浅析土壤环境中的镉的影响

由于工业的污染使土壤中镉的含量增加,从而直接导致对食物链的影响,文章以镉为例,进行研究.而研究高等植物是生态系统的重要组成部分,一个平衡、稳定的生态系统生产健康、优良的高等植物.因此,利用高等植物的生长状况诊断土壤污染,是土壤毒理诊断的重要方法之一.     

恐怖事件中恐怖分子常用化学武器的分类

为了作好"反恐怖"工作,必须了解和掌握恐怖分子采用的武器性能,文章简要介绍了恐怖分子所使用的四种化学武器的性能、毒性、毒物的初步识别等方法.     

试析我国湿地的退化、保护与恢复

湿地是地球表层最具独特的生态系统和过渡性景观,是地球表层系统最重要的"物种基因库",又是人类重要的经济、文化、科学和生活资料库.世界保护大纲将湿地与森林、海洋一起并列为全球三大生态系统.20世纪70年代以来,全球性的湿地消失和退化危机引发了严重的生态环境和社会问题,直接威胁到区域、国家乃至全球的可持续发展.本文从湿地的界定开始,分析了我国湿地的退化、保护与恢复,相信在我国政府和人民的共同努力下,我国湿地一定会恢复往日的景象.     

殡仪馆环境污染物分析

殡仪馆存在的环境污染问题日益受到公众和环保工作者的重视,其中以空气中存在的致病菌和遗体火化产生的废气为主.监测殡仪馆环境中存在的细菌总数以及遗体火化所排放的NOx,SO2,CO等污染物,并对采取控制措施前后的监测值进行对比,为治理殡仪馆环境污染,保护殡葬职工和死者家属的健康提供了科学依据.     

北方中小城市园林绿化中存在的问题及建议

进入新世纪,国家对生态环境越来越重视,城镇建设必须与生态环境相协调,走可持续发展的道路.城市绿化在改善生态环境方面具有巨大作用.在此就城市园林绿化过程中存在的问题及如何搞好城市园林绿化作了充分的阐述,希望对园林绿化工作的开展起到积极推动作用.     

典型飞机内腔结构腐蚀原因分析及防腐改进

以典型飞机平尾大轴为例,分析了内腔结构发生腐蚀的主要原因.围绕内腔结构防腐改进技术措施开展深入研究,研制成功了适用于细长内腔无气喷涂设备.应用SLF重防腐涂层和IMR纳米复合涂层替代现有内腔结构防护涂层,提高了防腐涂层抗环境腐蚀性能.采用DL-609厌氧胶对平尾大轴进行密封处理,有效地阻隔了腐蚀介质进入内腔.按照所建立的方法对典型飞机平尾大轴实施了腐蚀修理与防护处理.检查结果表明,内腔表面防腐状况有了明显改善.     

铅盐生产企业对周边生态环境的影响

通过连续多年的系统监测和分析,研究了小型铅盐生产企业对周边大气、水、土壤、河流底质和农作物等生态环境的影响.研究发现,生产车间和距其100 m以外的居民区大气中铅尘分别超标548倍和4倍;500 m以外的农田土壤中铅超标1.26倍;雨水排放口附近河道水质中铅超标1.08倍;雨水排放口附近及下游800 m处的河道底质中铅分别超标1.99倍和1.33倍;500 m以外种植的小麦籽粒中铅超标16.5倍.环境污染的程度与距污染源的空间距离呈负相关.在此,还对小型重金属生产企业的环境监测和防止污染的转移提出了建议.     

诺砂试制经济型地面砖的研究

论述了对诺砂采用压制成型法试制低成本地面砖的工艺流程、试验过程及其结果分析,并对其反应机理进行了简单的探讨,为诺砂的综合利用提供了一定的参考.     

新知

1废水发电机根据Broadbent的统计,1栋7层高的楼房安装这台废水发电机后可以每年节省1000美元的电费。在不久的将来就会进入消费市场了。2蜂巢轮胎     

天津市领导出席国务院节能减排天津分会场会议

9 月27 日,国务院召开节能减排工作电视电话会议.天津市委常委、常务副市长杨栋梁,副市长王治平出席天津分会场会议并讲话. 杨栋梁、王治平指出,温家宝总理在此次电视电话会议上所作的重要讲话,站在全局和战略的高度,对下一步做好节能减排工作提出明确要求,进行了系统部署.全市各区县、各部门、各单位要深入贯彻落实,把节能减排作为调整产业结构、转变发展方式的重要抓手,认真分析当前形势,进一步加大工作力度,确保圆满完成全年节能减排目标任务,保证"十二五"节能减排工作开好局、起好步.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (Ⅵ) toxicity in Oxya chinensis ( Orthoptera : Acridoidae)

The toxic effects of Cr（Vl） on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis（Orthoptera： Acridoidae） were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）, and guaiacol peroxidase（GPx） were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr（VI）. Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr（VI） with different concentrations （0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight）. The results showed that Cr（VI） led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that： （1） The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr （VI） concentration. （2） With the increase of Cr （VI） concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr （VI）. A very similar response to Cr（VI） effect for males indicated that Cr（VI） concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. （3） The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr（VI） was increased with the increase of Cr（Vi） concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr（VI） suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.     

菌株Enterobacter sp. L6异化Fe(III)还原及Cr(VI)还原的性质分析

Cr（VI）是一种毒性极强的重金属,利用微生物还原Cr（VI）为Cr（III）是解决Cr（VI）污染的一条有效途径。菌株Enterobacter sp. L6是一株分离自海洋沉积物中的异化铁还原细菌。接种时细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.25±0.03）,培养12 h,A₆₀₀达到（1.04±0.05）,累积产生Fe（II）浓度为（0.80±0.03）mmol/L;随着培养时间的延长,细胞密度A₆₀₀和累积产生Fe（II）浓度开始下降;培养36 h时,细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.81±0.04）,累积Fe（II）浓度（0.63±0.01）mmol/L。在厌氧培养过程中,菌株L6细胞生长与异化还原Fe（III）性质存在明显的偶联关系。利用菌株L6的异化铁还原性质还原Cr（VI）的实验结果表明,在Cr（VI）浓度0～24 mg/L范围内,异化铁还原细菌L6都能进行细胞生长并还原Cr（VI）。Cr（VI）浓度为4、8和12 mg/L时,菌株L6对Cr（VI）还原率可达到100%,当Cr（VI）浓度为16 mg/L时,Cr（VI）还原率是参比[未添加Fe（III）]的2.11倍。Cr（VI）浓度为20、24 mg/L时,仍能够还原Cr（VI）。以Fe（III）为电子受体的异化铁还原细菌能明显提高Cr（VI）还原率,这为利用微生物修复Cr（VI）污染提供实验数据支持。     

Simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide and mechanism insight

Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide (Cl-LDH) was prepared to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The coexisting Cu(II) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (40 mg/L) were completely removed within 30 min by Cl-LDH in a dosage of 2.0 g/L; the removal rate of Cu(II) was accelerated in the presence of Cr(VI). Moreover, compared with the adsorption of single Cu(II) or Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of Cl-LDH for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) can be improved by 81.05% and 49.56%, respectively, in the case of coexisting Cu(II) (200 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (400 mg/L). The affecting factors (such as solution initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) have been systematically investigated. Besides, the changes of pH values and the concentrations of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in relevant solutions were monitored. To get the underlying mechanism, the Cl-LDH samples before and after adsorption were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the basis of these analyses, a possible mechanism was proposed. The coadsorption process involves anion exchange of Cr(VI) with Cl⁻ in Cl-LDH interlayer, isomorphic substitution of Mg²⁺ with Cu²⁺, formation of Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precipitation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. This work provides a new insight into simultaneous removal of heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater by Cl-LDH.     

Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

植物微生物燃料电池修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染湿地土壤及机理研究

本研究通过引入沼生植物香蒲构建植物微生物燃料电池系统(P-MFC)修复Cr(VI)污染湿地土壤,考察了植物、不同初始Cr(VI)浓度对系统产电及去除效率的影响.结果显示,香蒲种植能显著提高P-MFC运行性能,系统最大功率密度与Cr(VI)去除率分别提高至23.83 mW·m~(-2)、33.01%,随着Cr(VI)暴露浓度的升高,系统运行性能降低.利用P-MFC修复Cr(VI)污染土壤过程中,电化学还原作用是Cr(VI)去除的主要机制,近90%的Cr(VI)通过电化学还原去除,系统中0.3%～1.86%的Cr(VI)被香蒲吸收富集,3.5%～9.5%的Cr(VI)被微生物与还原性有机物直接还原.通过高通量测序技术分析发现,香蒲种植与低浓度Cr(VI)暴露下阳极微生物群落多样性较大,优势门类Proteobacteria相对丰度最高为63.9%,较未种植香蒲与高浓度Cr(VI)暴露条件下提高了3.4%～19.0%,电化学活性微生物Geobacter相对丰度最高为12.4%,较未种植香蒲与高浓度Cr(VI)暴露条件下提高了4.4%～6.8%.系统中对Cr(VI)具有较强耐受性与还原能力的Acinetobacter、Bacillus占有较大比例,且相对丰度随暴露浓度升高而增大,最高分别为19.0%、14.4%,进一步说明微生物群落在Cr(VI)去除上发挥了一定作用.上述结果表明,P-MFC在去除湿地土壤Cr(VI)污染方面具有良好的潜力.     

商品氯氰菊酯农药对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应研究

研究了氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、细胞内含物(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)及抗氧化酶类(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)、膜脂氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)的影响.结果表明,在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞的生长受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制程度随氯氰菊酯浓度的增大而增大,氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为4.89mg·L-1.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,在暴露初期较为敏感,24h后趋于平稳.其中,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组(3.2,5.6mg·L-1)上升趋势最为显著.SOD活性则呈现出低浓度(1.0,1.8mg·L-1)促进、高浓度(>3.2mg·L-1)抑制效应.氯氰菊酯可使藻体内丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氯氰菊酯浓度越高,藻体内MDA含量越高.研究结果表明,对藻细胞SOD活性的抑制及膜脂过氧化可能是氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害作用的重要原因.     

Synthesis, characterization and application of Lagerstroemia speciosa embedded magnetic nanoparticle for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution

Lagerstroemia speciosa bark (LB) embedded magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salt solution with ammonia and LB for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution. The native LB, magnetic nanoparticle (MNP), L. speciosa embedded magnetic nanoparticle (MNPLB) and Cr(VI) adsorbed MNPLB particles were characterized by SEM–EDX, TEM, BET-surface area, FT-IR, XRD and TGA methods. TEM analysis confirmed nearly spherical shape of MNP with an average diameter of 8.76 nm and the surface modification did not result in the phase change of MNP as established by XRD analysis, while led to the formation of secondary particles of MNPLB with diameter of 18.54 nm. Characterization results revealed covalent binding between the hydroxyl group of MNP and carboxyl group of LB particles and further confirmed its physico-chemical nature favorable for Cr(VI) adsorption. The Cr(VI) adsorption on to MNPLB particle as an adsorbent was tested under different contact time, initial Cr(VI) concentration, adsorbent dose, initial pH, temperature and agitation speed. The results of the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption were well described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters suggest spontaneous and endothermic nature of Cr(VI) adsorption onto MNPLB. The maximum adsorption capacity for MNPLB was calculated to be 434.78 mg/g and these particles even after Cr(VI) adsorption were collected effortlessly from the aqueous solution by a magnet. The desorption of Cr(VI)-adsorbed MNPLB was found to be more than 93.72% with spent MNPLB depicting eleven successive adsorption–desorption cycles.     

纳米二氧化钛胁迫对普生轮藻的毒性效应

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题也引起了广泛关注.实验研究了胁迫浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.10、1.0、10、100mg.L-1的纳米二氧化钛(nTiO2)悬浮液单一处理普生轮藻(CharavulgarisL.)的毒性效应,在胁迫24h、48h、72h、96h后分别测定其叶绿素a含量、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性总体呈下降趋势,而MDA含量呈递增趋势,高浓度剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著,酶的活性降幅也较大,说明急性nTiO2暴露对普生轮藻具有毒性作用,且表现出剂量效应.     

Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on Scenedesmus obliquus

In this article, the toxic effects of Enrofloxacin (ENFX) on Scenedesmus obliquus were studied, through investigating the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and protein contents. The possible toxic mechanisms of ENFX were analyzed by determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and superoxide anion (O₂⁻) generation rate. Results showed that the growth of algae was inhibited by ENFX and the 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of ENFX were 88.39, 63.86, 45.10, and 59.16 mg·L⁻¹, respectively. After treated with ENFX for 96 h, the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase of ENFX concentration, the content of soluble protein and the activity of SOD increased and then decreased, and the generation rate of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) increased continually. The contents of MDA and proline changed little in lower ENFX concentration groups, but increased rapidly when treated with higher concentration groups. These results suggested that ENFX affected the growth of S. obliquus, and the main toxicity mechanism was that algal cells generated the reactive oxygen species under ENFX stress, and then the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced the oxidation damages of biologic macromolecules and changed the biomembrane permeability further.