钻井废水的生物强化处理简

从受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选菌株进行生物处理实验，确定7株菌进行菌剂配伍。通过正交实验剔除可能有抑制作用的菌株，并确定菌剂各组成菌株的最佳配比，制成复合微生物菌剂。考察5种添加物对菌剂的影响，结果显示，当硫酸铵的添加量为20 mg/L时降解率为60%，高于其他添加物。生物强化实验结果显示，投加菌剂的反应器对钻井废水的平均降解率为42%，比未投加菌剂的对照实验的平均降解率（16%）高，而且耐冲击负荷性和降解性能稳定性优于对照实验。     

高浓度钻井废水的混凝-催化氧化处理

以华北油田某深井的高浓度钻井废水(COD高达14 460.0 mg/L)为研究对象,提出了酸化-混凝-催化氧化-吸附的组合处理工艺。重点研制了钻井废水催化氧化处理催化剂(镍基催化剂),通过实验确定了最佳工艺参数条件。着重考察了催化氧化处理的工艺条件,在pH值为4,次氯酸钙投加量为4.4 g/L,催化剂投加量为1.6 g/L的条件下COD降至403.5 mg/L,进一步吸附处理后COD降至139.9 mg/L、色度为30倍、石油类含量为3.8 mg/L、pH为8.0和SS浓度为52mg/L,最终出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准,处理成本为84.8元/m3。     

钻井废泥浆脱水研究

以中国海洋石油总公司(CNOOC)某海上油田钻井废泥浆为研究对象,采用化学固液分离法,通过加入不同量的高分子絮凝剂、无机助滤剂强化脱水效果。结果表明:(1)将钻井废泥浆稀释至质量分数为25%,加入150 mg/kg阴离子聚丙烯酰胺A1920PAM乳液处理,污泥脱水效果和污泥滤出液澄清效果最好,此时泥饼含水率为35.33%。(2)硅藻土作为无机助滤剂效果良好,当加入量为2%(质量分数)时,硅藻土能显著地降低泥饼含水率、缩短钻井废泥浆抽滤达到负压所需时间和减少能耗。(3)钻井废泥浆脱出水可以作为稀释水循环使用,循环5次后,经过无机絮凝剂(C1510)处理降低其浊度,可以达到无限次循环利用要求。     

含铬钻井泥浆固化及影响因素

固化技术是含铬钻井泥浆无害化处理最有效的方法。以四川西部某钻井泥浆为研究对象，选取水泥、石灰、聚铝和水玻璃作为固化处理剂，运用正交试验研究了含铬钻井泥浆实验条件。最佳试验配方是：先将泥浆含水率调整为46%，水泥、聚铝、石灰和水玻璃的添加量分别为10%、1%、3%和0.5%。固化72 h，该试验配方对六价铬和总铬的固化率分别达到93%和95%，浸出六价铬浓度符合地下水三类水标准(GB/T14848-9)，浸出总铬浓度符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB5085.3-1996）。     

黄土地区石油钻井废弃泥浆处置对策研究

石油勘探开发过程中大量的废弃钻井泥浆会引起土壤、地表水和地下水的污染。选择长庆油田陕北采区区内5个井场的钻井泥浆进行研究，探索了石油钻井泥浆的处置对策。结果发现，物理方法很难直接从泥浆中分离出水。因此必须先破坏泥浆的胶体结构，使其失去稳定性，才能实现固液分离。为此提出了铁盐破胶，以粉煤灰、石灰为主凝固剂，外加黄土为辅料的泥浆固化处置技术。该技术处理泥浆的优化条件是：三氯化铁用量为0.6%，粉煤灰用量为25%，石灰用量为6%，黄土用量为40%。结果表明，采用该工艺处理废弃泥浆是行之有效的，使处理后水质各项指标均符合《综合污水排放标准》（GB 8978-1996）二级标准。     

Subsurface sediment contamination during borehole drilling with an air-actuated down-hole hammer

Drilling methods can severely alter physical, chemical, and biological properties of aquifers, thereby influencing the reliability of water samples collected from groundwater monitoring wells. Because of their fast drilling rate, air-actuated hammers are increasingly used for the installation of groundwater monitoring wells in unconsolidated sediments. However, oil entrained in the air stream to lubricate the hammer-actuating device can contaminate subsurface sediments. Concentrations of total hydrocarbons, heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, and Cd), and nutrients (particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) were measured in continuous sediment cores recovered during the completion of a 26-m deep borehole drilled with a down-hole hammer in glaciofluvial deposits. Total hydrocarbons, Cu, Ni, Cr and particulate organic carbon (POC) were all measured at concentrations far exceeding background levels in most sediment cores. Hydrocarbon concentration averaged 124 +/- 118 mg kg(-1) dry sediment (n = 78 samples) with peaks at depths of 8, 14, and 20 m below the soil surface (maximum concentration: 606 mg kg(-1)). The concentrations of hydrocarbons, Cu, Ni, Cr, and POC were positively correlated and exhibited a highly irregular vertical pattern, that probably reflected variations in air loss within glaciofluvial deposits during drilling. Because the penetration of contaminated air into the formation is unpreventable, the representativeness of groundwater samples collected may be questioned. It is concluded that air percussion drilling has strong limitations for well installation in groundwater quality monitoring surveys.     

A field trial for an ex-situ bioremediation of a drilling mud-polluted site

The remediation of drilling mud-polluted sites in the Southeast of Mexico is a top priority for Mexican oil industry. The objective of this work was to find a technology to remediate these sites. A field trial was performed by composting in biopiles, where four 1ton soil-biopiles were established, one treatment in triplicate and one unamended biopile. Amended biopiles were added with nutrients to get a C/N/P ratio of 100/3/0.5 plus a bulking agent (straw) at a soil/straw ratio of 97/3. Moisture content was maintained around 30-35%. Results showed that, after 180 d, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations decreased from 99300+/-23000mgTPHkg(-1) soil to 5500+/-770mgTPHkg(-1) for amended biopiles and to 22900+/-7800mgTPHkg(-1) for unamended biopile. An undisturbed soil control showed no change in TPH concentrations. Gas chromatographic analysis showed residual alkyl dibenzothiophene type compounds. Highest bacterial counts were observed during the first 30 d which correlated with highest TPH removal, whereas fungal count increased at the end of the experimentation period. Results suggested an important role of the straw, nutrient addition and water content in stimulating aerobic microbial activity and thus hydrocarbon removal. This finding opens an opportunity to remediate old polluted sites with recalcitrant and high TPH concentration.     

Particulate matter emissions associated with marcellus shale drilling waste disposal and transport

ABSTRACT

This study models emissions quantities and neighboring exposure concentrations of six airborne pollutants, including PM₁₀, PM_2.5, crystalline silica, arsenic, uranium, and barium, which resulted from the disposal of Marcellus shale drill cuttings waste during the 2011–2017 period. Using these predicted exposures, this study evaluates current setback distances required in Pennsylvania from waste facilities. For potential residents living at the perimeter of the current setback distance, 274 m (900 ft), a waste disposal rate of 612.4 metric tons per day at landfills (the 99th percentile in record) does not result in exceedances of the exposure limits for any of the six investigated pollutants. However, the current setback distance can result in exceedance with respect to the 24-hr daily concentration standards for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 established in the National Air Ambient Quality Standards (NAAQS), if daily waste disposal rate surpasses 900 metric tons per day. Dry depositions of barium-containing and uranium-containing particulate matter should not be a danger to public health based on these results. To investigate the air quality impacts of waste transportation and the potential for reductions, this article describes an optimization of landfill locations in Pennsylvania indicating the potential benefits in reduced environmental health hazard level possible by decreasing the distance traveled by waste disposal trucks. This strategy could reduce annual emissions of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 by a mean of 64% and reduce the expected number of annual fatal accidents by nearly half, and should be considered a potential risk management goal in the long run. Therefore, policy to limit or encourage reduction of distances traveled by waste removal trucks and manage setback distances as a function of delivered waste quantities is merited.     

聚磺钻井废水物化-生物协同处理技术

深井超深井聚磺钻井废水具有高色度、高悬浮物和高COD的特点,现有的物化处理技术存在的吸附剂再生困难、水处理剂用量大的缺陷。采用生物降解和膜分离技术,室内研究了物化-生物协同工艺的处理效果,并在川东北高酸性气田大湾404-1H和元坝222等井开展了现场实验。实验结果表明,处理后的水质全部达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

生物法处理含油钻井废水的影响因素研究

以含油钻井废水原浆为处理对象,研究了生物法处理过程中的相关影响因素.实验结果表明,氮、磷源是影响钻井废水中石油烃降解的重要因素,最佳氮、磷源及其加入量分别为(NH4)2SO4100 mg/L和KH2PO460 mg/L.在30～36℃,接种量15%,pH=6～8条件下处理72 h后可使钻井废水中的石油烃含量由805.6 mg/L下降到17.6 mg/L.     

Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore

In order to evaluate the effects on the marine ecosystem caused by an eventual discharge into sea of water based drilling fluids, as current legislation allows, chemical and ecotoxicological analyses were performed on the most common drilling muds and products used in Italian off-shore activities. The chemical analysis on drilling fluids involved the leaching test and the measurement of total content of heavy metals, whereas biodegradation tests were performed on the products used in mud's formulations. As for ecotoxicological evaluation, two marine organisms, the crustacean Artemia salina and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were selected to determine the LC₅₀ and the EC₅₀ respectively.     

三维电极法处理钻井废水影响因素分析

采取电化学法处理某钻井废水,考察了三维电极系统处理钻井废水时,废水浓度、电流密度、处理时间、电解质浓度和pH值对废水COD降解率的影响,实验结果表明,三维电极法处理钻井废水效果显著;增大电流密度、提高电解质浓度和延长处理时间能使COD去除率提高;最佳pH值为9。正交实验得到最优水平组合为A2B3C2D3E4,在此条件下COD去除率为86.56%。     

Mn_3O_4催化臭氧化处理钻井废水

采用锰系氧化物对钻井废水进行催化臭氧化处理,考察了不同初始pH、催化剂投加量以及臭氧投加量等因素对COD去除率的影响,探讨了Mn3O4表面电荷情况、化学吸附特性及催化臭氧产生·OH机理。结果表明,在初始pH为12,催化剂投加量为5g/L,臭氧投加量为18 mg/min,反应时间为20 min时,Mn3O4较Mn O2和单独臭氧氧化去除COD的效果更明显;Mn3O4的表面带负电荷,发生了水合羟基化过程,且Mn3O4与钻井废水中的污染物产生了化学吸附;臭氧与锰原子形成σπ-键合吸附于Mn3O4表面,经π*轨道能级的下降而进入活化状态,最终导致吸附于Mn3O4表面的OH-与臭氧相互作用产生·OH。     

钻井废液的超临界水氧化处理及动力学分析

在反应温度为500～600℃、压力为25～30 MPa、停留时间为30～600 s的条件下,在连续式反应器中研究了钻井废液的超临界水氧化反应.结果表明:钻井废液的COD去除率可达90.00%以上;在600℃、停留时间为600 s时,钻井废液氧化后,剩余收集液的COD＜120 mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)中的二级标准.用幂函数方程描述了氧化剂过量时钻井废液超临界水氧化的反应动力学规律,反应速率常数与温度的关系符合Arrhenius公式,随停留时间的增加、温度的升高,有机物的去除率显著增加;反应速率常数随压力升高而增加,但反应速率常数的增幅随压力的升高而减小,反应活化体积不是常数.在25 MPa时,反应活化能和频率因子分别为(17 745.430 40±1 114.983 42)kJ/mol和1.152 3×10-4s-1模型计算值与实验值的误差在±15%以内.     

Mn_3O_4催化臭氧化钻井废水的作用机理

通过静态实验,探讨了Mn3O4对钻井废水臭氧化过程的催化作用机理,考察了Mn3O4及Cl-对臭氧分解、水体湍动程度、羟基自由基抑制剂碳酸氢根和叔丁醇的加入对COD去除率的影响,分析了反应过程中TOC和p H的变化。结果表明,催化剂加量为100 mg/L时,臭氧分解率由单独臭氧时的38.2%增加到81.4%,Mn3O4对钻井废水中有机物的吸附去除率仅为2%,O3/活性炭体系对COD去除率与单独臭氧效果接近,说明臭氧在催化剂表面存在吸附作用,促进臭氧分解;水体不搅拌与搅拌速度增加为900 r/min时,COD去除率由52%增加到58%,搅拌程度对钻井废水COD去除效果影响不大;HCO-3浓度为100 mg/L时,COD去除率降低到41.2%,说明了体系中有羟基自由基产生;氯离子浓度为1 000 mg/L,臭氧的分解率降低了9.2%,证明了臭氧在催化剂表面的吸附作用;羟基自由基抑制剂叔丁醇的加入,使得COD去除率由54.3%降低为40.8%,证实了反应体系中存在羟基自由基。同时在反应过程中,体系的TOC由191.9 mg/L降低至37.6mg/L;p H由原来的11.2降低到6.3。实验现象说明,臭氧吸附在Mn3O4催化剂表面,分解产生羟基自由基,进而氧化去除钻井废水中有机物,这在某种程度上证明了Mn3O4催化臭氧化对有机物的降解遵循羟基自由基机理。     

含油钻屑高效除油剂及除油机理研究

油基钻井液在复杂井、深井的钻井作业中受到越来越多的使用和重视,但相应也产生了大量的废弃含油钻屑,带来了环境污染问题。针对含油钻屑的特点,研制了一种高效除油剂HBS-6,在阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、溶剂和软水剂等组分的协同作用下,利用强化分离设备,实现了钻屑含油的去除与无害化处置,含油钻屑除油率达90%以上。同时,还采用红外光谱、气相色谱和液相色谱等分析手段,研究了除油剂HBS-6的作用机理。HBS-6含有HLB值高且能生物降解的阴离子表面活性剂,以保证除油剂的清洗能力和环保性,同时还采用HLB值低的非离子表面活性剂,以提高对油的乳化和除油能力,为含油钻屑的无害化处理拓展了一条新的技术途径。     

生物法修复废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的研究进展

废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥是石油工业产生最多的含油固体废弃物。它们是一种含有多种复杂成分的悬浊液,包括石油烃(PHCs)、水、重金属、化学处理剂和固体泥沙颗粒。由于其具有环境危害性,且产量逐渐增加,对其有效地处理和处置引起世界各国的广泛关注。综述了废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的性质、对环境的影响和生物修复方法,并介绍了生物修复PHCs的影响因素,同时初步探讨了两者中除PHCs之外其他污染物的处理方法。目前的生物修复方法都有不同的优势和局限性,未来应该进一步关注对现有处理技术的改进和不同技术的结合,使废弃钻井泥浆和含油污泥的处理既能达到无害化、资源化,又能节省处理成本。     

废弃油基钻井液热化学破乳-离心分离实验

废弃油基钻井液是一种含油量较高的油包水稳定体系,具有回收利用价值。采用热化学破乳-离心分离的方法,考察了破乳剂加量、破乳温度、离心机转速、破乳时间、离心时间和破乳剂浓度对废弃油基钻井液分离的影响。通过实验确定了破乳效果最好的破乳剂为巴斯夫L62,并对热化学破乳-离心分离废弃油基钻井液的影响因素进行了优化实验研究。实验结果表明,在破乳剂加量300 mg/L、离心机转速8 000 r/min、破乳温度80℃、破乳时间3 h、离心时间25 min和破乳剂质量浓度0.25%的条件下,热化学破乳-离心法处理废弃油基钻井液的脱水率达75%、脱油率达72.73%。热化学破乳-离心分离方法回收废弃油基钻井液中的油具有潜在的应用价值。     

利用化学强化分离-无害化技术处理废弃油基钻井液

废弃油基钻井液因其含有油类、重金属、有机物等污染物,属国家危险废弃物,处理难度大.通过大量室内实验研究,首次采用化学强化分离-无害化技术处理废弃油基钻井液,研制了新型清油剂和无害化处理药剂,回收了废弃油基钻井液中的油类,油回收率达90%以上.回收油的品质好,除机械杂质和灰分指标外,所测的几项指标均达到GB252-200...