基于环境管理的排污许可证内容设计

分析企业环境管理及固定污染源环境行政管理现存的问题,从环境管理角度出发,重新审视排污许可制度内涵,明确了排污许可证内容设计总体思路、原则,重构了排污许可证框架,完善了证照内容设计,为实现排污许可证作为政府环境监管的执法依据、企业环境行为的守法文书、公众环保监督的参与平台提供技术指导。     

实施排污许可证制度强化企业环境管理

实施排污许可证制度,是对水污染物排放在浓度控制的基础上实行总量控制,对排污单位发放排污许可证。运用行政手段,强化对水环境的管理,促进水环境管理由定性化向定量化转变,实行重点污染源重点控制,重点水域重点保护,加速环境目标实现的一种有效管理制度。排污许可证制度,注入企业管理机制,给环保工作带来生机。企业有了排污总量指标的自我约束和目标追求,推动环境管理从局部、零星的随机管理,转向系统化管理。把生产工艺、污染治理、控制排污有机的结合起来,克服生产、环保“两张皮”的现象,有利于提高企业“三个效益”。     

总量控制要求现行排污收费体制改革

总量控制要求现行排污收费体制改革阎庆伟为逐步实现总量控制，自１９８８年５月，国家环保局正式在上海、金华、徐州等１８个城市率先进行了排放水污染物许可证制度的试点工作。为排污许可证制度的全面推广摸索经验，各试点城市经过３年的努力，在实行排放水污染物许可方...     

各地信息

常州市完成排污许可证管理研究继水污染物排放许可证工作试点城市通过国家环保局验收后,常州市环保局又完成了全市实施排污许可证管理的研究。该项研究,是在“六五”科研成果常州运河纳污量及水环境综合整治规划研究成果的基础上,结合排污许可证实施试点的管理实践,就排污许可证管理工作众所关心的主要问题,如现阶段排污许可证制度运行机制,许可证管理的特点、方法、程序,许可证管理的配套制度、措施及其与其他管理制度的协同等,作了研究。通过对排污许可证制度在企业管理中的作用进行较系统的科学分析,提出了相应的对策和措沲。研究者立足于提高许     

排污许可证制度存在的问题

我国现行的排污许可证制度是在1989年提出的，在一些城市进行了试点，经实践证明，这是一种行之有效的公害控制环境政策。国家通过发放排污许可证，既使排污企业可以继续进行现有的生产，又可以达到公害控制的目的。[第一段]     

汕头：统一排污许可证

近期，汕头市大力推进排污许可证管理，以统一全市排污许可证为切入点，解决长期以来各地发证标准不一，发证率低或重发证、轻管理的问题，为充分发挥许可证在环境监管中的主导作用打下基础。修订后的新版排污许可证包括正证和副证两部分。新版排污许可证有机地整合了环评审批、三同时验收、排污申报、排污交易、环境监测、环境标准、环保设施监管、排污口设置管理等方面的规定。新版排污许可证的编号采用“行政区域代码＋流水号＋企业类型”的登记方式，编号将伴随企业“终生”，成为企业纳入管理的“身份证号”。     

关于排污许可制度改革实施的几个关键问题探讨

排污许可制度是发达国家普遍实行并证明行之有效的环境管理制度,也是环境质量改善的基础核心制度。文章针对各地原有排污许可证制度与新制度衔接、基于环境质量和最佳技术的许可限值核定、排污许可证管理范围和内容、与其他相关制度共生共存、排污许可证监管力度、企业环境管理水平和人员素质等问题,分析了排污许可证改革实施可能面临的若干挑战,并针对这些问题和挑战,提出了相应的措施建议。     

排污许可证在企业环保工作中的作用分析

近年来,环保已经成为社会的热门话题,在企业生产和发展过程中,做好环保工作属于关键。排污许可证是国家颁发的一种证件,通过颁布排污许可证,能够更好的优化企业环保工作,减少乱排乱放现象。因此,文章首先分析了在企业环保工作中实施排污许可证存在的问题,然后探究排污许可证在企业环保工作中的作用,最后对企业加强环保工作的具体策略进行分析,以供参考。     

推行排污许可证制度强化环境监督管理

本文归纳了排污许可证制度的基本特点、论述了排污许可证在环境污染防治中的作用，结合国家制定的总体思路，提出了推行排污许可证制度，强化环境监督管理的措施。     

排污许可制度基层实践与顶层设计优化探索

全面实施排污许可制度,是强化排污者责任、提高固定污染源管理效能,改善环境质量的重要制度保障。本研究基于对全国多个省(自治区、直辖市)市、县两级排污许可证核发和监管部门及多家已申领排污许可证企业的广泛调研,深入分析了基层排污许可制度改革推进情况、实践经验及存在的困难,从完善法规政策、加强证后监管、优化许可证设计、推进信息化建设和应用等方面,提出了进一步探索优化排污许可制度改革顶层设计的建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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