稻田稻麦两熟养鱼高产技术研究

本文研究了稻麦两熟养鱼高产的调控原理,提出了稻麦连作,畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生的稻田全年养鱼技术。①利用深沟窄畦扩容和稳容,改造生境容量;②采用畦麦沟鱼、稻鱼共生结构调节群落的种群密度和生态位宽度,延长养鱼时间;③按照生物种群的生态型对水层敏感性实施田间水位和流水增氧调控,提高养鱼产量;④提高稻麦两熟养鱼的生产率,合理投入,以生物质能为主源输入稳定系统结构。     

内江市农业生产力的数值模拟

本文利用农业生产力模型对内江市的农业生产力进行了数值模拟实验。结果表明内江市农业生产的前景十分广阔,不同耕作制度的农业产值排序为稻-稻-油＞稻-油＞稻-麦＞玉一薯一油＞玉一薯一麦＞稻。     

稻油鱼菇生态模式的高产原理与效果

本文通过稻油鱼菇多元农业生态模式的田间试验及数理统计分析，介绍了深沟小垄稻油鱼菇农业生态构型的田间合理布局，田间生态结构、食物链特征及增产效果，论述了这类生态田的高产稳产原理。     

湖北稻区冬半年农业资源特点和冬季农业开发

本文论证了湖北稻区冬半年的农业资源及其特点,讨论了开发本区冬季农业的意义、发展方向及其关键措施。     

湖北稻区冬半年农业资源特点和冬季农业开发

本文论证了湖北稻区冬半年的农业资源及其特点，讨论了开发本区冬季农业的意义、发展方向及其关键措施。     

蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用

蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用刘祖贵，赵先男为提高土地的利用率，增加农民的收入，我们从１９９１～１９９４年进行了“三高”农业种植模式之—──稻油鱼菇生态结构的研究。研究结果表明，蘑菇插入田间后对水稻、油菜均具有较大的增产作用。研究方法：研究工...     

综合利用稻壳、秸杆等经生物质能转换生产炭、油、气技术

我国南方盛产水稻,大米作人们的主食,谷壳一般作为废弃物处理(做辅助煮食燃料或烧灰作肥),没有得到更有价值的利用。 1992年湖南省农村能源办公室副主任张光辉同志带了一班人组成攻关课题组,对谷壳的综合利用进行了研究,将谷壳经生物质能转换,生产出了生物能炭、油、气3种新产品,木质炭加黄泥利水做成的蜂窝煤,燃烧火焰与城市用煤作成的蜂窝煤一样;从     

加强生态环境保护 努力构建和谐阜阳

近年来,坚持污染防治与生态保护并重使阜阳市获益匪浅。颖上县建成了全国生态农业县, 阜南县濛洼行蓄洪区被国家环保总局批准为沿淮行蓄洪区重要生态功能区。全市还探索出光、热、水、气、肥立体种植模式,农、林、牧、鱼、沼生态模式,稻鱼共生模式等多种生态农业发展模式。以“全球500佳”小张庄为依托, 发展生态旅游。实现阜城13条沟     

有冰条件下撇油器回收溢油速率试验研究＊

为评价一种进口多功能撇油器应对渤海冬季溢油的能力,试验分别对刷式、盘式、鼓式三种撇油头在无冰和有冰(冰密集度约5成)条件下进行收油速率测试。试验以100 L油品为基数,测出在各种组合条件下回收油品所需要的时间,并把鼓式撇油头在有冰条件下的泵速提高,再进行试验。结果发现三种撇油方式的回收速率不仅与撇油头类型有关,同时也取决于是否有冰;在有冰条件下,三种撇油头收油效果都受到影响,其中盘式撇油器受影响最大,无法回收溢油;在有冰条件下加大鼓式撇油头泵速会提高总回收速率,但含水率同时提高;对凝固原油,撇油器无能为力。试验结果对正确评估三种类型的撇油头在两种情况下的收油效果和相关单位应具备的清除溢油能力,以及今后引进设备提高应急能力将起到借鉴作用。     

低温有冰条件下吸油绳收油效率试验研究＊

总结国外试验经验的基础上,用亲油性绳式收油机中的吸油绳对-35#柴油和原油模拟在有冰的水域进行测试,试验表明了吸油绳不同长度与油和冰相对位置对收油效率的影响。该试验结果对寻求如何在冰区回收溢油有积极作用,也是溢油应急清理时选择技术方法的科学指导。     

Integrated emergy,energy and economic evaluation of rice and vegetable production systems in alluvial paddy fields: Implications for agricultural policy in China

China is the largest rice producing and consuming country in the world, but rice production has given way to the production of vegetables during the past twenty years. The government has been trying to stop this land-use conversion and increase the area in rice-vegetable rotation. Important questions that must be answered to determine what strategy is best for society are, “What is the reason behind this conversion?”; “Which system is more productive and which is more sustainable?”; and “How can economic policy be used to adjust the pattern of farmland use to attain sustainable development?” To answer these questions, a combined evaluation of these agricultural production systems was done using emergy, energy and economic methods. An economic analysis clearly showed that the reason for this conversion was simply that the economic output/input ratio and the benefit density of the vegetable production system were greater than that of rice. However, both energy and emergy evaluations showed that long-term rice was the best choice for sustainable development, followed by rotation systems. The current price of rice is lower than the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, but higher than that of rice produced from the rotation system. Scenario analysis showed that if the government increases the price of rice to the em-value of rice produced from the long-term rice system, US$0.4/kg, and takes the value of soil organic matter into account, the economic output/input ratios of both the rice and rotation systems will be higher than that of the vegetable system. The three methods, energy, emergy and economics, are different but complementary, each revealing a different aspect of the same system. Their combined use shows not only the reasons behind a system’s current state or condition, but also the way to adjust these systems to move toward more sustainable states.     

旱三熟带状轮作小春预留行栽油菜技术

本文根据南充地区冬春气候特点,并针对旱地实行的中厢分带间套种植小春预留行未充分利用的状况,从1984年开始在预留行进行了栽油菜研究。结果表明,一般亩增菜籽30～40kg,增加产值34～45元,纯收入21～32元,并找出了适于预留行栽植的油菜品种和配套栽培技术。     

成渝经济区主要河流沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险评估

以成渝经济区主要水系水体沉积物为研究对象,利用Eri（单一金属潜在生态风险因子）和RI（多金属潜在风险指数）等定量诊断工具分析沉积物中的重金属的潜在生态风险,为成渝经济区战略环评提供数据支撑。根据风险指标评价结果和重金属空间分布规律,将区域水系分为3种生态风险功能区。结合沉积物中重金属赋存形态,得出区域Cd的生态风险较...     

The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy)

The Vercelli rice district in northern Italy plays a key role in the agri-food industry in a country which accounts for more than 50% of the EU rice production and exports roughly 70%. However, although wealth and jobs are created, the sector is said to be responsible for environmental impacts that are increasingly being perceived as topical. As a complex and comprehensive environmental evaluation is necessary to understand and manage the environmental impact of the agri-food chain, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology has been applied to the rice production system: from the paddy field to the supermarket. The LCA has pointed out the magnitude of impact per kg of delivered white milled rice: a CO_2eq emission of 2.9 kg, a primary energy consumption of 17.8 MJ and the use of 4.9 m³ of water for irrigation purposes. Improvement scenarios have been analysed considering alternative rice farming and food processing methods, such as organic and upland farming, as well as parboiling. The research has shown that organic and upland farming have the potential to decrease the impact per unit of cultivated area. However, due to the lower grain yields, the environmental benefits per kg of the final products are greatly reduced in the case of upland rice production and almost cancelled for organic rice. LCA has proved to be an effective tool for understanding the eco-profile of Italian rice and should be used for transparent and credible communication between suppliers and their customers.     

Solar Assisted Small-Scale Biomass District Heating System in the Northern Part of Sweden

Abstract

This article presents a case study of a projected solar assisted biomass district heating system in the north of Sweden. It is generally known that a biomass district heating system combined with solar heat brings many important benefits. The most common system solution is to install a heat store and a large solar collector field near the heating central. No plant of this type is however in operation in the northern part of Sweden. The main reason for this is that the solar irradiation at these latitudes is very low when the demand for heat is high. Solar heat could however be useful during summer in order to generate hot tap water. One problem is that the heat losses, calculated as percentage of the delivered heat, become very large during these months. This article presents the idea of allowing the connected households to generate their own hot tap water using solar collectors and heat stores installed in each house. The district heating network can therefore be closed in summer, which eliminates the heat losses outside the heating period. A case study of a projected plant has been carried out and it is shown that it is possible to reduce the heat losses by 20% compared to a conventional system. This idea also provides many other important technical and economic benefits.     

Spatial assessment of the economic feasibility of short rotation coppice on radioactively contaminated land in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. I. Model description and scenario analysis

The economic feasibility of short rotation coppice (SRC) production and energy conversion in areas contaminated by Chernobyl-derived (137)Cs was evaluated taking the spatial variability of environmental conditions into account. Two sequential GIS-embedded submodels were developed for a spatial assessment, which allow for spatial variation in soil contamination, soil type, and land use. These models were applied for four SRC production and four energy conversion scenarios for the entire contaminated area of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia and for a part of the Bragin district, Belarus. It was concluded that in general medium-scale SRC production using local machines is most profitable. The areas near Chernobyl are not suitable for SRC production since the contamination levels in SRC wood exceed the intervention limit. Large scale SRC production is not profitable in areas where dry and sandy soils predominate. If the soil contamination does not exceed the intervention limit and sufficient SRC wood is available, all energy conversion scenarios are profitable.     

A NEW APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING IRRIGATION CONVEYANCE LOSSES AND THEIR ECONOMIC EVALUATION1

ABSTRACT: In this paper a new methodology for estimating conveyance efficiency within irrigation systems is presented. Based on statistical analysis of daily water releases from the source of supply and deliveries to the farmers in an irrigation district in Mexico, a linear model is obtained for estimating conveyance efficiency and two component factors. One of these factors points out the relative importance of the operational losses (i.e., losses due to water management), and the second shows the importance of the fixed losses which can be attributed to the average flow through the canal network without variations. In the last part of this paper, an analysis of the expected benefits and costs accruing from system improvement permits derivation of a decision rule which may be used for analyzing the economic feasibility of lining in-place canals.     

Uptake and distribution of iodine in rice plants

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were cultivated in an experimental field and separated at harvest into different components, including polished rice, rice bran, hull, straw, and root. The contents of iodine in these components and the soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and radiochemical neutron activation analysis, respectively. Iodine content varied by more than three orders of magnitude among the plant components. Mean concentration of iodine in the entire plants was 20 mg kg(-1) dry weight, and the concentration of iodine in the surface soil (0-20 cm depth) was 48 mg kg(-1). The highest concentration of iodine (53 mg kg(-1) dry weight) was measured in root and the lowest concentration (0.034 mg kg(-1) dry weight) in polished rice. While the edible component (polished rice) accounted for 32% of the total dry weight, it contained only 0.055% of iodine found in the entire rice plants. Atmospheric gaseous iodine (5.9 ng m(-3)) was estimated to contribute <0.2% of the total iodine content in the biomass of rice plants; therefore nearly all of the iodine in the rice plants was a result of the uptake of iodine from the soil. The content of iodine in the aboveground part of rice plants was 16 mg kg(-1) dry weight and the percentage of iodine transferred per cropping from the soil into the aboveground biomass corresponded to 0.27% (20 mg m(-2)) of the upper soil layer content.     

Removal of selenate in simulated agricultural drainage water by a rice straw bioreactor channel system

Removal of selenium (Se) from agricultural drainage water is important in protecting wetland wildlife. Three flow-through bioreactor channel systems (BCSs), each with three channels filled with rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw, were set in the laboratory to determine removal of selenate [Se(VI)] (1020 microg L(-1)) from drainage water with a salinity of 10.4 dS m(-1), a pH of 8.1, and a nitrate (NO3-) range of 0 to 100 mg L(-1). Results showed that the rice straw effectively reduced Se(VI) during 122 to 165 d of the experiments. Calculation of Se mass in the three BCSs showed that 89.5 to 91.9% of the input Se(VI) was reduced to red elemental Se [Se(0)], where 96.6 to 98.2% was trapped in the BCSs. Losses of each gram of rice straw were almost equal to the removal of 1.66 mg of Se from the drainage water as a form of red Se(0), indicating that rice straw is a very effective organic source for removing Se(VI) from drainage water.