the drinking of reverse osmosis (RO) water containing low levels of minerals is growing day by day. This study involves the analysis of water samples from various drinking water sources in a rural site, Mirchpur village, an Indus Valley civilization site (grid location: 29° 18′ 42.3″ N, 76° 10′ 33.0″ E) of Hisar, India, along with the health survey of human subjects. The hydrochemistry of water collected from hand pumps, river canals, tube wells, submersibles, and the RO systems installed in various homes was explored for pH, EC, TH, TDS, turbidity, cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), anions (CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, F⁻), and elements (Fe, Pb, Se) employing the ion chromatography, flame photometry, and ICP-AES techniques. Lead (Pb) and Selenium (Se) were detected in trace amounts (0.30–2.6 μg L⁻¹; 0.10–4.1 μg L⁻¹, respectively) in all the samples, including the samples collected from RO purifiers, but Iron (Fe) was not detected in RO samples even in trace amounts. The F-levels in hand pump water (HPW) and submersible water (SW) (1.9  and 1.7 mg L⁻¹, respectively) and TDS levels in SW (3048 mg L⁻¹) were found to be above WHO and BIS safe limits. TDS levels in the river canal (900 mg L⁻¹), tube well (1104 mg L⁻¹), hand pump (1170 mg L⁻¹), and submersible samples (3048 mg L⁻¹) were found significantly higher as compared to the RO personal water (ROPW; 216 mg L⁻¹) and RO supply water (ROSW; 90 mg L⁻¹). The collected epidemiological data reveals that 21%, 19%, 13%, and 12% of natives reported skin, kidney, hair fall, liver, and stomach issues, respectively, suspecting the crucial role of high TDS and fluoride levels in the area. This study also provides a comparison between the quality of RO and the direct supply water, along with correlation matrices for different parameters, which gives a rationale for the limitations of drinking direct supply water without any purification and RO water containing low mineral content.     

Nitrite formation and nitrous oxide emissions as affected by reclaimed effluent application

The effect of irrigation with reclaimed effluent (RE) (after secondary treatment) on the mechanisms and rates of nitrite formation, N2O emissions, and N mineralization is not well known. Grumosol (Chromoxerert) soil was incubated for 10 to 14 d with fresh water (FW) and RE treated with 15NO3- and 15NH4+ to provide a better insight on N transformations in RE-irrigated soil. Nitrite levels in RE-irrigated soil were one order of magnitude higher than in FW- irrigated soil and ranged between 15 to 30 mg N kg(-1) soil. Higher levels of NO2- were observed at a moisture content of 60% than at 70% and 40% w/w. Nitrite levels were also higher when RE was applied to a relatively dry Grumosol (20% w/w) than at subsequent applications of RE to soil at 40% w/w. Isotopic labeling indicated that the majority of NO2 was formed via nitrification. The amount of N2O emitted from RE-treated Grumosol was double the amount emitted from FW treatments at 60% w/w. Nitrification was responsible for about 42% of the emissions. The N20 emission from the RE-treated bulk soil (passing a 9.5-mm sieve) was more than double the amount formed in large aggregates (4.76-9.5 mm in diameter). No dinitrogen was detected under the experimental conditions. Results indicate that irrigation with secondary RE stimulates nitrification, which may enhance NO3 leaching losses. This could possibly be a consequence of long-term exposure of the nitrifier population to RE irrigation. Average gross nitrification rate estimates were 11.3 and 15.8 mg N kg(-1) soil d(-1) for FW- and RE-irrigated bulk soils, respectively. Average gross mineralization rate estimates were about 3 mg N kg(-1) soil d(-1) for the two water types.     

某区域内矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

探究区域内矿区土壤重金属变化并对其进行污染评价,旨在为该区域环境保护及污染治理提供一定的理论依据,以期实现矿山地质环境保护与矿产资源开发并行的矿业绿色发展。以铅、锌、镉、砷含量为评价指标,结合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—2018),采用重金属单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行重金属污染评价,并对该区域矿区潜在生态风险作出评定。结果表明,A矿区土壤各重金属含量的变异系数为149.05%~211.42%,B矿区土壤各重金属含量变异系数为60.88%~118.58%;A矿区土壤重金属均出现超标现象,其中铅、锌和镉含量超标较为严重,超标率在72%以上,而砷含量超标现象则相对较轻,超标率为36.36%;B矿区土壤铅和锌含量均未出现超标,超标率为0,而砷和镉含量则出现不同程度的超标,其中砷含量超标率为92.31%,镉含量超标率为65.38%;两个矿区土壤各重金属含量均超背景值的现象,超背景值比例为42.31%~100.00%。A矿区土壤以铅、锌和镉污染为主,而B矿区土壤中砷和镉的污染较为严重。两个矿区土壤重金属综合污染指数均属重度污染,A矿区生态风险综合指数为很强生态风险危害,而B矿区为中等生态风险危害。     

汕头地区农业生态系统中有机氯农药的研究

有机氯农药（Organochlorine Pesticides,OCPs）是一类由人工合成的杀虫广谱、毒性较低、残效期长的化学杀虫剂。本文以汕头市为研究区域,探讨了土壤OCPs的残留现状和特征,并对该区的土壤进行了环境质量评价和初步的生态风险评价。结果表明：（1）汕头地区土壤中OCPs的检出率高达99.13％,OCPs残留量的平均值是113.37 ng·g^-1,主要的OCPs污染物为DDTs和硫丹类;南澳县OCPs残留量平均值最高（174.68 ng·g^-1）,其次为龙湖区,濠江区含量平均值最低（69.24 ng·g^-1）;（2）与国内外一些地区土壤中OCPs的残留量对比,本研究区域土壤中的OCPs处于中等污染残留水平;与美国马里兰州标准、纽约州可容许的土壤浓度标准和我国的土壤环境质量标准相比较,OCPs基本没有超标;（3）本研究地区土壤存在较高的生态风险,OCPs可能对环境造成一定的危害,其中生态风险最高的是DDTs,BHCs的生态风险较低。     

Potential risks of copper, zinc, and cadmium pollution due to pig manure application in a soil-rice system under intensive farming: a case study of Nanhu, China

Heavy metal (copper [Cu], zinc [Zn], and cadmium [Cd]) pollution of soils from pig manures in soil-rice ( L.) systems under intensive farming was investigated, taking Nanhu, China, as the case study area. Two hundred pig manures and 154 rice straws, brown rice samples, and corresponding surface soil (0-15 cm) samples were collected in paddy fields from 150 farms in 16 major villages within the study area. The mean Cu and Zn concentrations in pig manures consistently exceeded the related standard. About 44 and 60% of soil samples exceed the Chinese Soil Cu and Cd Environmental Quality Standards, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Zn, and Cd in brown rice did not exceed the Chinese Food Hygiene Standard. There was a significant positive correlation between total Cu and Zn contents in soil and application rate of pig manures. Strong correlation was observed between the extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil and the Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in the brown rice. The spatial distribution maps of Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice, straw, and extractable soil Cu and Zn concentration also showed similar geographical trends. Further analyses on heavy metals loading flux and accumulation rates from pig manure applied suggested that Cu and Cd contents in soil currently have already exceeded the maximum permissible limit, and Zn, if still at current manure application rates, will reach the ceiling concentration limits in 9 yr. This study assists in understanding the risk of heavy metals accumulating from pig manure applications to agricultural soils.     

Concentrations and pattern of Fe,Cu, Cr,and Zn contamination in the soils of Akure,Nigeria

An assessment was made on twenty-eight topsoils collected from seven sites with intense artisan activities in the city of Akure, Nigeria, using geochemical approach in order to establish anthropogenic influence on metal contamination and to assess the severity of the contamination in the urban environment. Concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cr were determined in the samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed between 137- and 165-fold elevation of Fe, between 17- and 94-fold elevation of Cu, between 50- and 137-fold elevation of Zn, and between 1- and 3-fold elevation of Cr in topsoil relative to background levels. This indicates that except for Cr, soil contaminations by the metals were due to anthropic sources such as mechanic and vulcanizers workshops. The current average levels of copper exceeded the target value in Nigeria and in many developed countries, while Zn and Cr are generally lower than the respective soil quality guidelines. The contamination/pollution index maps figured out mechanic workshop as the main source of diffuse contamination and also show the influence of the point sources of contamination to urban topsoils. Cu contamination found around the soils of the mechanic/battery charger workshop is potentially serious (severe pollution), and this may pose health risk to people dwelling around these sites or within the metropolis. Children could be at greater risk than adults, because of their hand-to-mouth behaviors that increase their exposure potential.     

叶绿素a含量与大气污染评价的研究

当绿色植物受到污染大气的侵害后,叶片中叶绿素a的含量就会下降。因此,通过测定生长于一个城市上风向(大气清洁区),侧风向(轻污区),下风向(重污区)大叶黄杨(Buxaceae buxus sp.)生长功能叶片中叶绿素a含量(c),并以Ci/C上风=A作为相对评价标准,即可在排除了采样差异的前提下,较为客观地揭示城市各区污染的宏观状况。     

Broadcast urea reduces N2O but increases NO emissions compared with conventional and shallow-applied anhydrous ammonia in a coarse-textured soil

Despite the importance of anhydrous ammonia (AA) and urea as nitrogen (N) fertilizer sources in the United States, there have been few direct comparisons of their effects on soil nitrous oxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions. We compared N oxide emissions, yields, and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NFRE) in a corn ( L.) production system that used three different fertilizer practices: urea that was broadcast and incorporated (BU) and AA that was injected at a conventional depth (0.20 m) (AAc) and at a shallower depth (0.10 m) (AAs). Averaged over 2 yr in an irrigated loamy sand in Minnesota, growing season NO emissions increased in the order BU < AAc < AAs. In contrast, NO emissions were greater with BU than with AAc or AAs. Emissions of NO ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 kg N ha (50-140 g N Mg grain), while NO emissions ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 kg N ha (20-70 g N Mg grain). Emissions of total N oxides (NO + NO) increased in the order AAc < BU < AAs. Despite having the greatest emissions of NO and total N oxides, the AAs treatment had greater NFRE compared with the AAc treatment. These results provide additional evidence that AA emits more NO, but less NO, than broadcast urea and show that practices to reduce NO emissions do not always improve N use efficiency.     

Some environmental radioactivity measurements from Harris,Outer Hebrides,UK

Summary Radioactivity related to the Chernobyl fallout cloud of May 1986 is reflected in twenty cored soil samples from Harris, in the Outer Hebrides of north-west Scotland.Dr A. David Horrill is a member of the Radioecology Group at the Natural Environment Research Council's Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station. The second and third authors listed may be contacted at Mark House, Lindale, Cumbria LA11 6LF, UK.     

Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure

The swine industry in China has grown rapidly over last two decades. Great amount of pig manure is generated in China, which can be used as organic fertilizers on agricultural lands. Meanwhile, the organic arsenic compounds have been used as feed additives for swine disease control and weight improvement. Once the excessive additives are released in the environment, arsenic may compromise food safety and environmental quality. There is a growing public concern about the arsenic residues accumulation in pig manure, however, little work has been done to investigate the exact arsenic content in pig feed and the residues in manure in China This study investigates the concentrations of arsenic in 29 pig feed samples and 29 manure samples collected from eight pig farms in the Chaoyang district, Beijing city. The detected rate of arsenic in 29 couples of samples was 100%. The concentrations of arsenic in pig feeds and manures ranged from 0.15 to 37.8 mg/kg and 0.42 to 119.0 mg/kg, respectively. The result showed that arsenic concentration in pig manure will be greatly elevated when the arsenic in pig feed was largely increased. The loading rates of pig manure in fourteen Beijing counties and districts were in the range of 2.7–57.2 t/ha yr. Accordingly, the potential soil arsenic increase rates resulting from land application of pig manure might range between 11.8 and 78.9 μg/kg yr. Despite these findings, it is too early to draw the conclusion that arsenic pollution from pig manure is serious in Beijing farmland; therefore, longitudinal studies about the chemical form transformation and the environmental behaviors of pig manure arsenic are required in order to come up with more definitive conclusions.     

宜宾兴文县僰王山镇水田土壤中硒形态分布特征及研究

为了客观分析土壤中硒形态分布特征及硒有效性影响因素,依据硒不同形态下的溶解度不同,采用四步五态连续浸提取技术,由弱到强的选择顺序提取僰王山镇水田土壤中硒的水溶态、可交换态、有机质结合态、硫化物/硒化物态、残渣态这5种形态,并用原子荧光光谱法分析和氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定了土壤样品中5种形态硒和总硒的含量。初步总结了研究区水田土壤硒含量特征和硒形态分布特征。研究结果发现,僰王山镇水田土壤总硒含量变化范围为0.51~0.93 mg/kg,平均值0.714 mg/kg,远远超过全国土壤总硒平均值0.290 mg/kg,且超过了目前认为的富硒土壤的标准值0.4 mg/kg。从土壤中5种形态分析结果所占比例来看,有机质结合态和硫化物/硒化物态硒是硒元素的主要赋存形态,两者占土壤总硒含量的54.63%,反应了研究区土壤中硒富集与有机质结合态存在密切关系。     

Intrinsic vulnerability assessment of Sette Comuni Plateau aquifer (Veneto Region, Italy)

Maps illustrating the different degrees of vulnerability within a given area are integral to environmental protection and management policies. The assessment of the intrinsic vulnerability of karst areas is difficult since the type and stage of karst development and the related underground discharge behavior are difficult to determine and quantify. Geographic Information Systems techniques are applied to the evaluation of the vulnerability of an aquifer in the alpine karst area of the Sette Comuni Plateau, in the Veneto Region of northern Italy. The water resources of the studied aquifer are of particular importance to the local communities. This aquifer must therefore be protected from both inappropriate use as well as possible pollution. The SINTACS and SINTACS P(RO) K(ARST) vulnerability assessment methods have been utilized here to create the vulnerability map. SINTACS P(RO) K(ARST) is an adaptation of the parametric managerial model (SINTACS) to karst hydrostructures. The vulnerability map reveals vast zones (81% of the analyzed areas) with a high degree of vulnerability. The presence of well-developed karst structures in these highly vulnerable areas facilitate water percolation, thereby enhancing the groundwater vulnerability risk. Only 1.5 of the studied aquifer have extremely high-vulnerability levels, however these areas include all of the major springs utilized for human consumption. This vulnerability map of the Sette Comuni Plateau aquifer is an indispensable tool for both the effective management of water resources and as support to environmental planning in the Sette Comuni Plateau area.     

Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Areas Polluted with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou,China

This study investigated the soil nematode community structure along the Yellow River in the Lanzhou area of China, and analyzed the impact of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the nematode community. Soil samples from five locations (named A–E), which were chosen for soil analysis, showed significant differences in their heavy metal content (p < 0.01), as well as in the variety of nematodes (up to 41 genera) and families (up to 20) that were present. The different samples also differed significantly in the total PAH content (p < 0.05), as well as the six types of PAH present. Sites A–C showed the most severe contamination with heavy metals and PAHs; these sites had the lowest abundance of fungivores and omnivore/predators, but the proportion of bacteriovores was the highest (p < 0.05). Site E, in contrast, showed only minor pollution with heavy metals and PAHs, and it contained the highest abundance of plant parasites (p < 0.05). Several nematode ecological indicators were found to correlate with concentration of soil pollutants at all the sites tested: the maturity index (MI, in addition to plant parasites), plant parasite index (PPI), ΣMI (including all the soil nematodes), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′′), and Wasilewska index (WI). Disturbance to the soil environment was more severe when MI, ΣMI, and H′ values were lower. The results of the study show that the abundance and structure of the soil nematode communities in the sampling locations were strongly influenced by levels of heavy metals and PAHs in the soil. They also show that the diversity index H′ and the maturity index can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of pollutants on nematodes.