Isolation of Cr(Ⅵ) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

铅和铬污染包气带及再释放规律的实验研究

利用有机玻璃柱模拟包气带,研究了Pb2+和Cr6+在污染包气带时的迁移转化规律,以及雨水淋洗受污染包气带中重金属再释放规律.结果表明:包气带受重金属污染过程中,铅和铬在粗砂包气带中的迁移速率分别为7.25cm/d和0.4cm/d,远大于其在细砂包气带中的迁移速率4.46cm/d和0.36cm/d,且Cr2O72-形式存在的六价铬在包气带中的迁移速率比的铅离子迁移速率大10倍以上;在模拟实验中,溶液在通过包气带区域时六价铬还原为三价铬的反应很弱,通过包气带的水样中三价铬未检出,并且包气带介质中三价铬含量(0.006mg/kg)几乎为零;雨水淋洗铬和铅污染的粗砂和细砂包气带模拟研究中铅淋洗溶出率为0.056%和0.112%,铬淋洗溶出率为62.33%和40.36%.因此,Cr2O72-在砂质包气带中的迁移性很强且容易从介质表面淋洗去除,而铅在介质中的迁移性较差且很难从介质中淋洗去除掉.     

六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4还原机理及酶学性质研究

从宝钢电镀污泥中分离得到1株六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4,在液体LB培养基中培养72　h完全还原2　mmol/L Cr⁶⁺.测定该菌株六价铬还原后细胞内外六价铬和总铬浓度,检测细胞各组分六价铬还原能力,并结合扫描电镜分析六价铬还原前后细胞形态的变化.结果表明,细菌的细胞壁膜能阻止六价铬进入细胞,是六价铬发生还原的主要场所,其通透性的改变将影响六价铬还原酶的作用;该菌株六价铬还原酶为非分泌型,在细菌细胞内侧发生作用.测定六价铬还原酶活性和稳定性：其最适温度范围25～37℃,最适pH 7,Cu2＋有增强六价铬还原酶活性的作用;在37℃,该菌株六价铬还原酶K_m为125.61 μmol/L,V_max为7.68 nmol/(min·mg).     

Bio-immobilization and recovery of chromium using a denitrifying biofilm system: Identification of reaction zone, binding forms and end products

Chromium is an important resource in strategic metals. Different from most studies focusing on the bio-reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], this study aims to achieve the immobilization and recovery of chromium using a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Results showed that Cr(VI) removal efficiency remained more than 99%, and 97% of reduced Cr(III) was immobilized in the biofilm. Immobilization zone, chromium forms and extracellular polymeric substances composition changes were combined to reveal the mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. The chromium distribution in biofilm demonstrated that intercellular layer was the main active zone with an immobilization amount of 891.70±126.32 mg/g-VSS. The reduced products analysis confirmed that trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] chelated with carboxyl, amino and other functional groups and immobilized in the form of organic Cr(III). The digestion method realized a chromium recovery efficiency of 74.59%. This study provides an alternative method for the bioremediation and resources recovery in chromium polluted wastewater.     

滤膜富集-超声波提取-二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定环境空气PM2.5中六价铬研究

建立了纤维素滤膜采样、超声波提取、二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定环境空气PM2.5中六价铬的方法.采样前滤膜用硝酸溶液净化以去除空白,碳酸氢钠溶液浸渍以降低六价铬的转化.稳定性试验表明常温下样品保存期不超过2天,冷冻条件下可保存10天.样品用碳酸氢钠溶液和超声波提取优于热水提取.浓度低于1 mg/L的铁、镁、钼和钒不干扰六价铬分析.方法简单灵敏,检出限0.1ng/m3,实际样品平行测量相对偏差为5.9%～18%,加标回收率为76%～92%,可应用于环境空气中六价铬的测定.     

ε-聚赖氨酸生产废菌体对六价铬吸附影响的研究

以ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)发酵生产废菌体小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)PD-1为研究对象,探讨了其对吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.实验过程中,对预处理方式、pH、初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、吸附时间和温度等因素进行了考察.结果表明,HCl预处理的菌体具有较好的吸附能力,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附增加率达到22.7%,最佳pH为2.0左右,温度对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大.实验过程中分别采取Langmuir和Freundlich 2种吸附等温模型对实验数据进行了拟合,得到2个模型的线性相关系数R2分别为0.979 4和0.979 8,这表明吸附过程中既存在单层吸附同时也存在复杂的多层吸附,小白链霉菌对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大理论吸附量为23.92mg.g-1.通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析,酰胺基和羟基等基团在吸附过程中起主要作用.     

Elimination of a pollution associated with chromic acid during the electro-deposition of Cr(III) using appropriate anodic and membrane materials in a double film bath

A method using trivalent chromium has been used to replace hexavalent chromium for the electro-deposition of chromium. Using a tri-chamber bath system various anodic materials and membranes were evaluated to minimize the production of environmentally and health damaging chromic acid. By measuring the absorbance of Cr(VI) at 640 nm, the results indicate that the use of a titanium plated ruthenium (Ti-Ru) anode produces the least amount of chromic acid byproduct compared to lead-gold alloy and graphite anodes. The concentration of Cr(VI) in the immediate vicinity of the Ti-Ru anode decreased from 0.389 mg/L to 0 during a 40-min deposition period. The use of a Nafion^TM quaternary cation exchange membrane portioning the buffer and anode selectively prevented Cr(III) from entering the anode compartment whilst allowing the migration of H⁺ to maintain overall voltaic continuity. It has been demonstrated that the use of a Ti-Ru anode with a Nafion^TM membrane can eliminate the production of chromic acid associated with the electro-deposition of chromium plate thereby preventing its health damaging exposure to plant operators and preventing discharge of Cr(VI) into the environment. Addition of a surfactant improved current efficiency by 34.7%.     

硫酸根对颗粒铁去除铬动力学影响研究

铁渗透反应格栅是铬污染地下水的有效去除技术,但地下水中SO42-对铁格栅长期运行性能影响还不清楚。文章采用批实验和柱实验的方法,分别研究了硫酸根离子浓度对颗粒铁从液相去除常量C(rVI)(20mg/L)的动力学影响及这种影响随时间的变化。批试验表明,随SO42-浓度的增加,C(rVI)的面积标准化速率系数kSA增加。柱试验采用三个平行柱实验系统连续输入含20mg/LC(rVI)的模拟地下水(含或不含SO42(-1000mg/L))。柱实验表明,运行100PV以前,SO42-显著增大颗粒铁对C(rVI)的面积标准化速率常数kSA,随后SO42-增强作用逐渐减弱,运行337PV时,SO42-没有明显的影响。硫酸根离子通过在铁表面形成配合物而加速铁的溶解,增加颗粒铁的表面活性,从而增强颗粒铁对C(rVI)的去除,生物作用不强时可以不考虑硫酸根对铁格栅长期运行性能的影响。     

Screening of leather auxiliaries for their role in toxic hexavalent chromium formation in leather—posing potential health hazards to the users

With increasing concern about the potential health hazards of toxic chemicals in consumer articles such as leather products, many countries importing these articles have introduced stringent stipulation for the permissible levels of such chemicals in these articles. Hexavalent chromium is one such toxic metal ion included in the list of regulated substances. The problem is unique to leather industry as it uses only trivalent chromium based salts in the tanning process but faces the problem of presence of Cr(VI) in the end product. Efforts are being made to understand the reasons for the presence of hexavalent chromium in leather and to devise strategies for eliminating the same in processing. This paper describes our attempt to investigate the role of potential post-tanning (wet finishing) and finishing auxiliaries used in leather processing in the conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) in the chrome-tanned leather. The auxiliaries were also screened for the presence of oxidizing functionality and the amount estimated as persulfate. The study reveals that the auxiliaries suspected of having a role in Cr(VI) formation do have considerable quantities of residual oxidizing functionality capable of converting Cr(III) to Cr(VI). The study with persulfate as the model oxidizing agent confirms the role of oxidizing agents in the formation of quantities of Cr(VI) well above the permissible limit of 3 mg/kg in leather matrix, which basically provides a reducing environment.     

Identification and characterization of the chromium（Ⅵ） responding protein from a newly isolated Ochrobactrum anthropi CTS-325

A Gram-negative, chromium(VI) tolerant and reductive strain CTS-325, isolated from a Chinese chromate plant, was identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi based on its biochemical properties and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It was able to tolerate up to 10 mmol/L Cr(VI) and completely reduce 1 mmol/L Cr(VI) to Cr(III) within 48 h. When the strain CTS-325 was induced with Cr(VI), a protein increased significantly in the whole cell proteins. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that this protein was a superoxide dismutase (SOD) homology. The measured superoxide dismutase activity was 2694 U/mg after three steps of purification. The SOD catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion (O₂^·−) into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. This protein is considered to be one of the most important anti-oxidative enzymes for O. anthropi as it allows the bacterium to survive high oxygen stress environments, such as the environment produced during the reduction process of Cr(VI).     

Study on activated carbon in chromium-containingwastewater treatment by XPS

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铬渣污染土壤稳定化技术研究

选用3种不同类型的铬渣污染土壤(A土、B土和C土)作为研究对象,探讨了6种稳定化药剂对污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果,并研究了不同药剂对各形态Cr稳定化效果。结果表明:FeSO4和Na2S对Cr(Ⅵ)都有很好的还原效果,葡萄糖次之,Na2SO3效果一般,柠檬酸和腐植酸效果不好;FeSO4和Na2S对B土、C土中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达到90%以上,对A土中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率则低于85%;稳定化药剂主要是将酸可提取态Cr转化为其他形态,FeSO4效果最明显,可将80%以上的酸可提取态Cr转化为其他形态,主要为可还原态Cr;葡萄糖主要将之转化为可氧化态Cr;鉴于FeSO4的良好的还原效果,选择FeSO4作为稳定化药剂,且FeSO4添加量为理论投加量的20时较合适,浸出液可以满足地下水三级标准的50μg/L;经济性分析,处理1t清洗后土壤的药品费用为8.91元。     

阴极pH控制对电动修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染高岭土影响研究

试验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制高岭土中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量分数为100mg/kg和500mg/kg。试验研究了对阴极电解产生的OH-的控制对电动修复效率的影响以及不同的控制方式对电动修复效率的影响。试验结果表明:对阴极电解产生的pH进行控制可以明显提高Cr(Ⅵ)去除效率;多种控制方式中,以盐酸的中和控制最为有效,可使去除效率达到90.8%,但引起的土壤酸化问题应当进一步进行研究。     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬(Ⅵ)地下水的实验研究

用硫酸改性的粉煤灰作为吸附剂,处理含铬(Ⅵ)为5mg/L地下水,最佳条件为:pH=2,液固比10000:3,25℃下反应3h。处理后水样铬(VI)浓度0.03mg/L,满足(GB/T 14848-93)《地下水环境质量标准》。在不改变原水pH条件下,增加粉煤灰用量,水样中铬(VI)浓度也可由5mg/L降至0.05mg/L。同时,吸附剂对铬(VI)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温线。     

PM2.5中Cr(Ⅵ)的采集与分析方法优化研究

环境空气中的六价铬〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕对人体健康及生态环境有较大影响,但由于测量大气中Cr(Ⅵ)有诸多困难,目前国内对Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的观测相对较少. 为建立可靠、灵敏度高的大气PM_2.5中Cr(Ⅵ)的检测方法,构建了基于离子色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用(IC-ICP-MS)分析Cr(Ⅵ)的方法,并对PM_2.5中Cr(Ⅵ)的采样与提取方法进行了优化,同时应用该方法在北京市进行了样品采集与分析. 结果表明:①样品采集前,为了降低空白滤膜中Cr背景值,滤膜的预处理优化方式为将滤膜浸泡在10%的硝酸溶液中约10 h,超纯水冲洗后在0.12 mol/L碳酸氢钠溶液中浸泡约10 h;在样品提取过程中,将超声温度维持在25 ℃以下,且保证采样后样品保存时间少于29 d,能有效提高样品回收率. ②对IC-ICP-MS测定大气PM_2.5中Cr(Ⅵ)的方法进行优化后,其检出限为0.001 5 ng/m3,加标回收率为92.8%,精确度为7.8%,较离子色谱法检出时间更短、检出限更低,能准确测定环境空气PM_2.5中的ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕. ③基于采集到的样品分析表明,北京市PM_2.5中ρ〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕平均值为(0.095±0.104)ng/m3. 研究显示,构建的IC-ICP-MS方法对Cr(Ⅵ)的检出限(0.001 5 ng/m3)低于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中Cr(Ⅵ)的参考限值(0.025 ng/m3),且在环境空气中具有较好的稳定性,满足国内环境空气中Cr(Ⅵ)的测定需求.      

Laboratory scale studies on removal of chromium from industrial wastes

Chromium being one of the major toxic pollutants is discharged from electroplating and chrome tanning processes and is also found in the effluents of dyes,paint pigments,manufacturing units etc.Chromium exists in aqueous systems in both trivalent(Cr^3 )and hexavalent (Cr^6 )forms.The hexavalent form is carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life,whereas Cr^3 is however comparatively less toxic.This study was undertaken to investigate the total chromium removal from industial effluents by chemical means in order to achieve the Pakistan NEQS level of 1 mg/L by the methods of reduction and precipitation.The study was conducted in four phase Ⅰ,the optimum pH and cost effective reducing agent among the four popular commercial chemicals was selected.As a result,pH of 2 was found to be most suitable and sodium meta bisulfate was found to be the most cost effective reducing agent respectively.Phase Ⅱ showed that lower dose of sodium meta hisulfate was sufficient to obtain 100% efficiency in reducing Cr^6 to Cr^3 ,and it was noted that reaction time had no significance in the whole process.A design curve for reduction process was established which can act as a tool for treatment of industrial effluents.Phase Ⅲ studies indicated the best pH was 8.5 for precipitation of Cr^3 to chromium hydroxide by using lime.An efficiency of 100% was achievable and a settling time of 30 minutes produced clear effluent.Finally in Phase Ⅳ actual waste samples from chrome tanning and electroplating industries,when precipitated at pH of 12 gave 100% efficiency at a settling time of 30 minutes and confirmed that chemical means of reduction and precipitation is a feasible and viable solution for treating chromium wastes from industries.     

风化铬渣与新鲜铬渣中六价铬溶出特性的研究

采用直接淋浸法对风化铬渣及新鲜铬渣进行了六谷铬溶出的条件试验，60min的浸泡时间，80目以下的粒度对渣水比250g/200mL的新渣中Cr(VI)浸出率达69．4％，渣水比250g/200mL,500g/400mL,750g/600mL的风化渣中Cr(VI)的总溶出率分别为70．2％，86．3％，94．0％，其中第一次淋滤溶出率分别达48．1％，70．0％，81．6％，低PH值的淋浸水有利于Cr(VI)的浸出，在PH值为3时溶出率达高峰，Cr（VI）浸出质量比自然条件（近中性）高出14．1％－16．3％，增大管径和降低装置的滤面负荷可提高浸出效果，在直径80mm管径，500g铬渣装填料，滤面负荷9．95g/cm^2时，Cr（VI）溶出率达98．7％，真空抽滤可提高Cr（VI）浸出速率，但降低了滤液中Cr（VI）的浓度和溶出质量，上述试验结果表明了直接淋浸法回收铬渣中六价铬的可行性，并可作为工业化装置的设计参数。     

HPLC-ICPMS对环境样品中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分析研究

采用动态反应池(Dynamic Reaction Cell,DRC)消除环境样品中碳和氯对铬ICP-MS测定的干扰,实验结果表明O2比CH4能更加有效地消除基体干扰,52Cr更适宜作为铬形态分析的同位素。在优化的DRC条件下2.284μg/L、4.886μg/L和10.579μg/L 3个加标浓度下均具有理想的回收率。进一步采用Pecosphere C8分析柱(3×3),深入研究了流动相组成、pH值及流速对铬形态分离的影响,在1.0 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAH)+0.5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)+1%甲醇流动相组成,pH 6.9和流速1.2 mL/min的色谱条件下可以得到最为理想的分离效果,在10～100μg/L标准浓度范围内,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的线性相关系数均大于0.999 7,建立的方法对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的重复性。最后尝试性地对模拟填埋场和地下水环境下市政污泥在脱水、干化和热解过程中铬形态的环境迁移性进行了研究,为更加准确评价铬元素对生态环境的潜在危害提供参考依据。     

双极膜电渗析法去除水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)

运用双极膜电渗析法（BMED）去除模拟废水中的Cr（Ⅵ）并以H₂CrO₄的形式对其进行回收。探究了电解质浓度、电流密度、Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度对Cr（Ⅵ）去除的影响。结果表明:当Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度为500 mg/L时,电解质浓度为1 g/L,电流密度为2 mA/cm2时,Cr（Ⅵ）去除率最高为97.6%。当在BMED中串联2个和3个废水室时,可有效降低单位去除能耗,提高电流效率,且所有废水室中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率均>97.0%。随着废水室的数量从1增加到2和3,单位去除能耗分别从19.49×10-3 kW·h/g降低到7.76×10-3,4.17×10-3 kW·h/g,电流效率分别从31.5%提高到125.8%和284.4%。双极膜电渗析法可作为一种从水溶液中去除和回收Cr（Ⅵ）的有效方法。     

硫铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的长效还原稳定化研究

针对酸溶态占比高的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤还原解毒不彻底、后期易返黄的问题,确定了水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)快速还原、酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)长效缓释还原的修复思路。试验考察了单独添加硫铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)处理的效果,并采用FeSO₄·7H₂O、硫铁矿分步还原法探究处理后污染土壤的长效稳定性,进行了540 d的长期监测。结果表明:FeSO₄·7H₂O还原药剂长效性较差,在自然环境中容易发生氧化,失去还原效能,无法完全还原缓慢释放的酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ),有必要加入长效还原缓释药剂对酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)进行持续还原。硫铁矿单独修复水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)为主的污染土壤,在添加20%的硫铁矿,反应14 d的条件下,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度降至30.4 mg/L。采用FeSO₄·7H₂O和硫铁矿分步还原酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,先加入2%的FeSO₄·7H₂O,养护3 d后再加入3%的硫铁矿反应27 d,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度即降至0.29 mg/L,加入5%的硫铁矿,反应4 d后Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度即可降至0.43 mg/L,之后Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度保持稳定。经过540 d的长期监测未发现浸出浓度有上升情况。