复合垂直流人工湿地植物与填料优化组合研究

为探究植物和填料不同组合对复合垂直流人工湿地污染物去除效果的影响,采用复合垂直流人工湿地系统净化二级生活污水,且考察了冬夏两季湿地系统中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、溶解氧(DO)以及pH的沿程变化。结果表明:湿地系统中污染物浓度沿程逐渐降低,当污水流经湿地系统时,大部分污染物得到去除,出水水质理想。通过填料与植物的不同优化组合,对比A、B两组湿地各级处理效果,得出最佳湿地三级优化组合模式为:第1级为风车草+钢渣,第2级为美人蕉+钢渣+石灰石,第3级为菖蒲+石灰石。     

自动控制实现两级混合床反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的短程硝化

采用两级混合床反应器(分别命名为 Hybrid Ⅰ和 HybridⅡ).对垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮去除进行了试验研究,混合床由颗粒悬浮载体和固定组合软性填料相结合.试验以反应器的 DO、pH、ORP、SS等作为在线控制参数,研究了该反应器在固定温度(28～33℃)、不同进水负荷、DO 和 pH值下的运行效果,最后在 Hybrid 反应器的优化控制条件(DOHrbrid Ⅰ=(2.0±0.2)mg·L-1,DOHbrid Ⅱ=(1.5±0.2)mg·L-1,pHHybrid Ⅰ=8.0±0.2,pHHybrid Ⅱ=8.5±0.2,周期进水量为50L)下,实现了COD的高效去除以及氨氮的短程硝化去除.垃圾渗滤液进水 COD和氨氮分别为2300～5700mg·L-1和580～1150mg·L-1.两级混合床反应器工艺的COD和氨氮的去除率分别为93%和95%左右,总氮(TN)的去除率在82%以上.连续运行过程中 Hybrid Ⅰ和 Hybrid Ⅱ反应器的COD最大去除速率分别为 1.91 kg·m-3·d-1和0.75kg·m-3·d-1,氨氮亚硝化速率最大分别为 0.54kg·m-3·d-1和0.33kg·m-3·d-1.运行结果表明,该工艺耐冲击负荷强,处理效果稳定.     

填料型膜生物反应器中同步硝化反硝化的研究

在膜生物反应器中投加填料可以强化同步硝化反硝化,结果表明:在DO为1～2mg/L,C/N为20左右,pH在7～8.5之间,HRT为15h的条件下COD、NH3-N、TN的去除率能达到97.32%、100%、93.06%。阐述了填料型膜生物反应器的机理。     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

同步硝化反硝化(SND)是废水处理中的新型生物脱氮工艺,和传统生物脱氮工艺相比具有显著的应用优势.本研究采用微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器,研究了SND过程中污染物去除效果并检测了生物膜功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,在微气泡曝气固定床生物膜反应器内可以实现同步硝化反硝化,通过提高进水COD负荷和C∶N比,降低溶解氧(DO)浓度,同时增加填料床层孔隙率,可以改善SND效果.当进水COD负荷和总氮(TN)负荷为0.86 kg·(m3·d)-1和0.10 kg·(m3·d)-1,且填料床层孔隙率为81%时,COD和TN的去除率分别为97.6%和70.2%,实现了COD和TN的同步高效去除;同时,微气泡曝气对氧传质的强化作用使得氧利用率高达91.8%.此外,生物膜活性和硝化及反硝化功能菌群的变化,与反应器COD、氨氮和TN去除能力的变化基本一致.     

悬浮填料与好氧颗粒污泥脱氮对比试验研究

常温连续流条件下,分别在两个反应器中投加悬浮填料和接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过控制工艺条件,两个反应器中均实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND)。改变进水溶解氧DO浓度、碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷和NH4+-N负荷,分析比较了两个反应器脱氮的重要工艺条件。试验结果表明,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮填料脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.0mg/L左右,最佳C/N为12;好氧颗粒污泥脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.5mg/L,最佳C/N为5。提高进水有机负荷,两个反应器COD去除率均稳定在较高的水平。NH4+-N浓度升高时,反应器脱氮效率均降低,好氧颗粒污泥比悬浮填料更耐冲击负荷。     

铁碳微电解强化煤制气废水酚类物质去除效能

探讨了铁碳微电解(ICME)技术对煤制气废水(CGW)中酚类污染物的去除效果,以及对废水可生化性能的改善效果。结果表明:与单一活性炭和单质铁相比,铁碳复合(Fe/C)填料具有较高的铁碳比、更丰富的孔隙结构以及更高的微电解反应活性。单因素分析表明,在煤制气废水处理中,低溶解氧(DO)和酸性条件更有利于微电解的作用过程,而Fe/C填料投加量过高或过低均不利于微电解反应。由响应曲面分析获得ICME处理煤制气废水酚类物质的最佳反应条件为:pH为6.50,Fe/C填料投加量为62.22 g/L,ρ(DO)为0.47 mg/L。在此最佳条件下,COD和总酚去除率分别达到80.98%和75.03%,BOD₅/COD值由0.21提高到0.36。结果表明,ICME在强化煤制气废水酚类污染物去除方面发挥重要作用,可为后续生化处理工艺提供良好的水质条件。     

陶粒CANON反应器的接种启动与运行

通过CANON接种污泥,以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为对象,研究以陶粒为填料的CANON反应器启动与运行情况,结果表明:①陶粒可以作为CANON反应器合适填料,温度通过水浴控制在30℃±1℃,HRT为9 h、pH控制在7.00~8.08之间,经过60 d成功启动了CANON反应器,TN的去除负荷达到0.79 kg·(m3·d)-1;②在温度30℃时,陶粒CANON反应器中临界DO范围在1.12~1.69 mg·L-1之间,CANON反应器中短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化性能可维持稳定,高于此范围时,会出现CANON反应器中短程硝化不稳定现象;③在温度25℃,控制DO在1.01~1.54 mg·L-1之间时,尽管NO-3-N变化值与TN变化值的比值(δNO-3-N/δTN)略微偏离理论值0.127,为0.150~0.204,但CANON反应器脱氮性能趋于稳定,TN去除率最高为75.56%,TN的去除负荷最高达到0.97 kg·(m3·d)-1,这意味着CANON工艺的适宜温度范围至少可以降低至25℃.     

碳素纤维在近岸海洋污染物磷酸盐、硅酸盐处理中的应用

对碳素纤维进行氧化改性,利用改性后的碳素纤维处理近岸污染海水,重点研究了改性碳素纤维对海水中活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐的吸附作用。考察了碳素纤维液相改性时间、碳素纤维投加量、活性磷酸盐初始浓度、活性硅酸盐初始浓度、吸附时间、海况、pH值等单因素对近岸海洋污染物磷酸盐、硅酸盐吸附效果的影响。研究结果表明:改性碳素纤维对硅酸盐的吸附效果较好,去除率可达70%,对活性磷酸盐的去除率为31%左右。通过正交实验确定改性碳素纤维材料修复模拟近岸海水的优化条件为:碳素纤维改性时间为1.5 h,投加量为0.01 g,硅酸盐初始浓度为3mg/L,磷酸盐初始浓度为20 mg/L,海况为3级,pH值为8,吸附时间为3 h。在此条件下,碳素纤维对磷酸盐的去除率可达31.06%,硅酸盐去除率可达70.88%。     

电催化还原-生物降解耦合处理硝基苯废水

在一个反应器中 ,通过电催化 微生物反应的耦合还原作用 ,强化废水中硝基苯污染物的去除 ,重点研究电流密度和pH值对硝基苯去除过程的影响 .结果表明 ,随着电解的电流密度增大 (不超过 2 0mA) ,虽然电极附近填料表面的持菌量略有下降 ,但硝基苯的去除率和苯胺的生成率还是在不断增大 .当没有电流作用时 ,微生物还原硝基苯的最佳pH在 6 7左右 ,而当电流电流为 2 0mA时 ,最佳 pH值降低到 5 4～ 5 9.在反应器中 ,阴极附近的苯胺浓度最大 ,而阳极附近的苯胺浓度最低     

生物膜—膜生物反应器脱氮除磷性能

在膜生物反应器中投加聚乙烯悬浮填料,考察生物膜—膜生物反应器对生活污水中污染物质去除效果.结果表明,投加悬浮填料使膜生物反应器去除有机污染物质的能力得到增强,总氮、总磷的平均去除率由45.5%和47.2%分别增至57.4%和71.8%.投加悬浮填料还可以延缓膜污染,膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量在试验结束时为0.1L/(hkPa),而未投加悬浮填料的膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量降至0.036L/(hkPa).     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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