硫氧同位素示踪南京北郊大气PM2.5中硫酸盐来源

采用EA-IRMS联用技术对2014年1月南京北郊大气细粒子(PM2.5)中硫酸盐的硫和氧同位素组成进行了分析,结合大气颗粒物化学组成,追溯南京北郊大气PM2.5中硫酸盐的来源,并评估了各污染源的贡献率.结果表明,2014年1月南京北郊硫酸盐气溶胶的硫同位素组成(δ34S)范围为2.7‰~6.4‰,平均值为5.0‰±0.9‰(n=16);氧同位素组成(δ18O)值范围为10.6‰~16.1‰,平均值为12.5‰±1.37‰(n=16).通过气溶胶与可能污染源的δ34S值对比和后向轨迹分析,得出结论:研究区域大气中硫同位素组成主要受当地燃煤中硫的影响,其次是远距离传输硫.此外,有低δ34S值硫源存在,但贡献比较小,可能来自生物成因硫.绝对主因子分析结果显示:人为成因硫和远距离传输硫贡献率分别为46.74%和31.54%.     

衡阳大气硫同位素组成环境意义的研究

1996-1997年度衡阳大气硫同位素监测结果是:大气降水δ(34S)均值为6.12‰,大气二氧化硫δ(34S)均值为-3.48‰,大气气溶胶δ(34S)均值为10.73‰.数值体系较好地符合硫同位素分馏规律,研究认为,该地大气环境受西南气流影响甚微,北方南下气流进一步推断为作用该地大气硫的主因;生物硫源对降水硫影响不容忽视;衡阳与珠江三角洲及粤北城市硫同位素监测结果均不支持降水硫同位素区域分异学说.      

南昌市雨水和湖水硫同位素特征的研究

为探讨南昌市酸雨的硫源,研究了2006年南昌市区雨水、湖水的pH值、硫酸根离子浓度和硫同位素组成,并对市区用煤的δ34S值进行了测定。结果表明,雨水硫同位素组成的变化范围在-3.5‰~5.5‰之间,且具有夏季轻,冬、春季重的特点。湖泊水、赣江水的δ34S值变化范围在4.3‰~10.3‰之间。2006年南昌市酸雨污染较严重,冬春季时雨水的酸度较大。雨水中硫的来源是由生物成因硫、人为成因硫和海源硫综合贡献的,夏季生物硫贡献比重大,冬春季人为硫是主要贡献者,海源硫贡献可能很小。     

三峡库首秭归地区大气降水硫同位素组成及示踪研究

2009年6月～2010年7月对三峡库首秭归地区大气降水SO24-含量和硫同位素组成特征进行了连续1 a的研究.结果表明,秭归地区降水SO24-浓度在31.4～668.1μmol.L-1之间,加权平均浓度为161.9μmol.L-1;降水SO24-硫同位素值δ34S在-2.14‰～6.07‰之间,平均值为2.06‰±1.97‰.SO24-含量季节变化特征明显,夏秋季节低,冬春季节高;而δ34S值则冬季偏正,而其他3个季节都相对偏负.对硫同位素值分析表明,生物来源硫可能对当地大气降水酸度有一定的贡献,且在夏秋季节尤为明显.     

酸雨的硫源及其硫同位素示踪综述

酸雨是目前人类所面临的主要环境问题之一。世界大部分地区为硫酸型酸雨,硫同位素的示踪研究对于探讨酸雨的来源与酸雨的治理具有重要的意义。本文论述了酸雨的不同硫源(人工成因硫、生物成因硫、远距离硫)的硫同位素组成特征;从煤的硫同位素组成、大气降水的硫同位素组成和小麦等植物的硫同位素组成等三方面来论述了酸雨来源的硫同位素示踪意义。     

气溶胶稳定硫同位素研究进展

稳定硫同位素可以用来示踪硫酸盐气溶胶的来源、迁移和转化的过程.本文首先介绍了目前气溶胶稳定硫同位素相关的分析测试方法,即EA-IRMS、MC-ICPMS和NanoSIMS.归纳了国内外气溶胶δ34S的时空组成特征,两极和沿海区域气溶胶δ34S值普遍高于内陆区域;冬季燃煤和夏季生物排放作用使得气溶胶δ34S值冬高夏低.同时,综述了硫酸盐气溶胶稳定硫同位素分馏特征,其质量分馏与SO2氧化途径有关,非质量分馏与SO2光化学反应、燃烧过程和矿物粉尘表面的非均相氧化有关.最后,探讨了稳定硫同位素在示踪气溶胶硫酸盐来源方面的应用,分析了人为成因硫和自然成因硫对气溶胶硫酸盐的贡献;并展望了稳定硫同位素在未来大气气溶胶溯源中的应用,以期为控制硫酸盐气溶胶的污染源提供科学依据.     

南京地区大气PM2.5潜在污染源硫碳同位素组成特征

基于南京地区大气PM_(2.5)潜在污染源,采用EA-IRMS技术分别测定了样品中硫碳同位素组成,并分析不同污染源之间的关联性.结果表明,南京地区煤炭烟灰δ~(34)S值范围为1.8‰~3.7‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-25.50‰~-23.57‰;机动车尾气δ~(34)S值范围为4.6‰~9.7‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-26.32‰~-23.57‰;生物质烟灰δ~(34)S值范围为5.2‰~9.9‰,δ~(13)C值范围为-19.30‰~-30.42‰;扬尘δ~(13)C值为-13.45‰.南京地区煤炭烟灰颗粒物的硫同位素较轻,扬尘的碳同位素较重.对比国内外不同污染源δ~(34)S与δ~(13)C值,南京地区大气PM_(2.5)中的潜在污染源的δ~(34)S与δ~(13)C具有明显的区域性.因此,潜在污染源的δ~(34)S、δ~(13)C值可为南京地区大气PM_(2.5)的源解析提供同位素组成源谱支持.     

南京北郊地区昼夜大气PM2.5中硫同位素的组成及来源

为研究南京地区昼夜大气PM_2.5中的硫同位素组成情况,采用Delta V Advantage同位素质谱仪技术对2016年3-4月南京北郊地区大气PM_2.5中昼夜δ34S（硫同位素值）进行分析,结合大气颗粒物化学组成,追溯昼夜大气PM_2.5及SO₄2-的来源.结果表明:南京北郊地区PM_2.5和SO₄2-的整体变化趋势一致,具有同源性.南京北郊地区白天大气PM_2.5的δ34S范围为4.23‰~7.16‰,平均值为5.45‰±0.91‰;晚上δ34S的范围为4.20‰~6.73‰,平均值为5.22‰±0.83‰.相较于晚上,白天δ34S略高主要与NO_x对SO₂的异相氧化反应和机动车尾气的排放有关.重霾天δ34S范围为4.20‰~7.16‰,平均值为5.39‰±0.87‰;清洁天δ34S范围为3.14‰~5.14‰,平均值为4.03‰±0.57‰.重霾天的硫源与燃煤、机动车尾气排放及NO_x对SO₂的异相氧化反应有关;而清洁天主要受到机动车尾气排放及SO₂与O₃均相氧化反应的影响.研究显示,南京北郊地区ρ（PM_2.5）昼大于夜,而ρ（SO₄2-）夜大于昼,重霾天大气PM_2.5的δ34S高于清洁天,这主要与NO_x、SO₂、O₃的相互转化有关.      

基于硫氧同位素研究南京北郊夏季大气中硫酸盐来源及氧化途径

采用EA-IRMS联用技术对2014年夏季南京北郊大气PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐的硫和氧同位素组成进行了分析,计算了SO_2氧化为硫酸盐的异相和均相氧化过程的贡献率以及一次、二次硫酸盐的比例.结果表明,2014年夏季南京北郊大气中硫酸盐气溶胶的硫同位素组成(δ~(34)S)范围为1.7‰~4.8‰,平均值为3.2‰±1.0‰(n=15);氧同位素组成(δ~(18)O)值范围为7.5‰~12.9‰,平均值为9.3‰±1.7‰(n=15).通过比较气溶胶硫酸盐及可能污染源的δ~(34)S,该研究区域夏季大气中的硫源主要来自当地燃煤与尾气排放.大气气溶胶中的硫酸盐主要为二次硫酸盐,且SO_2的氧化途径以均相氧化为主,比例为59.3%.夏季大气中SO_2的异相氧化以过量O_2下的Fe~(3+)催化氧化为主,均相氧化的主要机制包括O_3氧化反应及NO_2氧化反应.     

西南喀斯特农业区大气降水化学及硫同位素组成特征

西南酸雨区属于中国重要的酸雨区,为了理解其中喀斯特农业区酸雨成因及其变化趋势,本研究于2016年5月至2017年9月在中国科学院普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站进行了大气降水采集(n=147),分析了其水化学成分和硫酸盐硫同位素组成(δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-))。结果表明,研究区内710%的降水为非酸性雨水(pH56),降水中SO_4~(2-)和Ca~(2+)为主要离子,分别占总阴、阳离子浓度的781%和566%。与研究区2008年降水中硫酸盐浓度(加权平均浓度为1406μmol/L)相比,本次采样期间降水中SO_4~(2-)浓度(加权平均浓度为989μmol/L)显著降低。在研究期间,降水δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)为-65‰～212‰,加权平均值为13‰±62‰,与贵阳2008～2009年降水δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)(平均值-28‰±14‰)相比有所升高,说明研究区降水硫酸盐中来自工业燃煤排放的贡献降低。研究区降水化学组分和δ34S-SO_4~(2-)均受到降雨量的影响,随着降水量减小,SO_4~(2-)浓度升高,δ~(34)S-SO_4~(2-)则下降,工业燃煤对雨水中硫酸盐的贡献也增加。西南喀斯特农业区大气硫酸盐沉降介于城市和森林之间,季节变化明显,受控于工业燃煤排放和生物成因硫释放。该研究表明优化产业结构,降低工业燃煤,可进一步优化大气环境。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.