废物越境转移的若干问题

本文分析了废物越境转移产生的原因及其可能后果。指出了利用船舶载运废物进行越境转移存在安全和海洋废物污染问题。论述了为控制废物越境转移以及确保船舶航运安全和防止废物污染海洋,主管机关和船舶应遵守的有关国际公约及我国的有关规定。最后还介绍了当今世界上处置废物的几种新方法。     

污染转移分析及对策

“污染转移”已经成为发达国家处理各种有害废物的重要途径并严重阻碍了输入国的经济发展。自改革开放以来,特别是加入WTO以后,由于国际贸易的迅猛发展,我国已经被一些发达国家视为新的污染物交易对象国,各种有毒有害废物交易日益增长,占国际贸易额的比重也越来越大。本文首先分析了我国目前存在的“污染转移”的现状,接着驳斥了发达国家所鼓吹的“污染转移”有利于进口国的理论依据——“经济理性论”和合理旗号——“比较优势说”,最后提出了我国限制“污染转移”的对策措施。     

国内环境污染转移的法律控制

环境污染转移已经成为环境保护面临的主要难题之一,特别是跨境的污染转移已经引起了实务界和理论界的普遍关注。但到目前为止,国内环境污染转移还没有引起足够的重视,特别是制度化的解决方案远未成型,导致现实中一个地区的经济发展与环境污染往往相伴而生,污染区域和范围日益扩大,污染转移有愈演愈烈之势。     

污染转移和相关国际立法

污染转移包括污染源和污染物质的转移 ,是当今世界所面临的重大环境问题之一 ,对发展中国家的环境危害尤烈。污染转移的原因 ,主要在于发达国家与发展中国家之间的南北差距。控制污染转移 ,为各国和全球环境保护所必需 ,一向是国际环境立法的重点领域。     

基于MRIO模型的京津冀地区贸易隐含污染转移

基于MRIO模型,自主编制了包括京津冀三地及其他省份?13个行业的2007年中国区域间投入产出表,选取SO_2?NO_x?工业粉尘?烟尘?COD和氨氮六类污染物,测算了京津冀三地的贸易隐含污染转移量,并引入贸易污染条件指标分析双边贸易对京津冀三地污染排放带来的不同影响.结果显示:从京津冀地区贸易隐含污染的转移格局来看,北京是最大的受益方,河北是最大的受损方,天津则相比河北是受益方但相比北京是受损方;京津冀地区的产业分布特点是影响地区间贸易隐含污染转移格局的重要因素;巨大的产品调出规模?偏重污染密集型产业的产品调出结构以及不利的贸易污染条件等因素共同作用使得河北成为京津冀地区环境质量受地区贸易负面影响最大的省份.     

加入WTO后我国控制外国污染转移法律对策的调整与完善

加入WTO后，我国将在控制外国污染转移上面临更为严峻的挑战，必须及时调整和完善相关的法律对策。本文界定了“外国污染转移”的认定关键；阐述了外国污染转移的基本形式，重点讨论了以我国现有法律对策为基点的，涉及污染物的越境转移、污染产品和设备的越境转移及污染行业越境转移的相关法律对策的调整和完善。     

产业转移面临的环保案例分析

通过产业转移,促进欠发达地区产业结构调整和优化升级,正成为我国解决地区经济发展不平衡的重要思路。然而产业转移以及伴随产生的人口聚集,同时意味着污染转移。文章以广东省为例,分析目前珠三角地区向山区和东西两翼转移产业过程中所凸现的环境污染和环境保护问题及其原因,并提出相应对策。     

中国危险废物的越境转移管理

危险废物越境转移包括国际间转移和国内跨省转移。我国制定了一系列相关法律法规,形成了全面而严厉的监管体系。但危险废物跨国走私和跨省转移引发的污染事件仍时有发生,相关部门仍需进一步提升监管能力。危险废物的越境转移是一个全球性的环境问题,发达国家的危险废物向发展中国家的非法转移问题尤为突出。由于发展中国家缺乏有效的固体废物     

关注西部:产业转移与污染转移

编者按:我国东部对西部的产业梯度转移是实现地区经济雁阵发展的条件和途径,对西部地区的资本形成、就业促进、结构调整、制度创新和经济增长具有极为重要的意义.但由于环境外部性内在化程度在地区间存在差异,也可能为一系列对环境不友好的技术和产品转移到西部提供动力.随着我国能源供应的日趋紧张,外来资本加大对西部矿产资源的粗放型开发,对当地生态环境构成了巨大危害,如果控制不当将严重损害到西部地区的可持续发展.因此分析这些污染转移的形式、原因和对策,对构筑西部地区绿色屏障具有重要意义.     

京津冀地区贸易隐含污染转移特点及其政策启示

基于投入产出模型方法,计算了京津冀地区贸易隐含污染转移量,分析了京津冀地区贸易隐含污染转移的特点。结果显示:在京津冀地区,河北在大量向京、津两地供给消费产品的同时,也间接为京、津承担了规模巨大的污染排放;河北在京津冀地区贸易中是污染减排的最大受损方,北京则是最大受益方。京津冀地区应加快推进产业优化升级,构建均衡互补的区域产业分工体系;强化区域污染防治机制;共同出资合理补偿河北淘汰落后产能带来的经济损失。     

Imprints from the global cosmological expansion to the local spacetime dynamics

We study the general relativistic spacetime metrics surrounding massive cosmological objects, such as suns, stars, galaxies or galaxy clusters. The question addressed here is the transition of local, object-related spacetime metrics into the global, cosmological Robertson-Walker metrics. We demonstrate that the answer often quoted for this problem from the literature, the so-called Einstein-Straus vacuole, which connects a static outer Schwarzschild solution with the time-dependent Robertson-Walker universe, is inadequate to describe the local spacetime of a gravitationally bound system. Thus, we derive here an alternative model describing such bound systems by a metrics more closely tied to the fundamental problem of structure formation in the early universe and obtain a multitude of solutions characterising the time-dependence of a local scale parameter. As we can show, a specific solution out of this multitude is able to, as a by-product, surprisingly enough, explain the presently much discussed phenomenon of the PIONEER anomaly.     

Challenges to achieving a successful transition to a low carbon economy in South Africa: examples from poor urban communities

South Africa faces several development challenges including those linked to climate change. Energy usage in South Africa, for example, is already constrained because of a range of development challenges (the dependence on cheap coal as a heating source; energy availability; access; affordability of alternative energy sources; and a range of health impacts, including air pollution). Notwithstanding calls for a transition to a low carbon economy, there have been few, recent assessments in South Africa of the costs associated with such a transition, particularly the social and economic costs for the poor who use energy in a variety of ways. In this paper we focus on trying to unravel some of the complex energy-use behaviour including understanding what drives consumers in resource-poor areas to choose and use persistently risky energy options. Analysis of qualitative data in two township areas, Doornkop and Kwaguqa, shows that township households, whether electrified or not, continue to burn coal. In both study areas, an estimated 80% of electrified households burn coal for space heating and cooking and also make use of multiple fuel sources for a range of activities. Although the major obstacles preventing people from discontinuing domestic coal combustion are poverty, the ready availability and social acceptability of coal together with other social customs cannot be underrated. This paper therefore highlights some of the persistent challenges associated with sustainable energy transitions in South Africa including implications for improved mitigation and adaptation for the energy sector in wider climate change efforts.     

苏南地区农村宅基地转型研究：基于利用状态的视角

农村宅基地转型是土地利用转型研究的重要内容。目前学界关于宅基地转型的研究主要集中在规模结构等显性形态方面,对隐性转型的研究仍较欠缺。以乡村经济发达的苏南地区为例,通过对正常使用、空置、废弃等不同利用状态宅基地空间分异规律的刻画,探索其功能转型的一般规律,并进一步分析宅基地空置与废弃的影响因素。结果表明：在乡村振兴战略实施背景下,“房子不用来住”的问题在农村地区同样存在,而且在不同代际和空间区位上农村宅基地的利用状态有所差异。具体地,1980年以前的老宅基地从距离城镇较远和较近的“两端”开始,其空废比率向中间地带递减;随着市场化和城镇化水平提升,1980—2000年的中龄宅基地空废比率呈现由近郊向外递减的趋势,城镇化影响下的距离衰减规律明显。近年来,伴随农村宅基地财产/资产属性的逐步显现,农村宅基地的利用状态与空间区位之间的关联关系弱化。2010年以后新宅基地的空置率出现反弹,尤其靠近城镇的农村地区“囤地”现象严重,发端于城镇地区的“地产霸权”正在向乡村地区蔓延。     

乡村振兴视角下耕地利用转型的时空格局及路径分析——以淮海经济区为例

深刻解读耕地利用转型内涵,基于乡村振兴与耕地利用转型的系统逻辑构建相关评价指标体系,运用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和标准差椭圆（SDE）等方法,对2002年、2007年、2012年和2017年淮海经济区耕地利用转型效度进行评测,据此揭示乡村振兴战略背景下耕地利用转型的时空格局及转型路径。结果表明：（1）15年间淮海经济区耕地利用转型呈现整体上升、区域均衡的时空格局。（2）耕地利用转型空间集聚现象明显,南北差异显著。空间转型集聚程度逐渐减弱,功能转型呈现先降低后升高、再降低又趋于平缓的态势。（3）耕地利用转型呈现东北—西南格局,以徐州市为区域重心,在南北方向上持续收缩、东西方向上不断平移,导致转型空间形态呈C状分布;系统要素的交流耦合渐进增长且上升通道具有收缩趋势,最终形成“分散—聚拢—分散—聚拢”重叠形态的转型路径。建议研究区未来发展重点聚焦转型发展内源动力的协调融合,引导耕地利用转型由“C形”扩散转向“O形”收敛的圈层式包容增长格局,并不断提升耕地多功能融合增益的共享程度,将地理系统的均衡机制转化为乡村振兴的现实效能。     

Nitrogen removal from sludge dewatering effluent through anaerobic ammonia oxidation process

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation（Anammox） process is a novel and promising wastewater nitrogen removal process. The feasibility of transition of Anammox from denitrification and the performance of lab-scale Anammox biofilm reactor were investigated with sludge dewatering effluent. The results showed that Anammox process could be successfully started up after cultivation of denitrification biofilm and using it as inoculum. The transition of Anammox from denitrification was accomplished within 85 d. Anammox process was found suitable to remove ammonia from sludge dewatering effluent. The effluent ammonia concentration was detected to be 23.11 mgN/L at HRT of 28 h when influent ammonia concentration was fed 245 mgN/L, which was less than that for the national discharge standard Ⅱ （25 rngN/L） of China. Volumetric total nitrogen loading rate was up to 584.99 mg TN/（L. d） at HRT of 17 h, while influent concentrations were kept 243.25 mg NH4＊ -N/L and 288.31 mg NO2^- -N/L.     

1995-2015年江苏省土地利用功能转型特征及其协调性分析

土地利用功能转型可实现土地利用功能协调,是实施区域可持续发展的重要路径。从功能协调角度构建土地利用功能转型分析框架,利用江苏省1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年5期遥感影像及相关资源利用和社会经济数据,构建三级土地利用功能评价体系,以县域为评价单元,通过三角模型和空间相关分析等方法,定量解析江苏省土地利用功能时空演变特征及其与土地可持续利用目标的协调状况。研究结果显示：（1）研究期内,江苏省土地利用功能总水平提升减慢,其中生产、生活功能不同程度提升,生态功能明显下降。（2）生产、生活功能空间集聚不突出,生态功能的热点、冷点区域呈“Y”型集聚分布。（3）不同功能区功能协调性态势不一,重点开发区和限制开发区可持续发展态势总体良好,优化开发区可持续发展程度较弱并持续恶化。建议江苏省在落实发展蓝图和空间规划的过程中,应优先推进苏南现代化示范区建设,重点实施重点开发区生活功能转型、Ⅰ类限制开发区生产功能转型策略,并严格落实禁止开发区的生态保护责任等差别化管理策略。     

The evolutionary continuum of limb function from early theropods to birds

The bipedal stance and gait of theropod dinosaurs evolved gradually along the lineage leading to birds and at some point(s), flight evolved. How and when did these changes occur? We review the evidence from neontology and palaeontology, including pectoral and pelvic limb functional morphology, fossil footprints/trackways and biomechanical models and simulations. We emphasise that many false dichotomies or categories have been applied to theropod form and function, and sometimes, these impede research progress. For example, dichotomisation of locomotor function into ‘non-avian’ and ‘avian’ modes is only a conceptual crutch; the evidence supports a continuous transition. Simplification of pelvic limb function into cursorial/non-cursorial morphologies or flexed/columnar poses has outlived its utility. For the pectoral limbs, even the classic predatory strike vs. flight wing-stroke distinction and separation of theropods into non-flying and flying—or terrestrial and arboreal—categories may be missing important subtleties. Distinguishing locomotor function between taxa, even with quantitative approaches, will always be fraught with ambiguity, making it difficult to find real differences if that ambiguity is properly acknowledged. There must be an ‘interpretive asymptote’ for reconstructing dinosaur limb function that available methods and evidence cannot overcome. We may be close to that limit, but how far can it be stretched with improved methods and evidence, if at all? The way forward is a combination of techniques that emphasises integration of neontological and palaeontological evidence and quantitative assessment of limb function cautiously applied with validated techniques and sensitivity analysis of unknown variables.     

汽油无铅化的关联问题

在实施汽油无铅化的过程中，一个值得引起重视的问题是，要防止“污染替代”发生，即在消除铅污染的同时，防止另一些对环境和健康构成严重威胁的污染物被引入。该文在调研大量中外文献的基础上，综述了目前研究较多的苯、芳烃、烯烃、甲基叔丁基醚等汽油组成和汽油蒸气压对汽车排放正、负方面的影响，提出了制定汽油燃料环保标准，汽油无铅化和安装催化转化器同步进行等建议。     

A new maniraptoran dinosaur from China with long feathers on the metatarsus

The unusual presence of long pennaceous feathers on the feet of basal dromaeosaurid dinosaurs has recently been presented as strong evidence in support of the arboreal–gliding hypothesis for the origin of bird flight, but it could be a unique feature of dromaeosaurids and thus irrelevant to the theropod–bird transition. Here, we report a new eumaniraptoran theropod from China, with avian affinities, which also has long pennaceous feathers on its feet. This suggests that such morphology might represent a primitive adaptation close to the theropod–bird transition. The long metatarsus feathers are likely primitive for Eumaniraptora and might have played an important role in the origin of avian flight.Electronic Supplementary Material  Supplementary material is available for this article at     

太仆寺旗2000-2008年EVI对气候及土地利用变化的响应

以位于北方农牧交错带的太仆寺旗为研究区,利用2000-2008年MODIS-EVI数据和周边45个气象站点同期月气温、降水资料,分析了近10 a该区EVI的时空变化及年最大EVI与气候因子的相关性。结合2000年和2005年的土地利用数据,分析了各地类EVI对气温、降水变化的响应及各地类变化过程对EVI变化的影响。结果表明:年最大EVI与6-7月平均气温呈显著负相关,与同期总降水呈显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.9;各地类EVI与气候因子相关性差异明显,退耕前,仅草地EVI对气候变化敏感,退耕后,耕地、林地EVI与气候因子相关性显著增强;耕地变草地、林地变耕地分别导致EVI减小2.27%和1.42%,林、草相互转变导致EVI分别减小0.71%和0.67%,说明退耕还林还草等措施未必促进植被恢复,受其他自然及人为因素影响。