·Cl引发α-蒎烯的大气氧化机制及动力学

α-蒎烯是大气中含量最丰富的单萜烯类挥发性有机化合物,与氯自由基（·Cl）反应是其重要的转化途径.然而,·Cl引发α-蒎烯大气氧化的分子机制尚不清楚.本研究采用量子化学计算与微观动力学模拟相结合的方法,研究了·Cl与α-蒎烯的引发反应以及引发反应生成的主要α-蒎烯自由基的后续转化机制与动力学.结果发现,·Cl反式加成到α-蒎烯的C₂位置生成加成中间体IM_1-9-a是最可行的反应途径.在298 K和1.013×10⁵ Pa条件下,计算得到·Cl与α-蒎烯的反应速率常数（k_Cl）为3.1×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1,与k_Cl的实验值（4.6±1.3）×10^-10 cm³·molecule^-1·s^-1一致.生成的IM_1-9-a进一步与O₂反应生成过氧自由基IM_3-1-a,在2.5×10⁹ cm^-3（100 ppt） NO和1.25×10⁹ cm^-3（50 ppt） HO₂·条件下,IM_3-1-a后续主要与NO和HO₂·反应生成有机硝酸酯（C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₃和C₁₀H₁₆ClNO₄）、氢过氧化物（C₁₀H₁₇ClO₂和C₁₀H₁₇ClO₃）和烷氧自由基（C₁₀H₁₆ClO₂·）.生成的 闭壳层产物与母体α-蒎烯相比具有较高的O∶C比,可能具有较低的蒸气压,进而贡献二次有机气溶胶.本研究结果可为全面评价α-蒎烯的 大气化学反应对大气质量的影响提供理论支撑.     

小分子有机醇强化过硫酸盐氧化水中二苯甲酮-3的研究

探究了小分子有机醇对过二硫酸盐(Peroxydisulfate, PDS)氧化降解二苯甲酮-3(Benzophenone-3, BP-3)的强化作用及反应机制.研究结果表明,4种有机醇(甲醇、丙醇、乙二醇和丙三醇)均在一定浓度范围内能有效促进过硫酸盐氧化降解BP-3,BP-3的降解速率随醇类分子碳链长度和羟基数目的增加而增加,增强效果依次为丙三醇>乙二醇>丙醇>甲醇.在低添加量时(21.9~350 μmol·L^-1),有机醇的添加增加了BP-3降解速率,但随着醇量的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,例如丙三醇添加量从21.9 μmol·L^-1增加到87.6 μmol·L^-1,BP-3降解动力学常数从2.91×10^-4 s^-1提高到3.58×10^-4 s^-1,增加了0.23倍;但加入过多的醇却抑制了BP-3的降解,例如丙三醇添加量从87.6 μmol·L^-1进一步增加到350 μmol·L^-1,BP-3降解速率降低29.0%(2.54×10^-4 s^-1).反应温度也能有效促进醇的强化作用,温度从40 ℃升至60 ℃,添加丙三醇87.6 μmol·L^-1,BP-3的降解速率常数从6.84×10^-6 s^-1提高至6.69×10^-4 s^-1,提高了96.8倍.小分子有机醇主要是通过与·OH反应产生醇自由基,进一步激活过硫酸盐产生SO₄^·-,显著增加了SO₄^·-的产率,从而加速过硫酸盐降解BP-3的效率.     

Co(C3H6NS2)3·C6H12N2S3单晶的制备及催化性能的研究

采用常温饱和溶液蒸发法,一硫化四甲基秋兰姆与钴(Ⅱ)发生原位反应得到一种新型非均相Fenton催化剂单晶Co(C₃H₆NS₂)₃·C₆H₁₂N₂S₃;通过单晶X衍射、红外光谱和C、N和H元素分析对该单晶结构进行了表征;该单晶的空间群为P-1,在不对称单元中有1个Co(Ⅲ)中心,3个新配体C₃H₇NS₂和1个TMTM;Co(Ⅲ)呈现出稍微偏斜的八面体的配位几何构型.利用该单晶催化氧化降解了直接蓝6和直接绿28;结果显示,在酸性和碱性条件下,染料的降解率和矿化率都较高,这是因为活性中心Co(Ⅲ)提高了H₂O₂的效率.当投加量在1 200～1 600　mg·L^-1之间时,处理90　min后,直接蓝6和直接绿28的降解效率可分别达到94.39%和94.78%.相比之下,不加该单晶光催化剂,其它条件完全相同时,处理90　min后2种染料的降解率均不到45%,降解缓慢.使用后的单晶,通过过滤,可反复使用,有利于降低处理成本.此外还研究了催化反应的动力学,反应遵从Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型;2种染料降解反应速率常数k分别为3.03×10²和6.25×10²　mg·(L·min)^-1,吸附常数K分别为1.52×10^-4和7.23×10^-5　L·mg^-1.     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物中的解吸动力学

采用批量实验,研究了沉积物有机质特性、溶质负载量和温度对1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上解吸动力学的影响.用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述了1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸过程.结果表明,在本研究中的每个解吸体系,1,2,4,5-四氯苯慢解吸速率常数k_s要比快解吸速率常数k_r低2个数量级以上,说明慢解吸是整个解吸过程中的速控步骤;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在不同沉积物上的k_s范围为1.19×10^-3～2.88×10^-3 h^-1,解吸过程显著受沉积物NOM特性的影响,沉积物NOM的聚合度越高,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的解吸速度和程度越低;随着在沉积物中的初始负载量由13.3 μg·g^-1增加至25.3 μg·g^-1,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的k_s由1.26×10^-3 h^-1增加至2.52×10^-3 h^-1;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸速度随着温度的升高而显著加快,慢解吸活化能E_a在9.45～21.43 　kJ·mol^-1之间,这为沉积物中污染物生物降解的可行性提供了科学依据.     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究

实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度（10～40℃）和溶液初始pH值（3.00～10.96）下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10^-3 s^-1升高到1.49×10^-3 s^-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10^-3 s^-1升高到2.46×10^-3 s^-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10^-3 s^-1增加到2.69×10^-3 s^-1,在pH值3.00～9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10^-3 s^-1增加到1.90×10^-3 s^-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10^-3 s^-1.     

对苯二甲酸臭氧化降解的动力学及机制研究

研究了臭氧化对苯二甲酸(TA)的降解效率,并对该过程的动力学特性和降解机制进行了探讨.结果表明,TA与臭氧的 反应速率常数k_o3-TA为（0.047±0.001）L·（mol·s）^-1,与羟基自由基的k_OH-TA为2.28╳10⁹L·（mol·s）^-1以上结果与TA臭氧化降解的表观反应速率常数相一致.采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和离子色谱(IC)分析了TA降解过程的中间产物,主要包括苯甲酸、酒石酸、甲酸和草酸,在此基础上提出了臭氧化TA的可能降解历程.     

内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚在水中的氯化动力学研究

对典型内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（4-TBP）在水中的氯化反应动力学进行了研究.结果发现,在不同HOCl初始浓度和pH条件下,4-TBP能够迅速被氯氧化,4-TBP的氯化反应符合二级反应动力学.表观速率常数k_app与pH值有关,在pH为5和9左右时,k_app分别达到最小值和最大值;对氯化反应中的每一个基元反应的反应速率常数进行了计算, HOCl与4-TBP的酸催化反应及ClO^-与4-TBP反应的速率常数分别为4.99×10⁶　L²·（mol²·min）^-1和1.96×10⁴　L·(mol·min)^-1,而HOCl与4-TBP的反应及HOCl与4-TBP^-的反应较慢,4-TBP^-与ClO^-不发生反应.水处理中氯消毒工艺对4-TBP的降解有一定的影响,在氯投加量为3 mg/L时,4-TBP的半衰期为12.1　min.     

烟雾箱模拟乙炔和NOx的大气光化学反应

利用自制光化学烟雾箱进行了一系列表征实验并模拟了乙炔和氮氧化物NO_x在室温（20±1）℃下的大气光化学反应．讨论了乙炔与NO_x的协同作用对光化学反应产生O₃的影响．实验得到了O₃和NO₂的壁损失分别为5.80×10^-6 s^-1和2.41×10^-6 s^-1,相对于模拟实验中的O₃和NO₂,该损失可以忽略．测得了单支40 W黑光灯的有效光强为0.64×10^-3 s^-1（以NO₂的光解速率表示）．经过净化空气的本底校正后,讨论了不同乙炔浓度、NO_x浓度以及光照强度对体系产生O₃的影响,计算了乙炔的增强反应活性值（incremental reactivity, IR）,4组实验的IR最大值分别为1.76×10^-2、2.68×10^-2、2.04×10^-2和2.84×10^-2．并发现IR值与乙炔的初始浓度以及光照强度关系密切,与NO_x初始浓度关系不大．     

膜吸收法脱除电厂模拟烟气中的CO2

以氨基乙酸钾、一乙醇胺和甲基二乙醇胺水溶液为吸收液,研究了聚丙烯膜接触器分离模拟烟气中CO₂的技术.分析了气液流速、吸收剂浓度、烟气CO₂浓度和吸收液CO₂负荷等对传质速率和脱除率的影响.结果表明:1mol·L^-1MEA在流速0.1m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,CO₂传质速率高达7.1mol·(m²·s)^-1;1mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在流速0.05m·s^-1,烟气流速0.211m·s^-1时,脱除率为93.2%;4mol·L^-1氨基乙酸钾在同样条件下脱除率达98%;而且在试验的较广烟气CO₂浓度范围内,氨基乙酸钾CO₂脱除率保持在90%以上.试验证明膜吸收法既适合目前最为普遍的PF和NGCC烟道气脱除CO₂,也是一种应用广泛、有良好发展前景的CO₂分离法.     

臭氧降解水中苯并三唑反应动力学及效能研究

对臭氧氧化去除水中痕量苯并三唑(BTri)的反应动力学、效能及其影响因素进行了实验研究.结果表明,臭氧分子与BTri直接反应速率常数k_Ｏ3=20.18 L·(mol·s)^-1,臭氧与BTri反应的表观反应速率常数K_BTri随pH值的不同而有显著差异,当pH值由6.63增加到7.83时,表观反应速率常数由63.42 L·(mol·s)^-1提高至582.69 L·(mol·s)^-1,增加约8倍.单独臭氧化可以有效地去除水体中痕量BTri,最终去除率可达85％;随着水体pH值的增加及水体温度的升高,BTri的反应速率大幅度提高;自然水体中常见阴离子NO^-₃、SO^2-₄、Cl^-对臭氧化去除BTri的去除率及反应速率无明显影响;羟基自由基(·OH)抑制剂叔丁醇对臭氧氧化去除BTri有一定的抑制作用,说明·OH也对臭氧氧化去除BTri有一定的贡献,表明臭氧化去除BTri的过程为O₃直接氧化及·OH间接氧化共同作用的结果.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.